al-Assad, Bashar: 147, 154, 156, 160, 182
accession of (2000), 175–7
family of, xii, 184
regime of, xi, 158, 177–8, 183–4, 192–3
al-Assad, Fawaz: militias led by, 185
al-Assad, Hafiz: 44, 60, 74, 77, 130–2, 147, 154–5, 157, 168, 178, 184, 195
alleged order for assassination of Mudar Badran (1981), 132
attempted assassination of (1980), 105, 114
background of, 69, 71
death of (2000), 146, 156, 175, 177, 184
draft constitution published by (1973), 48, 97
economic policies of, 53, 57–8
family of, xii, 71, 75–6, 103, 114, 184
foreign policy of, 54, 132, 143
head of Correction Movement, 47
leader of Syrian Ba’ath Party, 55
re-election of (1977), 103
regime of, 70–1, 126
release of prisoners connected to Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (1991–2000), 175
rise to power (1963), xv, 49–50, 88, 92, 202
Syrian Defence Minister, 47
al-Assad, Jamil: 71
al-Assad, Maher: family of, xii
ordering of artillery siege of Homs (2012) xii
al-Assad, Rif’at: 76, 114–15
al-Attar, Issam: 87–8, 90, 95, 117–19, 198
background of, 92
exile of, 92–5, 101, 113
family of, 113
leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 11, 19, 26, 86, 89–91, 171
member of Syrian parliament for Damascus, 87
Ayti, Teissir: 91
Azzam, Abdullah: family of, 143
founder of Services Bureau (1984), 142
influence of, 141–2, 144
murder of (1989), 143
Ba’ath Party (Iraq): 130, 151, 164, 169
members of, 150
separation from Syrian wing (1966), 129
Ba’ath Party (Syria): xi, xiii, xv–xvi, 20, 26, 33, 37–8, 40, 43, 49, 59–60, 63, 67–8, 73, 81, 97, 112, 118, 121, 128, 138, 140, 143, 147, 164, 171, 174, 186, 195, 204
Alawi members of, 69–70, 73, 159, 172
al-Ba’ath, 37
alleged support for Iraqi insurgency activity, 149–50
bombing of headquarters of (1977), 103
construction of fake Syrian Brotherhood website (2011), xiii, 182
electoral performance of (1949), 29
ideology of, 28, 44–5, 50, 54, 56, 68, 72, 152, 154
members of, 28, 37, 44, 46, 52, 55–6, 68, 103
merger with Arab Socialist Party (1953), 37, 52, 68
Military Section, 68
Regional Command, 57, 60, 69, 71
separation from Iraqi wing (1966), 129
Seventh Congress (1979), 76, 114
support for violent political groups, 148
Badran, Mudar: Jordanian Prime Minister, 132
Bahrain: 197
Bakdash, Khalid: head of Syrian Communist Party, 28, 35
al-Banna, Hassan: 22, 25, 29, 201
assassination of, 22, 39, 99
founder of Muslim Brotherhood, 20
ideology of, 20–1
Barakat Yarkas, Imad Eddine: 145
arrest of (2001), 145
Barakat Yarkas Network: alleged role in Madrid bombings (2004), 145
personnel of, 146
resources provided to Jama’at e Jihad al-Suri, 146
al-Batin, Moti’: 182–3
shooting of, 183
al-Bayanouni, Ali Sadreddine: 91, 113, 127, 132, 140, 168, 171–3, 176, 191
first deputy of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 192
leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 24, 92, 115, 170
signatory of Charter of Islamic Front, 120
al-Bayanuni, Muhammad Abu al-Nasr: supporters of, 58
Bedin, Yahya: 111
Belgium: Brussels, 93, 177
al-Bittar, Abd al-Razzq: 9, 84
al-Bittar, Bahjat: 84
al-Bittar, Salah Eddine: 129
co-founder of Ba’ath Party, 28, 37, 46, 55, 68
al-Bukhari, Salim: 9–10, 84
al-Bukhtiar, Hisham: 165
al-Buti, Said Ramadan: 48, 72, 157
background of, 155
Camp David Accords (1979): 130
signatories of, 131
Christianity: 14, 25, 30, 65, 173, 186, 205
Cold War: 34, 132
Correction Movement: launch of (1970), 47
members of, 47
Da’abul, Muwfaq: 91
Dahda, Abu: exile of, 146
Damascus Declaration: 178
