by David Talbot
261Dulles assembled his Guatemala task force in the White House: David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch (New York: Atheneum, 1977), 49–51.
262an “opéra bouffe”: New York Times, June 22, 1954.
262Arthur Hays Sulzberger was extremely accommodating: New York Times, June 7, 1997.
263the CIA had no qualms about compiling a “disposal list”: Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh, eds., “CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents,” National Security Archive, http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/.
264the CIA began pressuring him to purge Guatemala: Stephen M. Streeter, Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000), 37–57.
265The worst massacre . . . took place in Tiquisate: Cindy Forster, The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala’s October Revolution (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 219.
265“turn the country into a cemetery”: New York Times, Aug. 9, 1981.
Chapter 11: Strange Love
267“It was a dream come true”: Mary Kay Linge, Willie Mays: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 42.
267“He quit because he wasn’t Joe DiMaggio anymore”: Mark Zwonitzer, prod., Joe DiMaggio: A Hero’s Life, PBS, American Experience, 2000.
268His skin was so pale: James H. Critchfield, Partners at the Creation: The Men Behind Postwar Germany’s Defense and Intelligence Establishments (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 82.
268Most of the intelligence gathered by Gehlen’s men: Christopher Simpson, Blowback (New York: Collier Books, 1989), 44.
268Herre, who was the rabid baseball fan: Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, 96.
269The German spymaster then leveraged his expertise: See Mary Ellen Reese, General Reinhard Gehlen: The CIA Connection (Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 1990); and E. H. Cookridge, Gehlen: Spy of the Century (New York: Random House, 1971).
269after a heated internal debate, the CIA decided to take over: See Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945–49: A Documentary History (CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999).
270some of the most notorious figures of the Nazi regime, such as Dr. Franz Six: Simpson, Blowback, 48.
270Hillenkoetter . . . strongly urged President Truman to “liquidate”: Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, xxii.
270calling it an old boy’s network of ex-Nazi officers: Ibid., xxiii.
271“reasonably clean slates”: Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, 86.
272watched in “shocked silence”: Ibid., 6.
272“impressed us as being unusually intelligent”: Ibid., 93.
272a three-hour “harangue”: Memo from Pullach base to CIA special operations, Dec. 30, 1950, Names file: Gehlen, NARA.
272“He had a high standard of morality”: Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, 109.
273“There’s no doubt that the CIA got carried away”: Washington Post, April 24, 2003.
273at least 13 percent of the Gehlen Organization: Memo to CIA East European station from unnamed official, 1954, NARA.
273“I’ve lived with this for [nearly] 50 years”: Washington Post, March 18, 2001.
274“a runt”: Memo from chief of CIA Foreign Division M to chief of station, Karlsruhe, Oct. 30, 1950, NARA.
274“a variety of political embarrassments”: Memo for CIA deputy director of plans from assistant director, special operations, June 28, 1951, NARA.
274“Gehlen will be somewhat difficult to control”: Memo from Critchfield to unnamed CIA official, undated, NARA.
274“we were greeted by a famous member of the Mafia”: Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, 159.
274“We looked out on the Rockies”: Ibid.
275“the Americans had sold their souls”: Memo from chief of CIA Eastern European division to CIA director Dulles, Aug. 8, 1955, NARA.
275“I don’t know if he’s a rascal”: Simpson, Blowback, 260.
275a small wooden statuette . . . that the German spymaster described as “sinister”: Reinhard Gehlen, The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen (New York: Popular Library, 1972), 196.
276“a symbol of our work against bolshevism”: Letter from Gehlen to AWD, Nov. 12, 1956, NARA.
276Radcliffe . . . made it clear: Memo from chief of CIA Eastern European division to chief of base, Pullach (Critchfield), Feb. 13, 1955, NARA.
276“below a layer of soiled feminine niceties”: Memo from Munich representative of commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Germany to director of Naval Intelligence, Oct. 12, 1955, NARA.
276a gift from Dulles that was worth as much as 250,000 DM: Moscow New Times, May 1972.
