Friends Divided
Page 62
National Gazette, 262–63
Native Americans, see Indians
naturalization, 307–8, 333, 342
Naturalization Act (1798), 308
Navigation Acts, 86, 98
Navy Department, U.S.:
establishment of, 307
importance of, 340, 342, 345
minimalization of, 335, 340
Nelson, Horatio, 318
Netherlands:
civil war in, 222
JA’s mission in, 151–52, 154
J. Q. Adams as minister to, 295
neutrality:
in commerce, 157, 275
U.S. policy of, 269–70
New England:
as enlightened, 132
prosperity of, 412
religion in, 377, 381
settlement of, 71–73
social hierarchy in, 29–30, 383
New Hampshire, JA’s trip to, 39–40
New Jersey, College of, Princeton, 262
New Orleans, Battle of, 389
New Testament, 378
New York, N.Y.:
as temporary federal capital, 232, 240, 248, 254
wealth in, 33
Nicholas, Robert Carter, 124
Nicholas, William Cary, 413
Nile, Battle of the, 318
Niles, Hezekiah, 395, 431–32
Niles’ Weekly Register, 395
Norman Conquest, 73, 92
North, Lord, 90
North Carolina, constitution of, 113
Notes on the State of Virginia (T. Jefferson), 21, 125, 144, 168, 185, 210, 231, 284, 307, 347, 350, 376
Novanglus papers (J. Adams), 100–101, 113, 177
Observations on Government (Stevens), 228–30
Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution and the Means of Making it a Benefit to the World (Price), 183
octoroons, as legally white, 65
“Ode to Xanthia Phoceus” (Horace), J. Q. Adams’s satire of, 347
Oliver, Andrew and Peter, 75, 94
On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), 129
Ordinance of 1784, 153
Origine de tours les cultes (Dupuis), 368
Orphan, The; or, The Unhappy Marriage (Otway), 55
orrery, Jefferson’s fascination with, 11
Ossian, 15
Otis, James, 73, 81, 133, 197, 393, 404
Otway, Thomas, 55
“overseers,” 21–22
Page, John, 34, 39, 53–54
Paine, Robert Treat, 26
Paine, Thomas, 94, 106, 113, 206, 226, 256, 257–58, 260, 261, 271, 287, 293, 328–29, 331–32, 347, 374, 377, 403
Paley, William, 169–70
Palladio, Andrea, 11, 78
paper money, 172, 247, 248–49, 298, 406–8
Paradise Lost (Milton), 55
Paris, France, 13, 63–64, 67, 147–50, 186–87, 224, 225, 230, 232, 262
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 144
Parliament, British:
colonial oppression by, 69–70, 72, 74, 76–77, 79–80, 84–86, 90, 91, 98
doctrine of sovereignty of, 85–90, 98, 101–2
king as member of, 177
Parsons, Theophilus, 175, 179–80
Parton, James, 5
Patriot party (French), 224–26
patronage, 252
Pearl Harbor, attack on, 305
Pemberton, Samuel, 83
Pendleton, Edmund, 110, 124, 130, 140
Penn, John, 113
Penn, William, 405
Pennsylvania, radical state constitution of, 116–17, 173, 176, 184–85
Pentadius, 54–55
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Continental Congress in, see First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress
French influence in, 306, 308
as temporary capital, 248, 274, 289, 294, 304
violent demonstrations in, 304–5
“Philosophy of Jesus, The” (T. Jefferson), 378
Pickering, Timothy, 120, 294, 309, 316, 369, 404
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 295, 297, 300, 317
Pinckney, Thomas, 265, 283–86, 295
pirates, North African, see Barbary pirates
Pitt, William, 85
Plato, 367
Platt, Jeremiah, 33
politeness, 36
political parties:
in elections, 282
emergence of, 264–66, 280, 317
factions of, 267–68, 286, 342–43
JA’s suspicion of, 250, 255, 280–81
roots of, 263
TJ’s acceptance of, 290
in today’s world, 264–65
political science, JA’s devotion to, 16
Poplar Forest plantation, 60
Port Folio (Cooper), 422
press:
freedom of, 72, 310–11, 354
JA targeted by, 210
partisan, 250–51, 257, 262–63, 305, 307, 308–11, 342
suppression of, 309
violent attacks on, 304
see also specific publications
“pretenders,” in Virginia, 21–22
Price, Richard, 183
Priestley, Joseph, 274, 325–26, 369, 378, 409, 422
TJ’s letters to, 371–72, 374
primogeniture, 19, 20, 128–29, 381
prisoners of war, 141–42
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793), 269–70
Protestant Reformation, 70, 73, 89
“Publicola” (J. Q. Adams’s pseudonym), 258–59
public schools, 18–19, 132
Puritans, Puritanism:
in JA’s sensibilities, 10, 13, 25–26, 56, 99, 149–50
in settlement of American colonies, 71
Putnam, James, 41
Quasi-War, 306–7, 318–19, 342
Quincy, Hannah, 48–50
Quincy, Josiah, 49, 82–83, 420–21, 424
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 82–83
Quincy, Mass., 77, 426