formation of (2005), 177, 199
member of SNC, 188
personnel of, 199
Damascus Spring: 176–7
Dar al-Arqam: aims of, 24
founding of (1935), 13
Darwish, Sulayman Khalid: 151
al-Dawalibi, Ma’aruf: 34, 36–7
electoral performance of (1954), 39
Syrian Minister of National Economy, 30
al-Din, Nazira Zayn: 15–16
al-Droubi, Moulhem: 192
Druze: 68, 72
presence in Syrian governmental cabinets, 71
territory inhabited by, 25
Duba, Ali: head of Syrian Military Intelligence, 75, 141, 165
negotiations with Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 165–6, 168
Egypt: 8, 20, 25, 54, 100
borders of, 142
Cairo, 22–3, 34, 69, 99, 131
Free Officers coup (1952), 38
Muslim population of, 23
Revolution (2011) xi, 181, 183, 194
Egypt-Israel Treaty (1979): 159
Enlightenment: 4, 7
Fadlallah, Mohammad Hussein: spiritual leader of Hizbullah, 159
Farouk Battalion: 186
Fatah: training camps of, 102
Fatah al-Islam: affiliates of, 153
Fayadh, General Shafiq: commander of Third Army Division, 76, 128
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany): Bonn, 165
Fighting Vanguard: xvi, 58, 82, 88, 102, 106–7, 109, 111–12, 119, 125–6, 138–9, 163–5, 172, 187
connections with Muslim Brotherhood, 73
ideology of, 88
members of, 95, 103–5, 116–18, 120–2, 124, 126, 133, 138, 140, 143–4, 162, 187
origins of, 203
First World War (1914–18): 65
France: 5, 68
Paris, 14, 55, 158, 177, 205
Free Syrian Army (FSA): 186
formation of, 190
supporters of, 191, 193
Friends of Syria: 188
General Peasants Union: formation of, 51
Germany: Aachen, 93, 95, 113, 165
Berlin, 166
Frankfurt, 168
al-Ghadban, Munir: 165, 168
Ghadiyya, Abu: 151
Ghalayini, Mustafa: 15
Ghalioun, Burhan: leader of SNC, 189
Gharrah, Major Muhammad: assassination of (1976), 103
al-Gharra: 16, 24
aims of, 14
anti-French demonstrations organised by (1939), 14
founding of (1924), 14
members of, 16, 86
veil campaign of, 15
Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA): 145
Habannaka, Sheikh Hassan: 47
al-Habasch, Muhammad: 157–9
al-Hachimi, Hassan: 198
Hadid, Marwan: 99, 101–2, 123, 142
arrest of (1975), 102
death of (1976), 103, 203
influence of, 143
leader of Fighting Vanguard, 95, 102, 120
return to Syria (1963), 99–100
role in Hama riot (1964), 45, 72, 124
supporters of, 58
visit to Cairo, 99
al-Hafiz, General Amin: role in repression in Hama riots (1964), 46
Syrian Prime Minister, 45
Hama Massacre (1982): 43, 57, 73, 76–7, 122, 125, 137
–8, 141, 161, 163–4, 176, 203
casualty figures of, 77, 128
events of, 127–8, 139
military units involved in, 128
political impact of, xvi, 59, 109–10, 166–7, 175
Hamas: 159
members of, 160
Syrian Ba’ath support for, 148
al-Hamid, Muhammad: 26, 171
ideology of, 36
supporters of, 58
Hariri, Rafiq: Lebanese Prime Minister, 157
Hassoun, Ahmad: 155
Hawari, Muhammed: 120
al-Hawrani, Akram: 33, 68
head of Arab Socialist Party, 28, 37, 138
Hawwa, Said: 73, 89, 94, 98, 101, 123, 125, 127, 139, 163, 172
background of, 97
Jund Allah, 98
resignation from Executive Committee of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (1983), 127
signatory of Charter of Islamic Front, 120
supporters of, 58, 98
Haydar, Ali: leader of Syrian Special Forces, 75
Haydar, Muhammad: Syrian Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs, 56
Hinnawi, Colonel Sami: 29
Hizbullah: 159
members of, 159
Syrian Ba’ath support for, 148
al-Houeidi, Hassan: 91, 122, 165, 169
head of Executive Committee of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 126
