Spillover

by David Quammen

  In Asia: Sazaly AbuBakar, Brenda Ang, Mohammad Aziz, Aleksei Chmura, Janet Cox-Singh, Jim Desmond, Gregory Engel, Jonathan Epstein, Mustafa Feeroz, Martin Gilbert, Emily Gurley, Johangir Hossain, Arif Islam, Yang Jian, Lisa Jones-Engel, Rasheda Khan, Salah Uddin Khan, Steve Luby, Sue Meng, Joe Meyer, Nazmun Nahar, Malik Peiris, Leo Poon, Mahmudur Rahman, Muhammad Rahman, Sohayati Rahman, Sorn San, Balbir Singh, Gavin Smith, Juliet Tseng, and Guangjian Zhu.

  In Europe: Rob Besselink, Arnout de Bruin, Pierre Formenty, Fabian Leendertz, Viktor Molnar, Martine Peeters, Hendrik-Jan Roest, Barbara Schimmer, Jaap Taal, Dirk Teuwen, Wim van der Hoek, Yvonne van Duynhoven, Jim van Steenbergen, and Ineke Weers.

  In the United States: Brian Amman, Kevin Anderson, Mike Antolin, Jesse Brunner, Charlie Calisher, Deborah Cannon, Darin Carroll, David Daigle, Inger Damon, Peter Daszak, Andy Dobson, Tony Dolan, Rick Douglass, Shannon Duerr, Ginny Emerson, Eileen Farnon, Robert Gallo, Tom Gillespie, Barney Graham, Beatrice Hahn, Barbara Harkins, Eddie Homes, Pete Hudson, Vivek Kapur, Kevin Karem, Billy Karesh, Brandon Keele, Ali Khan, Marm Kilpatrick, Lonnie King, Tom Ksiazek, Amy Kuenzi, Jens Kuhn, Edith Lederman, Julie Ledgerwood, Jill Lepore, Ian Lipkin, Andrew Lloyd-Smith, Elizabeth Lonsdorf, Adam MacNeil, Jennifer McQuiston, Nina Marano, Jim Mills, Russ Mittermeier, Jennifer Morcone, Stephen Morse, Martin Muller, Stuart Nichol, Rick Ostfeld, Mary Pearl, Mary Poss, Andrew Price-Smith, Juliet Pulliam, Anne Pusey, Andrew Read, Les Real, Zach Reed, Russ Regnery, Anne Rimoin, Pierre Rollin, Charles Rupprecht, Anthony Sanchez, Tony Schountz, Nancy Sullivan, Karen Terio, Jonathan Towner, Giliane Trindade, Murray Trostle, Abbigail Tumpey, Sally and Robert Uhlmann, Caree Vander Linden, Kelly Warfield, Robert Webster, Nathan Wolfe, and Michael Worobey.

  There were others who helped too, omitted here only because my memory is bad and my notebooks and journals, just slightly more orderly than a Congolese forest, still hold some secrets even from me. Apologies for the omission, and thank you,

  Maria Guarnaschelli, of W. W. Norton, my editor through many years and half a dozen books, has played her usual keen-eyed, penetrating, structurally astute, and deeply supportive role with this one. Her contributions are no less precious to me for having continued so reliably over decades. Amanda Urban of ICM, my agent, helped shape the project from the stage of a first-draft proposal and has blessed it with her ferocious advocacy ever since. These two formidable women make it possible for me to write the sort of books (requiring a bit of time and travel) that I want to write. A third, Renée Wayne Golden, played that role in earlier times and without her too this book wouldn’t exist. Melanie Tortoroli, Maria’s assistant, and their colleagues at Norton have given this project the focus, support, and professionalism for which an author always wishes. Daphne Gillam, creator of the maps (www.handcraftedmaps.com), put the artistry of human touch to the lineaments of geography. Chip Kidd’s jacket reminded us all what a spooky subject this is. Emily Krieger combined assiduous research with a reader’s sense of flow, both crucial attributes, in serving as my fact-checker. Gloria Thiede, faithful Gloria, again helped me immensely with secretarial tasks, including the transcription of interviews recorded while air conditioners, coffee grinders, street traffic, and cockatoos screeched in the background. Jodi Solomon, my lecture agent, has brokered the way to live audiences. Dan Smith, Dan Krza, Danny Schotthoefer (my three Daniels), and Don Killian assisted me greatly in the digital dimension, handling tasks of Web site design, computer repair and data rescue, and social media wrangling, most of which are even more mysterious to me than the mathematics of Anderson and May. The late Chuck West will be very much missed. Betsy my amazing wife, and Harry and Kevin and Skipper (and Nelson, now departed), our dependents, warmed the home in which this book was written.

