Spillover
Page 60
questing by, 250, 252
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 513–14
deforestation, 40, 67, 161–62, 163, 276, 433–35, 515
Delhi, India, 276
Delta Regional Primate Research Center, 400–401
Den Bosch, Netherlands, 224
dengue, 21, 24, 43, 270, 292, 307, 314, 346
Derrick, Edward H., 219, 220
Desmond, Jim, 334, 339–40
Desowitz, Robert S., 151
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 325, 328, 334, 375, 379
diarrhea, 291, 380–81
bacterial, 325, 330
diphtheria, 237, 414
disease, see infectious disease
Dispensaire Antivénérien, 481–83
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 95–96, 108
DNA:
attributes of, 154, 156, 270
filter-paper collection technique for, 158–59, 514
in retroviruses, 391, 443
DNA polymerase, 270, 309
Dongmen Market, 188, 189, 191
Dongmo, Zacharie, 435–36
Dover, Mass., 246–47
Dowhan, Joe, 241–42
DPI, see Queensland Department of Primary Industries
Drama Series (horse), 14–16, 19, 27, 43, 45
DRC60, 409–13, 417, 419, 420–21, 431, 482, 488
Drori, Ofir, 432–33, 435
Duerr, Shannon, 254–55
Dugas, Gaëtan (Patient Zero), 387–89, 407, 443, 489
duikers, 89, 120, 432, 451
Dutchess County, N.Y.:
biogeography of, 257
Lyme disease in, 253–54
Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 484,
486
Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,” 486
Duvenhage, 313
Dwyer, Greg, 499–503, 518–19
Dyer, Rolla, 221
Eating Apes (Peterson), 434
Ebola River, 69
Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus), 24, 39, 40, 76, 182, 285, 307, 343, 352, 359, 362, 365, 403, 489, 511, 512
in apes, 62–63, 120, 121
bats as possible reservoirs of, 115–16, 122, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72
Booué outbreak of, 61–62, 73, 81, 117
DIC and, 95–96, 108
ecology of, 115–17
evolutionary history of, 115, 116
exaggerated descriptions of, 92–94, 95, 502
genetic differences in, 119–20
genome of, 110
geographical dissemination of, 117–22, 431
in gorillas, 59, 68, 91–92, 120, 122, 124, 304
Ivindo goldmining camp outbreak of, 61, 87, 117
Kikwit outbreak of, 72–75, 80, 91–92, 93, 113, 117
laboratory accidents involving, 97–110
lethality rate of, 54, 62, 63, 73, 76, 82, 110–11
Luebo outbreak of, 370–73
Mayibout 2 outbreak of, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 61, 72, 73, 80–81, 112–13, 114, 117, 443
Mbomo outbreak of, 89–91, 92, 118, 122–24
mutation rate of, 119
and ostracism of victims’ relatives, 123
pathology of, 94–96
RNA of, 108
search for reservoir hosts of, 68, 69, 70–72, 74, 75, 76, 112, 114, 115–16, 118–19, 121–22, 293, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72
secondary cases of, 53–54
as sorcery, 87–91
symptoms of, 94
Tandala outbreak of, 76–77, 117
total fatalities from, 91–92
transmission mechanics of, 62, 292–93
virions of, 268–69
Yambuku outbreak of, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117, 119–22
Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus), spillover mechanism of, 111, 115, 116–17
“particle” hypothesis for, 118, 120–22
“wave” hypothesis for, 118–20
ebolaviruses, 53–124
Bundibugyo, 84–87
in chimpanzees, 53, 54, 79–80
forests linked to, 75
genomes of, 84–85
geographical dissemination of, 68, 76, 86–87, 117
hiding ability of, 74–75, 111
humans as dead-end hosts for, 83, 164, 285, 343, 373
immune system suppression by, 94–95, 114–15
lethality of, 54, 62, 63, 73, 76, 81–82, 90, 370
paucity of scientific understanding of, 87, 96
reservoir hosts of, 75, 82, 85, 86, 370
Reston, 77–78, 81, 86–87
species of, 176
sporadic outbreaks of, 72, 75
Sudan, see Sudan ebolavirus
Taï Forest, 79–80, 82, 87