role in Joint Command of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 118
al-Hudaybi, Hassan: head of Muslim Brotherhood (Egyptian), 36, 39
Preachers, not Judges, 100
Hussein of Jordan, King: 132
death of, 132
destruction of fedayeen camps, 101
Hussein, Saddam: 129, 164–5
regime of, 150
ijtihad: 7–8, 27, 85
concept of, 84
support for, 10–11
imperialism: 9, 35, 37, 39
British, 5
India: British Raj, 5
Iran: Iraqi Invasion of (1980), 129
Islamic Revolution (1979), 130
Tehran, 129, 192
Iran-Iraq War (1980–8): 54, 169
Iraqi Invasion of Iran (1980), 129
Iraq: 8, 115, 138, 164, 176
Baghdad, 129–30, 137–41, 149, 151, 164–6, 169, 203
borders of, 149
Camp Bucca jail, 148
insurgency activity in, 149–51, 153
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–11), 137–8, 145, 147–51
Syrian Muslim Brotherhood delegation visit to (1981), 129
weaponry smuggled through, 129
Islam: 5, 7, 12, 25, 30, 34, 83, 110, 147, 156, 171–2, 182–3, 193, 200
Eid al-Adha, 58, 74
political, xiv–xvi, 3, 11, 43, 137, 154, 156, 172–3, 189
Qur’an, 7–8, 21, 47, 90, 156
radical, 58, 154, 184–5, 202, 204
Ramadan, 34, 156
Sharia, 9, 48, 85, 96
sunnah, 8, 90
Islamic Action Front: affiliation with Muslim Brotherhood, 160
Islamic Centre for Brussels: 95
Islamic Front: 87
Charter of, 120
Islamic Jihad: headquarters of, 159
Islamic Socialist Front: 30
formation of (1950), 36
Islamism: xi–xiii, 36, 58, 60, 72, 177, 186, 191, 200
radical, 137, 153
Syrian, 129
Ismalis: presence in Syrian governmental cabinets, 71
territory inhabited by, 68
Israel: 54, 131, 141, 160
borders of, 54
formation of (1948), 28
Tel Aviv, 132
al-Istambuli, Mehdi: 90
Jabhat al-Nusrah: creation of (2012), 186–7
suicide bombing campaign of, 186–7
Jadid, General Salah: 47
coup led by (1966), 45–6, 55, 69
jahiliyya: concept of, 99
Jajeh, Adeeb: 168
Jama’at al-Tawhid wel Jihad fi Bilad al-Sham: formation of (2007), 147
members of, 147
Jama’at e Jihad al-Suri: resources of, 146
jamiat: 17, 22, 24, 32, 58, 85
examples of, 12–14
prevalence in Ottoman Empire, 11–12
Jamiat al-Gharra: founding of (1924), 13
Jamiat al-Hidaya al-Islamiyya: founding of (1936), 13
Jamiat al-Ulama: founding of (1938), 13
Jamour, Riyath: capture of (1979), 125
Jandal, Abu: leader of Jama’at al-Tawhid wel Jihad fi Bilad al-Sham, 147
Jawad, Umar: 104
Fighting Vanguard commander in Hama, 124–6
al-Jazairi, Abd al-Qadir: 84
background of, 8–9
al-Jazairi, Tahir: 9–10
founder of Benevolent Society, 12
jihad: 142
concept of, 9
jihadism: 81–2, 103, 141
radical, xvi
Salafi, 144
Jordan: 54, 95, 115, 138, 181, 183
Amman, 119, 125–6, 132, 140–1, 165
Black September (1970–1), 101
fedayeen camps in, 101
weaponry smuggled through, 129
Judaism: 25, 65
Jumbaz, Hisham: 104
Jumblatt, Kamal: leader of LNM, 72
kafir: concept of, 9
al-Kawakibi, Abdel Rahman: 83
Khaddam, Abdel Halim: 77, 179
defection of (2005), 157, 177
Governor of Hama, 45
Syrian Foreign Minister, 71
Syrian Vice President, xiv, 56, 59, 71, 74, 111, 129, 157, 176–7
Khairallah, Zeinedin: sheikh of Rawda Mosque, 74
supporters of, 58
Khalil, Hassan: 165–6
al-Khatib, Muhibb al-Din: 21, 157
founder of Arab Renaissance Society, 10
Khlas, Ibrahim: 46–7
Kilo, Michel: 177
Kuftaro, Sheikh Ahmad: 157
death of (2005), 155
founder of Abu al-Noor centre (1974), 155
Grand Mufti of Syria, 47–8, 72, 155
Kurds: 48, 188
Kuwait: 93
Iraqi Invasion of (1990), 169
Bin Laden, Usama: 144, 187
assassination of (2011), xv, 101, 111, 116
Law No. 49 (1980): 116, 188, 190
Article 1, 115
Lawyers’ Union: role in protest movements, 60