  Index

  Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 79

  Abong Mbang, Cameroon, 433

  Abraham, Thomas, 173–74

  AbuBakar (Prof. Sazaly), 317–18, 319

  acarologists, 250

  Acholi people, 88, 90

  adenine, 156, 270, 306, 309

  Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, British, 275

  Aedes aegypti, 23, 43

  Afghanistan, 22

  Africa:

  Central, see Central Africa

  East, 360, 471, 483

  southern, 483

  sub-Saharan, 24, 136, 399

  West, 402, 404, 471, 483

  African green monkey (Chlorocebus), 396–97, 398–99

  African horse sickness (AHS), 16–17, 18

  Afzelius, Arvid, 240

  agriculture, invention of, malaria and, 137–38, 139

  AIDS, 67, 274, 385–489, 511

  in chimpanzees, 466, 469, 474–77

  emergence of, 42, 43, 385–90,

  407–89

  in gay men, 42, 385–86, 390, 391, 407, 489, 519

  geographical dissemination of, 482–89

  in Haitians, 386–87, 389, 484–88

  in hemophiliacs, 390, 391, 489

  Kinshasa emergence of, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78, 481–84

  as pandemic, 24, 41–42, 290, 403, 437, 477, 512

  R0 of, 390, 429, 431, 445, 462

  sexual mores and, 429, 463, 478

  sexual transmission of, 388, 391, 463, 480

  syringe reuse and, 390, 391, 463, 478–82, 489

  threshold density of, 480

  transmissibility of, 388

  as zoonotic disease, 14, 21, 381, 385, 477

  see also HIV-1

  Ailes, Elizabeth, 465

  Amazon basin, 515

  Amman, Brian, 352–55, 364–65

  Ammann, Karl, 434, 437

  amplifier hosts, 34, 36, 191, 195, 236, 314, 316–17, 319–20

  Anderson, Roy M., 302, 303–6, 518

  And the Band Played On (Shilts), 387–88, 486

  Ang, Brenda, 176–77, 179–81, 207

  Angola, 483

  Annapolis, Md., 212, 214

  Anopheles mosquitoes, 135–36, 138, 146

  A. latens, 158, 161

  A. leucosphyrus, 161, 163

  DDT resistance in, 147

  anthrax, 21, 24, 102, 265, 517

  anthroponosis, 67

  antibiotics, 290

  as ineffective on viruses, 24, 211, 269

  antibodies, effectiveness of, 350

  antibodies, screening for, 424, 425

  to Ebola, 65, 66, 74, 91, 115, 351, 371

  to Hendra, 27, 28, 31, 32, 48–49

  to herpes B, 278–79

  to HIV, 397, 403

  to Marburg, 356

  to Nipah, 320, 322, 331

  to SFV, 288–89

  to SIV, 396, 467

  Argentina, 214, 216

  Armstrong, Charles, 215

  asmani bala (curse of Allah), 376, 378

  atoxyl, 480

  Atsangandako, Catherine, 123

  Auerbach, David M., 388, 389

  Austin, Thomas, 298

  Australia:

  Hendra virus in, see Hendra virus

  human habitation of, 37

  land clearance in, 369, 515

  myxoma virus in, 298–302, 305–6

  psittacosis in, 216–19

  Q fever in, 219–20

  Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), 18–19, 25, 28, 319

  Australian bat lyssavirus, 314, 367

  avian (bird) flu, see H5N1 virus

  bacteria, 23, 24, 40, 102, 265, 290

  intracellular, 230

  viruses vs., 211

  zoonotic, 211–59

  see also pathogens

  bacterial diarrhea, 325

  Bakola people, 87–88, 89–90

  Bakwele people, 436–37

  Bali, 277–78, 286, 288

  Balkan grippe, 221–22

  Balo, Estelle, 123–24

  Balo, Prosper, 65, 66, 122, 123–24

  Bambendjellé people, 55

  banded leaf monkeys, 161, 162

  Bangalore, India, 128

  Bangladesh, 163, 281 />
  Nipah virus in, 325–42, 514

  population density of, 325, 330

  bar-headed goose, 509, 510

  Barnes, Michelle, 360–63, 364

  Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise, 393

  basic reproduction rate, see R0

  bats:

  diversity of, 348–49

  evolution of, 349–50

  as Hendra reservoirs, 27, 30–31, 37, 43, 48, 115, 313, 331, 351, 366–67, 499

  immunology of, 347–48, 350–51

  insectivorous, 350

  as Marburg reservoirs, 313, 351–65, 370, 372

  mark-recapture tagging of, 355, 365

  as Nipah reservoirs, 322, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 514–15

  as possible Ebola reservoirs, 115–16, 122, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72

  as rabies reservoirs, 31, 313, 351

  as SARS reservoirs, 194–96, 199–202, 206, 313, 334, 347, 351, 514–15

  as virus reservoirs, 313–14, 345–51, 514–15

  “Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses” (Calisher et al.), 348–51