JA’s farm in, 248, 337, 360
Quincy, Mrs., 424
Quincy, Ned, 26
Quincy, Samuel, 26, 49, 80
Quincy family, 50–51
Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, 402
Raleigh Tavern, 77, 91
Randall, Henry S., 77, 360
Randolph, Edmund, 145, 147, 263, 268
Randolph, Isham, 38
Randolph, John, 305, 419
Randolph, Martha Jefferson “Patsy,” 60, 63, 64, 159, 351, 410
Randolph, Peyton, 104
Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, 23, 36, 420
Randolph, Thomas Mann, 63
Randolph family, 17, 23–24, 32, 38, 77
Recorder, 346
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 257
Reid, Thomas, 330
Reign of Terror, 309
religion:
freedom of, 109, 129, 130, 158, 376–77
in immigration, 308
in Massachusetts’s constitution, 175
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views on, 6, 16, 98–99, 374–79, 385
twin tyrannies of monarchy and, 70–72, 87–89
Report of a Constitution, 173–75
“Report on Commerce” (T. Jefferson), 244
Republic (Plato), 367
republic, defined, 113–14
republic, “monarchial,” 233, 235–39, 279
republicanism:
agrarian, 321
evolving concept of, 113–20, 130, 160, 185, 389–90
Federalist ideol
ogy vs., 240–78, 320–21
informality of, 332–33
JA’s skepticism of populace in, 186, 202, 204–7, 267–68, 277–78, 284–85
tenets of, 328–32
TJ as champion of, 261–62, 264, 321
TJ’s belief in, 182–83, 232, 252
TJ’s disillusionment with, 414
Republican Party, 290, 298, 302, 346
emergence of, 264–66
Federalists vs., 279–319, 326, 333–36, 400
immigrant support for, 308
JA criticized by, 284–85
policies of, 274–77
TJ as presidential choice of, 283–84
Revere, Paul, 31
Revolutionary War, 131, 218, 312, 358, 370, 377, 391
end of, 181
federal assumption of state debts of, 245
French support for, 149
profiteering from, 133
TJ’s idealism about, 139–44
see also American Revolution
Rex v. Corbet, 75–76
Rice, David, 211
Richmond, Va., 143
Richmond Enquirer, 395, 411
Riedesel, Baron and Baroness de, 142
Rights of Man (Paine), 257–58, 261, 328
Ritchie, Thomas, 395
Rittenhouse, David, 11, 139–40, 366
Roane, Spencer, 419
Robbins, Jonathan (Thomas Nash), extradition and execution of, 315–16, 372
Robertson, William, 44
Rodney, Caesar, 96
“Roman principle,” 199
Rome, fall of, 73–74
Royal Academy, London, 66
Royal Society, 122
Rush, Benjamin, 37, 52, 127, 173, 238–39, 240, 392, 400, 401
as agent of TJ and JA’s reconciliation, 6, 289, 356–64
death of, 398
dream of, 357–58
JA’s friendship with, 254–55, 338, 343–46, 356–57
TJ’s relationship with, 358
Rush, Richard, 401–2, 424
Rutledge, Edward, 96
Sack of Rome, The (M. O. Warren), 252
sailors:
impressment of, 75, 81, 315–16, 344, 372
seized by Barbary pirates, 341
Saint-Domingue (Haiti):
immigration from, 308–9
slave rebellion in, 322, 334
Sale, George, 44
Santo Domingo, 309
Saratoga, Battle of, 141–42
Sarsfield, Count, 187
science, TJ and JA’s interest in, 16
Scott, John Morin, 33
Scott, Walter, 10
secession, threat of, 313, 344, 345, 346, 417
Second Continental Congress (1775), 103–36, 145, 246
Board of War of, 131, 137
JA’s pivotal role in, 103–8, 127–28, 131–32, 135, 137–39, 148, 189, 207
as substitute for Crown, 103–4
TJ’s role in, 104–11, 120–22, 127–28
Second Great Awakening, 413
sectionalism, 282, 286
Sedition Act (1798), 309, 311, 333, 353
seditious libel, common law of, 310–11
senate:
as representative of the propertied elite, 117–18, 180–81, 193–94, 196, 213, 218, 380
state constitutional powers of, 110–11, 175, 176
strong, 173, 182, 183
term of service in, 313
Senate, U.S., 336, 344
vice president as president of, 8, 241, 248, 276, 290
Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson, 113
Sewall, Jonathan, 9, 42–43, 80–81, 99, 148, 310
as “Philanthrop,” 79
Shadwell estate, 17, 23, 77
fire at, 45, 76, 78
Shakespeare, 166
Shawnees, 20, 369
Shays’ Rebellion (1786), 189, 193, 202, 252, 278
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views of, 219–20
Sherman, Roger, 120, 176, 235–37, 398
Short, William, 68, 269, 397
Skelton, Bathurst, 59
slaveholders, 32, 122
depravity of, 210–12, 348
TJ as, 5, 7, 8, 17–18, 22, 23–24, 27, 47, 59–60, 62–65, 93, 125, 143, 231–32, 346, 382
slavery:
abolished in France, 64
in antiquity, 126
JA’s opposition to, 19–20, 132–33, 348, 418, 424
in the North, 17–19, 132, 416
opposition to, 125, 129–30, 132, 210–12, 407, 416–18
paternalism in, 382
rationale for, 417