Lebanese National Movement (LNM): members of, 72
Lebanon: 75, 93, 178
Beirut, 124, 185
Civil War (1975–90), 54, 72, 157
Israeli Invasion of (2006), 159
Maronite Christian population of, 54, 72
Lenin, Vladimir: 35
Levant Institute: personnel of, 197
Libya: Civil War (2011), 183
Majd, Muhammad: 151
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, 169
al-Maleh, Haitham: 189
al-Maliki, Riyadh: electoral performance of (1957), 37, 39
Mamlouk, Ali: 154
director of Syrian General Intelligence, 151, 153
Mamluk Empire: 64
Maronite Christians: Kata’ib, 54
territory inhabited by, 54, 72
Meshaal, Khaled: head of Hamas, 160
Molotov, Vyacheslav: 35
Mongols: Siege of Damascus (1300), 9
Movement for Justice and Development (MJD): 198
founding of (2005), 96
ideology of, 96
members of, 96, 198–9
al-Mubarak, Muhammed: 34, 85–6
electoral performance of (1954), 39
leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, 26
Syrian Minister of Public Works, 30
Muhammad, Matania: 32
Muhammad, Prophet: 4–5, 32, 35
family of, 32
al-Murshid, Suleyman: 66
Muslim Brotherhood (Egyptian): 23, 26, 100, 131, 202
banning of (1948)
, 22
branches of, 17, 83, 95
founding of (1928), 20
ideology of, 21–2
members of, 21–2, 36
repression of, 39
Muslim Brotherhood (Syrian): xii, xiii–xiv, 35, 47, 51–2, 56–7, 59, 81, 117, 153, 161–2, 171–2, 182, 194, 201, 205
alliance with Rabitat al-Ulama, 28
al-Manar, 29, 32
call for nafeer (1982), 139–40
Consultative Council, 115
delegation visit to (1981), 129
electoral performance of (1947), 29
electoral performance of (1949), 29
electoral performance of (1961), 40
Executive Committee, 91, 126–7, 164, 189
exile of, xvi
factions of, xiv, 82–3, 86, 90, 92–6, 101, 109, 117–20, 122–3, 127, 140, 162–4, 166–70, 191–2, 195–8, 203
first congress of (1945), 24
founding of (1945), 3, 13, 19, 23–4, 82
ideology of, 19–20, 34, 169, 172, 179, 195
Joint Command, 117–20, 123
links with People’s Party, 36, 51, 196
Majlis al-Shura, 110, 163
members of, xv, 11, 24, 26, 32, 44–5, 48, 53, 70, 82–3, 85–9, 91–6, 98, 101, 116, 123, 126, 130, 139–40, 162, 165–6, 171–2, 188, 196–7, 199
National Honour Charter (2001), 171, 174–5
organisational structure of, 24
political programme of (1980), 52–3
political programme of (2004), 171, 174
repression of, 38–9
Saudi support for, 132–3
support for FSA, 191, 193
withdrawal from NSF, 179
Workmen’s Committees, 35
Nahas, Obeida: director of Levant Institute, 197
Nahlawi, Abdel Karim: coup led by (1962), 87
al-Nasiri, Ibrahim: assassination of, 103
chairman of Syrian-Soviet Friendship Association, 103
Nasrallah, Hassan: secretary general of Hizbullah, 159
Nasser, Gamal Abdul: 87, 99
influence of, 20, 39
President of Egypt, 20
role in creation of UAR (1958), 69
role in Free Officers coup (1952), 38
al-Nasseri Muayed: commander of Army of Muhammed, 150
in-Nassif, Mu’in: family of, 114
military units commanded by, 114
National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria (NALS): headquarters of, 176
members of, 138, 176
National Bloc: 49
member of SNC, 188
members of, 16, 27–8
National Party: 28
National Progressive Front: bombing of headquarters of (1977), 103
National Salvation Front (NSF): creation of (2006), 177
withdrawal of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood from, 179
National Socialist Party: ideology of, 33
nationalism: 5, 16, 37
Arab, 10, 12, 33, 38, 44–5, 54, 65, 177
Assyrian, 177
Kurdish, 177
Oslo Accords (1993–4): 159
Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Page 33