transmission chain of, 82–83
as zoonoses, 21
EcoHealth Alliance, 64, 196, 333, 514
ecosystems:
diversity of, 23
human-caused disruption of, 23, 40, 41, 62, 67, 161–62, 163–64, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 369, 433–35, 439, 515–16
infectious diseases as, 247, 251
Edinburgh, University of, 44, 45
Edward, Lake, 360
Egypt, H5N1 in, 510
Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 352–53, 355–56, 358, 372
Eigen, Manfred, 309
Eigen’s paradox, 309
electron microscopy, 318
emergence, definition of, 42–43
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 42
encephalitis, 28
endangered species, human consumption of, 188
Engel, Gregory, 277–80, 284–85, 288–89
England, Ebola accident in, 97–99
enteroviruses, 292
epidemics:
cyclical pattern of, 132–35
depletion of susceptibles in, 134
fatality rate in, 142–44
immunity in, 142
infection rate in, 142–44
likelihood of, 374
mass action principle of, 132
in nonhuman populations, 512–13
recovery rate in, 142–44
SIR model of, 143–44, 303, 367, 368
threshold density in, 36, 144, 480
see also infectious disease; pandemics
epidemiologists, 129
Epomops franqueti (Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat), 371
Epstein, Jon, 333–38, 339–45, 356, 375, 514–15
Equatorial Guinea, 406
equine infectious anemia virus, 297
Era of Wild Flavor, 187–88, 191, 197–98, 433
erythema migrans, 240, 241
Escalante, Ananias A., 139, 148–49
Essex, Myron “Max,” 394–98, 416
Ethiopia, 483
Etouck, Sophiano, 56–57, 112–13
Europe, AIDS in, 406
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 513
European Community, 225
evolution, 23, 136–39, 164, 301, 360, 398, 507, 517
of bats, 349–50
of Ebola, 115, 116
evolution (continued)
of HIV, 418, 420–22, 463, 477
of pathogens, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17
of viruses, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45
of zoonoses, 344–45, 515–17
Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses, The (Holmes), 307
ezanga (evil spirits), 87–88, 89–90
Faridpur District, Bangladesh, 328, 334, 375–79
Faroe Islands, measles epidemic on, 264
Fay, Mike, 54–56, 59–60, 63, 111–13, 431
fecal sampling, 424–25, 426, 471–72
Feeroz, Mohammed Mustafa, 280–81, 283, 285
feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), 297
feline leukemia virus (FeLV), 392, 394
femmes libres (free women), 430, 481–82, 484
Fenner, Frank, 300–302, 305, 346
Field, Hume, 26, 45, 19
4, 348
in search for Hendra virus reservoirs, 26–32, 319
in search for Nipah reservoir, 319, 320, 322, 367
filoviruses (Filoviridae), 70, 77, 116, 120, 268, 270
First Fleet, 37
flying foxes (Pteropus), 27, 31, 366–67
black (P. alecto), 31, 367
grey-headed, 31–32, 367
as Hendra reservoirs, 27, 30–32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 366–67, 499
Indian (P. giganteus), 331, 336, 338
large (P. vampyrus), 324
little red, 366–69
as Nipah reservoirs, 322, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15
spectacled, 367
variable (P. hypomelanus), 324
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), 35–36, 230, 266
Formenty, Pierre, 352, 353–54
Foshan, China, 170
Franceville, Gabon, 54, 114, 117, 370, 403
Frankfurt, Germany, SARS in, 181
Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat (Epomops franqueti), 371
free women (femmes libres), 430, 481–82, 484
French Equatorial Africa (FEA), 479–80
Friedman-Kien, Alvin E., 386, 389, 390
Froesch, Paul, 266
fruit bats, 350
as possible Ebola reservoirs, 115–16, 122, 293
Fujian province, China, 183
Fujita, Norman K., 362, 363
fungi, 23, 40
Gabon, 478
AIDS in, 406