276“I had no personal disputes with Dulles”: Gehlen, The Service, 196.
277“UTILITY was blunt in his criticism”: Notes for “letter from the field” by unnamed CIA officer, Aug. 5, 1955, NARA.
277“one will see the cloven hoof of the devil”: Memo from CIA Munich station to Bonn station chief, Nov. 17, 1966, NARA.
277“Allen Dulles had a soft spot”: Thomas L. Hughes OH, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, interviewed July 7, 1999, http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Hughes,%20Thomas%20L.toc.pdf.
278“in an age in which war is a paramount activity”: Gehlen, The Service, 17.
278“that spooky Nazi outfit”: Simpson, Blowback, 260.
279“John is the more moral of the two”: Memo by unnamed CIA official, Feb. 20, 1952, NARA.
279only if it was done in a grassroots, democratic way: Otto John, Twice Through the Lines (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 226.
279“My whole impression of John”: Memo by AWD, Dec. 6, 1954, NARA.
280“Once a traitor”: Hugh Trevor-Roper, “Why Otto John Defected Thrice,” The Spectator, April 12, 1997.
281“a matter of some importance”: Memo from James Critchfield to AWD, March 15, 1956, NARA.
282investigators revealed that the CIA-backed group had compiled a blacklist: Jonathan Kwitny, “The CIA’s Secret Armies in Europe,” The Nation, April 6, 1992.
282Code-named Operation Gladio: See Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005).
283implemented wide-ranging surveillance of West German officials and citizens: Heinz Hohne and Hermann Zolling, The General Was a Spy (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1972), 166–83.
283Gehlen . . . “has let himself be used”: CIA dispatch from Bonn, July 9, 1953, NARA.
283Globke paid a visit to Gehlen’s Pullach headquarters: Memo by unnamed CIA official, December 1974, Names file: Globke, NARA.
284Adenauer asked Dulles point-blank what he thought of Gehlen: Memo from chief of CIA Bonn station to chief of Munich liaison base, June 6, 1963, Names file: Gehlen, NARA.
285Gehlen “is and always was stupid”: Memo from CIA Bonn station to CIA director John McCone, July 12, 1963, NARA.
285“more in sorrow than anger”: Internal CIA memo, Nov. 22, 1963, NARA.
285thanking Helms for including him in the Gehlen dinner: Letter from AWD to Richard Helms, Sept. 11, 1968, NARA.
286“I can only be grateful to fate”: Copenhagen Politiken, July 7, 1974.
Chapter 12: Brain Warfare
287Dulles delivered an alarming speech: Allen W. Dulles, “Brain Warfare: Russia’s Secret Weapon,” U.S. News & World Report, May 8, 1953.
288“reluctant to enter into signed agreements”: Alfred McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2006), 28.
289“modernized the idea of demonic possession”: Timothy Melley, “Brain Warfare: The Covert Sphere, Terrorism and the Legacy of the Cold War,” Grey Room 45 (Fall 2011): 18–39.
289a “living puppet”: Ibid.
289largely debunked the brainwash panic: Robert
A. Fein, “Prologue: U.S. Experience and Research in Educing Information: A Brief History,” in Educing Information: Interrogation: Science and Art—Foundations for the Future (Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College, 2006).
291“augmenting the usual interrogation methods”: AWD memo to Frank Wisner, Feb. 12, 1951, NARA.
291a stockade for notorious Nazi POWs: Arnold M. Silver, “Questions, Question, Questions: Memories of Oberursel,” Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 2 (April 1993): 81–90.
291the camp was operating as an extreme interrogation center: Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2014), 317–21.
292Beecher even began drawing on the work done by Nazi doctors: Alfred McCoy, Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012), 75–80.
293“I never gave a thought to legality”: John Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1991), 49.
293“He had a tough time”: Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 367.
294Olson was suffering a “moral crisis”: Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson, Aug. 8, 2002, http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Family Statement2002.html.
294“fear of a security violation”: Ibid.
295dosed with acid for seventy-seven straight days: Marks, Search for the Manchurian Candidate, 67.