southern economic dependence on, 17–18, 21, 28, 128, 130–32, 143, 245, 416
as threat to U.S. unity, 346–51
TJ’s ambivalence about, 5, 76–77, 125–27, 129–30, 210–12, 231–32, 410–12, 416, 424
in westward expansion, 153
slaves:
breeding of, 27
in British army, 143–44
debate over equality of, 124–27
manumission of, 64–65, 77
marginalized status of, 22, 124
moral sense possessed by, 330
racial mixing of, 59, 62–63
sexual involvement with, 54, 59, 62, 65, 347–48
TJ’s freeing of, 64–65
Virginia’s population of, 17
slave trade, 19
opposition to, 93–94
proposed abolition of, 109, 349
Small, William, 38, 46
Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby,” 66–67, 159, 162
death of, 365–66
Smith, Adam, 250–51
Smith, Melancton, 234–35
Smith, Samuel, 1–3
Smith, William (Abigail’s brother), 51
Smith, William (Abigail’s father), 49–51
Smith, William Stephens, 66, 201
Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 72
Society of the Cincinnati, 197, 218–19
Socrates and Jesus Compared (Priestley), 378
Sodality, 70
Sons of Liberty, 82
Southey, Robert, 423
sovereignty doctrine, 85–90, 98, 101–2
speech, freedom of, 175
Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 178, 386–87
Sprague, Peleg, 4
Stamp Act (1765), opposition to, 69–70, 72, 74, 76–77, 79–80, 85, 86, 393
Stamp Act Congress, 86
state constitutions:
creation of individual, 108–14, 180, 203
international interest in, 183–84
legislative abuses of, 172
as predecessors to federal Constitution, 167–77
procedures for amending of, 168, 175
states’ rights, federal vs., 221, 415, 417–19
statuary, changing tastes in, 14
Statute of Westminster (1931), 93
Steuben, Baron von, 144
Stevens, John “Farmer of New Jersey,” 228–30
Stiles, Ezra, 398
Stuart monarchy, 89
suffrage, right of, 109, 129, 132, 133, 136, 171, 173, 182
Sullivan, James, 133, 136
Summary View of the Rights of British America, A (T. Jefferson), 1–2, 92–93, 101, 105, 185
sumptuary laws, 115–16
Supreme Court, Mass., 180
Supreme Court, U.S., 336, 353, 391, 416, 419
Swift, Jonathan, 193, 401
“Syllabus of an Estimate on the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, compared with Those of Others” (T. Jefferson), 378
taxation:
colonies’ opposition to, 86–87
see also specific taxes
Taylor, John, 176, 312–13, 367, 421
tea, duty on, 90–91, 227
Tea Act (1773), 90
Tecumseh, 369
Tenskwatawa “Prophet of the Wabash,” 369
Theory of Moral Sentiments (A. Smith), 250
Thomson, Charles, 128
Thornton, William, 4–5
Thou, Jacques-Auguste de, 392–93
Thoughts on Government, Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies (J. Adams), 113, 132, 167, 178
Ticknor, George, 411
Tillotson, John, 40
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 369
titles, JA’s preoccupation with, 241–42, 255, 278
tobacco:
production of, 17, 22, 47, 412
use of, 40
Tories, 87, 100, 265, 302, 380
“To the Young Men of the City of Philadelphia” (J. Adams), 302–3, 325–26, 371
Toussaint-Louverture, 322
Townshend, Charles, 86
Townshend Acts, opposition to, 77, 86, 90
Treatise on Political Economy, 407–8
Trinity, 374–75
tripartite government, 112–14, 118, 186, 193
balance achieved by, 217–18
separation of powers in, 176, 217–18, 243
states’ abuses of, 172
Trowbridge, Edmund, 197
Trumbull, John, 67–68, 318, 399
Tuckahoe plantation, 17
Tudor, William, 96, 242
Tufts, Cotton, 202
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 183–84, 186, 187, 208
Tyler, John, 4
unicameral government, 228–30
Unitarianism, 202, 374–75, 377, 413
Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian, 382, 420, 422
Vergennes, Comte de, 151, 154–55
Versailles court, protocol of, 148–50
“Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift” (Swift), JA’s parody of, 401
veto power, of executive, 118, 174–77, 200, 235–37
Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft), 382
Virgil, 55
Virginia:
as aristocratic and agrarian, 7, 18–19, 20–23, 91, 122, 124, 128, 130–32
British invasion of, 143
constitutional history of, 168–69
debts of, 144
decline and desolation in, 411–12, 419
founding of, 395
in initiation of American Revolution, 393–96
Massachusetts culture compared with, 16–20, 132, 381, 412
revolutionary dissent in, 90–94
social hierarchy of, 20, 28
statistical profile of, 17
TJ as governor of, 119, 140–47
TJ as representative of, 3, 16
TJ’s liberal and enlightened reforms for, 128–32, 137, 139, 231