Ebola in, 53–55, 56–57, 60, 61–63, 72, 73, 80–81, 90, 111–13, 115, 117–18, 120
gachis (date-palm tappers), 332–33
Gallo, Robert, 391–93, 394
gametocytes, 136, 138
Gao, Feng, 423, 424
gemo (evil spirits), 88–89, 90
Germany, psittacosis in, 214
germ theory of disease, 130, 265, 517
Ghana, 406
Gibraltar, 408
Gilbert, Tom, 487–88
Gimble (chimpanzee), 468, 470, 471, 472
Global Viral Forecasting Initiative (GVFI), 514
goats:
as measles reservoir, 313
Q fever and, 223–34
Gofur (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341
Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 424, 466–77
Gombe Stream Research Center, 468, 473
gonorrhea, 481–82
Goodall, Jane, 424, 466, 467, 468–71
Google, 514
Gorgas, William C., 263, 266
gorillas:
bushmeat from, 67, 89, 436, 437, 451
die-offs of, 59–60, 63, 65, 91, 120, 121, 122, 124
Ebola virus in, 59, 68, 91–92, 120, 122, 124, 304
human diseases in, 67–68
see also mountain gorillas; western gorillas
Gorinstein, Joseph B., 486
Gottlieb, Michael, 385–86, 389, 390, 407, 489
great apes, 438–39
as bushmeat, 53, 57, 67, 89, 435–37, 438–39, 451
Ebola in, 62–63, 120, 121
see also chimpanzees; gorillas
greater spot-nosed monkeys, 464, 465
GreeneChip diagnostic system, 514
Greenfeld, Karl Taro, 187
Guangdong province, China, 169–73, 182–83, 192, 194, 195, 374
“wet markets” in, 188–89, 191,
197–98
Guangzhou, China, 170, 171, 172, 173, 188, 196–97, 208
Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, 170, 183
guanine, 156, 306
Guan Yi, 186–87, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 207
Guholaxmipur, Bangladesh, 375–76
Guilin, China, 197–201, 208
Guinea-Bissau, 397, 402, 406
Gulu, Uganda, 81, 85, 88–89, 92, 93
Gupta, Das, 149
Gurley, Emily, 375–78, 379
gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), 496, 499, 500–501, 520–21
H1N1 virus, 504
H5N1 virus (bird flu), 21, 182–83, 184, 374–75, 504, 508–11
transmissibility in, 507–8, 510
H5N3 virus, 507
H7N7 virus, 507
habitat alteration, 367, 369
see also ecosystems
Hahn, Beatrice, 140–41, 465
and Gombe SIV research, 466–77
in search for origins of HIV-1, 140, 422–25, 427–29, 431, 463, 480, 488
in search for origins of P. falciparum, 140–41
Haiti, blood plasma trade in, 485–86
Haitians, AIDS in, 386–87, 389, 484–88
Hamer, W. H., 132, 144
Hamilton, William, 416–17, 418–19
hammer-headed fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 115–16, 122, 371–72
Hanoi, Vietnam, 168, 207
Hantaan virus, 24
hantaviruses, 18, 24, 270, 307, 313, 346, 347
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 21
Hanuman, 277
Harvard School of Public Health, 394
Haseltine, William, 415
Hazelton Research Products, 78
HeLa cell lineage, 184
Hellerstrom, Sven, 240, 241
hemagglutinin, 504, 507
Hemo Caribbean, 486
hemophiliacs, AIDS in, 390, 391, 489
Hendra, Australia, 14–20, 45
Hendra virus, 13–20, 23, 24, 130, 164, 182, 211, 269, 270, 307, 318, 319, 365, 512
bats as reservoirs of, 27, 30–31, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 499
ecology of, 366–69
Hendra virus (continued)
emergence of, 38, 39, 43
evolutionary history of, 36–37
horses as amplifier hosts of, 34, 36
isolation of, 25
media and, 32
public fear of, 32–33
search for reservoir hosts of, 26–32, 194
transmissibility of, 374
Henle, Jakob, 264
Hensley, Lisa, 105
hepadnaviruses, 270
hepatitis B, 270, 294, 388, 479
Herpen, Netherlands, 223–27
herpes B (Macacine herpes virus 1), 272–79, 284, 285–87, 313
in Bali, nonexistence of human infections from, 278–79
human case fatality rate of, 273
humans as dead-end hosts for, 285
low monkey-human transmission rate of, 286–87
herpes simplex, 274