295“We were in a World War II mode”: Sidney Gottlieb obituary, New York Times, March 10, 1999.
295“Well, he’s gone”: H. P. Albarelli Jr., A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments (Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2009), 24.
296“I am exceedingly skeptical”: Los Angeles Times, Nov. 29, 1994.
297Dulles invited an old friend and protégé: William Corson, Susan Trento, and Joseph Trento, Widows (New York: Crown Publishing, 1989), 19–30.
300“Allen probably had a special potion”: Joseph Trento, The Secret History of the CIA (Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing, 2001), 89.
300“Both my sister and I would have liked my father”: Interview with Joan Talley by Mark DePue, Nov. 28, 2007, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum oral history program.
300“I would imagine”: Author interview with Joan Talley.
301“there could have been all kinds of experimentation”: Ibid.
301filled with a new assertiveness: AMD letters to AWD, Mudd Library.
301which he signed “Affectionately”: Letters to AMD, Jan. 8, 1952, and Sept. 13, 1952, from AWD, Mudd Library.
302“He didn’t have to do any of that”: James Srodes, Allen Dulles: Master of Spies (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1999), 448.
302“How do you feel, son?”: New York Times, Feb. 1, 1953.
303Dulles wrote an apologetic letter: Letter to Richard P. Butrick, Aug. 3, 1953, AWD correspondence.
303“My son was very severely wounded”: Letter to United Services Automobile Assoc., May 23, 1954, AWD correspondence.
303“a lovely, old brownstone”: DePue interview with Joan Talley.
303“He couldn’t really think”: Ibid.
304The family’s finances were soon stretched: Srodes, Allen Dulles: Master of Spies, 449.
304Sonny would stare at his father: Leonard Mosley, Dulles (New York: Doubleday, 1978), 374.
304his father as a Hitler-lover: Author interview with Joan Talley.
304“I don’t know what we’re going to do with him”: Mosley, Dulles, 374.
305“relentless drive for accomplishment”: Donald J. Dalessio and Stephen Silberstein, eds., Wolff’s Headache and Other Pain (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 3.
305a “mixture of greatness and narrowness”: J. N. Blau, “Harold G. Wolff: The Man and His Migraine,” Cephalagia 24, no. 3 (March 2004): 215–22.
305“But who would test me?”: Dalessio and Silberstein, Wolff’s Headache and Other Pain, 4.
306“potentially useful secret drugs”: McCoy, A Question of Torture, 45–46.
306Joan has disturbing memories: Author interview with Joan Talley.
307“I have just understood the nature”: AMD letter to father, AWD correspondence.
308Cameron saw himself as an iconoclastic innovator: Rebecca Lemov, “Brainwashing’s Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,” Grey Room 45 (Fall 2011): 61–87.
308“shock and awe warfare on the mind”: Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 31.
308“he was a genius at destroying people”: Ibid., 47.
309“like prisoners of the Communists”: Ibid., 37.
309Kastner would come to think of the doctor: Ibid., 26.
309Orlikow could not remember her husband: The Scotsman (Edinburgh), Jan. 6, 2006.
310“a terrible mistake”: Klein, Shock Doctrine, 42.
310the work of Cameron . . . lives on at the agency: Ibid., 39.
310“He thought my brother could do better”: Author interview with Joan Talley.
310“I wish I could help him”: Penfield letter, Feb. 22, 1959, AWD correspondence, Princeton.
310She felt “joy”: Letter to MB, Nov. 1, 1961, Clover Dulles papers, Schlesinger Library.
311“endlessly patient in general”: DePue interview with Joan Talley.
311“the hands of a person who thinks”: Clover Dulles journals, Schlesinger Library.
312Dulles arranged for his niece: Author interview with Joan Talley.
312“walking on the bottom of the sea”: Letter to MB, Clover Dulles correspondence, Schlesinger Library.
312recommended that she see Dr. Cameron: Gordon Thomas, Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 91–92.
313“It is a difficult case”: Letter to Heinrich Fierz, March 15, 1962, AWD correspondence.
313“beautiful, great, old estate”: DePue interview with Joan Talley.