  Beijerinck, Martinus, 265–66

  Beijing, SARS in, 168

  beka (initiation ceremony), 436–37

  Belgian Congo, see Congo, Democratic Republic of the

  Belgium, 484

  Berlin Union of Canary Fanciers, 214

  Bernoulli, Daniel, 130–31

  Berryman, Alan A., 496

  Besselink, Rob, 223–24, 225–26

  ß (transmission rate), 374

  Bhutan, 163

  Biek, Roman, 117, 121

  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 518

  biogeography, 256–59

  biohazard level 4, 275–76

  biological and chemical weapons, 97

  Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease (Burnet), 235–36

  biological diversity, 23, 255–56

  biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories, 102, 230, 412

  biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, 74, 102–5, 110, 111, 275, 356

  bioterrorism, 227, 513

  bird flu, see H5N1 virus

  birds, influenza in, 313, 314, 505–6, 507–10

  Black Death, 63, 290, 496

  blacklegged ticks, see deer (blacklegged) tick

  blood plasma trade, 485–86

  blood transfusions, hepatitis B and, 388

  Blumenthal, Richard, 239

  Bobangi people, 458–60

  Boesch, Christophe, 79

  Bolivia, 38–39, 69–70

  Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 21

  bonobo (Pan paniscus), 139–40

  Booué, Gabon, 61–62, 73, 81, 117

  Borna, 24

  Borneo, 153, 160

  deforestation of, 161–62, 515

  Borrelia burgdorferi, 213, 238–39, 240, 244, 246, 251, 256, 257

  as bacterium, 258–59

  humans as dead-end hosts of, 253

  life history of, 213, 248, 249–51, 255

  noninheritability of, 251

  round-body form of, 258–59

  B. duttonii, 243

  Boumba Bek National Park, Cameroon, 435

  bovine tuberculosis, 21

  Bradshaw, Bob, 17

  Brazzaville, ROC, 429–30, 432, 461–62, 463, 477

  Brebner, William, 272–74, 278, 286

  Brisbane, Australia, 13, 211, 219

  British Columbia, 498

  Brownie (horse), 46–48

  Brownlee, John, 132–33, 134, 518

  Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 169

  Brunner, Jesse, 254–55, 257

  bubonic plague, see plague

  Buddhist temples, macaques at, 24, 276–77

  Buenos Aires, Argentina, 214

  Bumba Zone, 69, 71

  Bundibugyo, Uganda, 84

  ostracism of, 86

  Bundibugyo virus, 84–87

  unanswered questions about, 86

  Burgdorfer, Willy, 213, 243–44

  Burke, Donald S., 512–13, 514

  Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 216–17, 268, 302, 304, 346, 505

  infectious disease theories of, 234–37, 295–96

  psittacosis and, 217–19, 236–37

  Q fever and, 219–20, 221–22, 231, 234, 264

  Burundi, 414

  bushmeat, 344, 413, 432, 434, 451–52, 515

  great apes as, 53, 57, 67, 89, 435–37, 438–39, 451

  Buy’em–Sell’ems, 435, 447–48, 449–50

  “BW” (surveyor), 151–53, 157, 160

  Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, 357, 360

  Cairns, Australia, 45–48

  Calisher, Charles H., 345–46

  Cambodia, 163

  camels, rabies in, 296–97

  Cameroon, 71, 478, 480

  HIV in, 406

  as locus of HIV spillover, 42, 425, 426–31, 437, 463, 471, 477

  logging in, 433–35

  poaching in, 432–33, 438

  Candida yeast, 385–86, 389

  canine distemper virus, 19

  Cannon Hill paddock, 14, 19–20, 27–28, 29, 30, 45

  Cape Verde, 398

  capsids, 268, 269, 270

  Carlsbad Caverns, 350

  Carroll, Serena, 352

  Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 247

  Cat’s Cradle (Vonnegut), 24

  cattle, FMD in, 35–36

  CD4 protein receptor, 443

  Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, 306

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 39, 89, 186, 190, 377, 513

  AIDS and, 388, 488

  BSL-4 labs at, 74, 356

  Division of Vector-Borne Diseases,

  318

  Ebola and, 69–70, 72, 73, 74, 76

  Special Pathogens Branch, 70, 93, 352

  Central Africa, 40, 68, 293

  biological survey of, 54, 59–60

  ebolavirus outbreaks in, 53–54, 56–57, 60–63, 68, 86, 118–19

  gorillas in, 67–68

  HIV in, 406, 483

  as locus of HIV-1 spillover, 396, 423

  trypanosomiasis innoculations in, 478–81

  Central African Republic, 438, 483

  Central Veterinary Institute, Netherlands, 230

  Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), 54, 56, 59, 67, 114, 117, 403

  Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabey), 399–401, 404, 406, 413

  Ceylon, see Sri Lanka

  Chandpur, Bangladesh, 326, 328

  Chashnipeer, 282

  Chashnipeer Majar, 280–85, 287

  Chatou Wildlife Market, 188, 191, 197

  chickenpox, 67, 308

  chikungunya, 24, 270, 307

  Childs, James E., 348

  “Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1” (Keele et al.), 427–28

  chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 42, 120

  AIDS in, 466, 469

  bushmeat from, 53, 57, 435–37, 451

  central (P. t. troglodytes), 423, 425,

  428

  eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii), 424

  ebolaviruses in, 53, 54, 79–80

  as HIV reservoirs, 313, 403–5, 423

  malaria in, 138–39

  P. t. vellerosus, 425

  SFV in, 288

  SIV in, see simian immunovirus (SIV), in chimpanzees

  Chimpanzees of Gombe, The (Goodall), 468

  China, 514–15

  A. leucosphyrus in, 163

  blood plasma donors in, 486

  Era of Wild Flavor in, 187–88, 191, 197–98, 433

  polio in, 22

  SARS in, 44, 168–74, 207, 374

  China Airlines flight 112, 168, 169

  China Syndrome (Greenfeld), 187

  Chinese bamboo rats, 203–5, 206

  chipmunks, deer ticks and, 252

  chlamydia, 183, 186

  Chlamydophila psittaci, 216, 237, 238

  Chlorocebus (African green monkeys), 396–97, 398–99

  Chmura, Aleksei, 196–2
05, 206, 208, 333, 514

  cholera, 131, 237, 265, 325, 380, 381

  Cholera Hospital, Dhaka, see ICDDR,B

  Chua, Paul, 317–18, 319, 324, 334

  Cipro, 362

  Ciuca, Mihai, 149–50, 151, 157, 480

  civet cat (Paguma larvata; masked palm civet), 187, 189–91, 192–93, 195, 198, 206, 343

  classical swine fever (hog cholera), 316

  “Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites” (Anderson and May), 304–5

  Colorado State University, 345–46

  Columbia University, 514

  common cold, 35, 270

  common tern (Sterna hirundo), 505, 507

  Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC; Zaire), 139–40, 414, 417, 478

  Ebola in, 69–75, 76–77, 118, 370–73

  emergence of AIDS pandemic in, 389, 407, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78

  Haitians in, 484–85

  Congo, Republic of the (ROC), 53, 55, 426, 432, 438, 439, 450, 466

  Ebola in, 63, 115, 118, 120

  emergent AIDS cases in, 429–30

  logging in, 439

  Congo basin, 431, 434, 515

  Congolese Red Cross, 481

  Congo River, 139, 423, 428, 429–31, 460–61, 477

  Connecticut Department of Health, 212

  Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 194, 196, 333

  consumptive coagulopathy, 95–96, 108

  “Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics, A” (Kermack and McKendrick), 141–44

  Cook, James, 37

  coronaviruses, 185, 193, 194, 270, 512

  Côte d’Ivoire, 60, 79, 82, 359, 406

  Cox, Herald, 220–21, 243

  Coxiella burnetii, 220, 221–34, 238

  as intracellular bacterium, 230

  windborne transmission of, 228–29, 259

  Cox-Singh, Janet, 153–54, 156, 158–64, 514

  crested mona monkey, 112

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 94

  critical community size (CCS), 129–30, 349

  Cuba, yellow fever eliminated from, 263, 266

  Cunneen, Ben, 33

  Curtis, Tom, 415, 416

  Cut Hunter, 442–45, 478

  cut-hunter hypothesis, 413, 428, 440, 442–48, 453–62, 466, 478

  cytosine, 156, 270, 306, 309

  Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, 74

  Daszak, Peter, 514–15

  date-palm sap, 329, 331–32

  Davis, Gordon, 220–21, 243

  DDT, 145, 147

  dead-end hosts, 83, 164, 294, 343, 373, 480

  de Bruin, Arnout, 227–30

  deer (blacklegged) tick (Ixodes scapularis), 212–13, 241–42, 243, 244–47, 257

  diverse hosts of, 249

  life history of, 242, 248–50, 252, 255

  as Lyme disease vector, 212–13, 241–42, 255