herpesviruses, 270, 294
Hewlett, Barry, 87–91, 122
Heymann, David, 415
Heyuan, China, 171
Hindu temples, macaques at, 24, 276–77
Hipposideros larvatus (intermediate roundleaf bat), 201
Hirsch, Vanessa M., 402
HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses), 40, 83, 164, 308, 512
discovery of, 390–94
as retroviruses, 288, 391–94
SIV as progenitor of, 395–96
HIV-1, 24, 39, 268, 270, 307, 398
evolutionary divergence of, 420–22, 463, 477
genome of, 398–99, 405
group N, 406, 477
group O, 405–6, 413, 477
lethality of, 296, 477
mutation of, 420–21, 446, 482–83
pathogenic mechanism of, 423
recombination in, 482
search for reservoir of, 402–5
transmissibility of, 291, 292, 294, 297, 518–19
see also AIDS
HIV-1, group M, 41–42, 405–6, 407, 413, 462, 463, 471
chimpanzees as reservoir of, 313, 403–5, 423
DRC60 gene sequence of, 409–13, 417, 419, 420–21, 431, 482, 488
geographical dissemination of, 482–89
SIVcpz as progenitor of, 395–96, 423, 424, 425, 426–27, 428, 437, 477
subtype B of, 483–89
subtypes of, 483
ZR59 gene sequence of, 409, 420–21, 431, 463, 482, 488
HIV-2, 24, 39, 307, 397–98, 477
genome of, 399, 463
geographical dissemination of, 402–3
groups of, 406, 483
transmissibility of, 402–3
virulence of, 402–3
as zoonosis, 402, 413
HIV spillovers, 344, 385, 402, 404, 405–7, 409, 413, 421–22
Cameroon as locus of, 42, 423, 425, 426–31, 437, 463, 477
Central Africa as locus of, 423
cut-hunter hypothesis of, 413, 428, 442–48, 453–62, 466, 477, 478
mechanics of, 427–62, 466, 477
oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis of, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81
hog cholera (classical swine fever), 316
Holmes, Edward C., 306–7, 506
Holmes, Kathryn V., 347–48
Homeland Security Department, US, 513
homosexuals, male, AIDS in, 42, 385–86, 391, 407, 489, 519
Hong Kong:
H5N1 (bird flu) in, 182, 508–9
plague in, 517
SARS in, 168, 169–70, 174–75, 177, 206, 207, 374
wild civets in, 192–93
Hong Kong, University of, 170, 184, 190, 192–93, 207, 508
Hong Kong flu (1968), 504
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 170, 193
Hooper, Edward, 415–17, 480
Hoover, Herbert, 214, 215
horses:
Hendra virus in, 13–16, 19, 27–29, 31–32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46–48,
343
as recent immigrants to Australia, 36–37
horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus), 194–95, 201, 202
host-virus relationship:
spillover and, 272, 343
virulence and, 295–98, 396
Hot Zone, The (Preston), 77–78, 92–94, 101
Hulbert, Peter, 18
human population growth:
emerging pathogens and, 41, 515
as outbreak, 496–97, 503
humans:
ecosystem disruption by, 23, 40, 41, 62, 67, 161–62, 163–64, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 369, 433–35, 439, 515–16
as interconnected with other species, 14, 124, 343, 366, 515, 518
spillover as unintended result of activity by, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 515–16
human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs), 391–93, 395
see also HIV
Huygens, Christiaan, 118
Hygenic Laboratory, 214–15
Hypsignathus monstrosus (hammer-headed fruit bat), 115–16, 122, 371–72
iatrogenic infections, 415
Iban people, 154, 157
ibuprofen, 362
ICDDR,B (International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), 328, 330, 375, 379–81
immortalized cell lineages, 184
immunodeficiency, 385, 387
“Increased Mortality and AIDS-like Immunopathology in Wild Chimpanzees Infected with SIVcpz” (Keele et al.), 476–77
incubation periods, 264–65
index cases, 25
India, 276
AIDS in, 483
A. leucosphyrus in, 163
malaria in, 147
polio in, 22