314Willeford later recalled that he made a “connection” with Sonny: Karen Croft interview with William Willeford.
314“Whether the son comes to experience his father”: William Willeford, Feeling, Imagination and the Self (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1987), 94.
314“Never!” he shouted: Mosley, Dulles, 517.
314arranged to take him out of the sanitarium: Author interview with Joan Talley.
Chapter 13: Dangerous Ideas
316“left Franco’s frying pan”: Stuart A. McKeever, The Galindez Case (Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2013), 15.
317their bodies displayed in macabre festivals: Lauren Derby, The Dictator’s Seduction: Politics and the Popular Imagination in the Era of Trujillo (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), 2–3.
317“a method of [execution] that was slower”: Mario Vargas Llosa, The Feast of the Goat (New York: Picador USA, 2001), 90.
317“sensation that Trujillo was always watching”: Derby, Dictator’s Seduction, 2.
317At his 1929 wedding: Ibid., 193.
318a strutting style of masculinity known as tigueraje: Ibid., 186.
318“one of the hemisphere’s foremost spokesmen against the Communist movement”: Stephen G. Rabe, “Eisenhower and the Overthrow of Rafael Trujillo,” Journal of Conflict Studies 6, no. 1 (Winter 1986): 34–44.
318“Spaniards had many talents”: Ibid.
318The leading symbol of Dominican masculinity: Derby, Dictator’s Seduction, 175–84.
319delivering suitcases stuffed with cash: McKeever, Galindez Case, 102–3.
320His own people’s doomed crusade: Josu Legarreta, “Jesús de Galíndez: Martyr for Freedom,” Current Events, issue 72 (2006): 23.
321Galíndez was “an invaluable informant”: McKeever, Galindez Case, 111.
321the Basque exile was strongly critical of U.S. foreign policy: Ibid., 114–16.
321“may involve informant in personal difficulties”: Ibid., 116.
323Joy felt “horrified”: Columbia Daily Spectator, May 3, 1956.
323the case worked its way into President Eisenhower’s press conference: McKeever, Galindez Case, 101–2.
323Dulles himself communicated the importance of the Galíndez case: Ibid., 92–93.
324Frank . . . was not part of the CIA’s Georgetown inner circle: Jim Hougan, Spooks (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1978), 312–25.
325The CIA used Maheu and Associates as a front: See Hougan, Spooks, and Robert Maheu, Next to Hughes (New York: Harper Paperbacks, 1992).
325“Call it my personal Rosebud”: Ibid, 19.
325“I always resented the fact”: Author interview with Maheu.
326Grayson Kirk . . . a trustee of several foundations: “Who Rules Columbia?” original 1968 student strike edition, http://www.democracynow.org/pdf/who-rules-columbia.pdf
326Galíndez was “suffering from a persecution complex”: Columbia Daily Spectator, May 3, 1956.
327the CIA disseminated other disinformation about Galíndez: McKeever, Galindez Case, 145–47 and 159–60. See also: Drew Pearson, Washington Merry-Go-Round, June 9, 1960.
327Murphy’s life took a fateful turn: See Hougan, Spooks; McKeever, Galindez Case; and Diederich, Trujillo.
328even Stuyvesant Wainright . . . waded into the growing controversy: Wainright letter to Dulles, March 6, 1957; Dulles reply, March 15, www.foia.cia.gov.
328Life magazine ran a dramatic version: Life, Feb. 25, 1957.
329“the information given to you by the CIA is vague”: McKeever, Galindez Case, 212.
329“like hitting a man with a feather”: Ibid., 214.
330“The production of souls”: Nick Romeo, “Is Literature ‘the Most Important Weapon of Propaganda’?” The Atlantic.com, June 17, 2014.
330“a kind of cultural NATO”: James Petras, “The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited,” Monthly Review 51, no. 6 (Nov. 1, 1999): 47–56.
331“These stylish and expensive excursions”: Salon, April 16, 2000.
331Many leading artists and intellectuals fell into the ranks: See Francis Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War (New York: New Press, 2001); and Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
