Friend of a Friend . . ._Understanding the Hidden Networks That Can Transform Your Life and Your Career
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14. Ronald S. Burt and Don Ronchi, “Teaching Executives to See Social Capital: Results from a Field Experiment,” Social Science Research 36 (2007): 1156–1183.
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15. Brian A. Primack, Ariel Shensa, Jaime E. Sidani, Erin O. Whaite, Liu yi Lin, Daniel Rosen, Jason B. Colditz, Ana Radovic, and Elizabeth Miller, “Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the US,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, no. 1 (2017): 1–8.
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1. Find Strength in Weak Ties
1. Shane Rivers, “The Life of Lorenzo Fertitta,” Gaming the Odds, February 15, 2015, http://www.gamingtheodds.com/biographies/lorenzo-fertitta.
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2. Case Keefer, “Lorenzo Fertitta, Dana White Built UFC into Something Big,” Las Vegas Sun, June 29, 2014.
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3. Joel Stein, “The Ultimate Fighting Machines,” CNN Money, November 8, 2006, http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/07/magazines/business2/stationcasinos.biz2/.
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4. Matthew G. Miller, “Fertittas Made Billionaires by Head Blows with Chokeholds,” Bloomberg, August 1, 2012, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-01/fertittas-made-billionaires-by-head-blows-with-chokeholds.
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5. Stein, “The Ultimate Fighting Machines.”
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6. Ibid.
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7. Rivers, “The Life of Lorenzo Fertitta.”
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8. Miller, “Fertittas Made Billionaires by Head Blows with Chokeholds.”
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9. Jeff Haden, “The UFC Sells for $4 Billion: Partners Were Legally Bound to Settle Disputes by Actually Fighting,” Inc., July 11, 2016, http://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/ufc-sells-for-4b-partners-were-legally-bound-to-settle-disputes-by-actually-figh.html.
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10. Ibid.
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11. Keefer, “Lorenzo Fertitta, Dana White Built UFC into Something Big.”
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12. Rivers, “The Life of Lorenzo Fertitta.”
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13. Ibid.
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14. “Lorenzo Fertitta Touts UFC Sale as ‘Largest Deal Ever in the History of Sports,’” Fox Sports, July 11, 2016, http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/ufc-lorenzo-fertitta-touts-ufc-sale-as-largest-deal-ever-in-the-history-of-sports-071116.
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15. Nicole Laporte, “Why WME-IMG Paid $4 Billion for UFC, a Mixed Martial Arts League,” Fast Company, July 11, 2016, https://www.fastcompany.com/3061739/why-wme-img-paid-4-billion-for-ufc-a-mixed-martial-arts-league.
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16. Jason Gay, “Dana White Continues the Fight,” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2017.
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17. Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360–1380.
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18. Ibid., 1371.
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19. Martin Ruef, “Strong Ties, Weak Ties, and Islands: Structural and Cultural Predictors of Organizational Innovation,” Industrial and Corporate Change 11, no. 3 (2002): 427–449.
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20. Mary Petrusewicz, “Note to Entrepreneurs: Meet New People,” Stanford Report, January 21, 2004, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2004/january21/innovate-121.html.
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21. Ruef, “Strong Ties, Weak Ties, and Islands,” 445.
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22. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” 1372.
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23. Daniel Z. Levin, Jorge Walter, and J. Keith Murnighan, “Dormant Ties: The Value of Reconnecting,” Organization Science 22, no. 4 (2011): 923–939.
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24. Daniel Z. Levin, Jorge Walter, and J. Keith Murnighan, “The Power of Reconnection: How Dormant Ties Can Surprise You,” MIT Sloan Management Review (Spring 2011), http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-power-of-reconnection-how-dormant-ties-can-surprise-you/.
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25. Ibid.
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26. Jorge Walter, Daniel Z. Levin, and J. Keith Murnighan, “Reconnection Choices: Selecting the Most Valuable (vs. Most Preferred) Dormant Ties,” Organization Science 26, no. 5 (2015): 1447–1465.
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27. Jorge Walter, Daniel Z. Levin, and J. Keith Murnighan, “How to Reconnect for Maximum Impact,” MIT Sloan Management Review (Spring 2016), http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-reconnect-for-maximum-impact/.
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28. Andrew Warner, “How charity: water Is Using Social Media to Save the World” (podcast), Mixergy, July 21, 2010, https://mixergy.com/interviews/charity-water-scott-harrison-interview/.
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29. charity: water, “Scott’s Story,” http://www.charitywater.org/about/scotts_story.php.
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30. Ibid.
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31. Warner, “How charity: water Is Using Social Media to Save the World.”
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32. Ibid.
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33. David Baker, “Charity Startup: Scott Harrison’s Mission to Solve Africa’s Water Problem,” Wired, January 4, 2013, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/charitystartup.
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34. Scott Harrison, interview with the author, April 11, 2017.
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35. Ibid.
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36. Baker, “Charity Startup: Scott Harrison’s Mission to Solve Africa’s Water Problem.”
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37. Warner, “How charity: water Is Using Social Media to Save the World.”
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38. Ibid.
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39. Ibid.
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40. Scott Harrison, interview with the author, April 11, 2017.
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41. Warner, “How charity: water Is Using Social Media to Save the World.”
2. See Your Whole Network
1. Steven H. Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life (New York: Hachette, 2003).
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2. For “the most comprehensive version of the Kevin Bacon game on the web,” see the Oracle of Kevin Bacon website at: https://oracleofbacon.org.
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3. Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, and Mike Ginelli, Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon (New York City: Plume, 1996), 15.
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4. Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life.
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5. John Boitnott, “How Kevin Bacon Is Solving One of the Biggest Problems with Celebrities and Charities,” Inc., January 31, 2017, http://www.inc.com/john-boitnott/how-kevin-bacon-is-solving-one-of-the-biggest-problems-with-celebrities-and-char.html.
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6. David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity: The Truth About How Innovative Companies and People Generate Great Ideas (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2013).
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7. American Mathematical Society, “Collaboration Distance,” http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/freeTools.html.
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8. Stanley Milgram, “Behavioral Study of Obedience,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67, no. 4 (1963): 371–378.
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9. Brian Uzzi, “Keys to Understanding Your Social Capital,” Journal of Microfinance/ESR Review 10 (2008): 7.
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10. Jeffrey Travers and Stanley Milgram, “An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem,” Sociometry 32, no. 4 (1969): 425–443.
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11. Milgram also ran a similar experiment with participants in Wichita, Kansas. However, the results of that study were not included in his peer-reviewed article and so have been left out here.
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12. Stanley Milgram, “The Small-World Problem,” Psychology Today 2 (1969): 60–67.
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13. Mark E. J. Newman, Networks: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
14. Albert-László Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
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15. Travers and Milgram, “An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem.”
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16. Milgram, “The Small-World Problem.”
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17. Mark Buchanan, Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2002).
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18. Duncan J. Watts and Steven H. Strogatz, “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-World’ Networks,” Nature 393 (1993): 440–442.
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19. “Rod Steiger,” Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001768/.
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20. Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life.
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21. Peter Sheridan Dodds, Roby Muhamad, and Duncan J. Watts, “An Experimental Study of Search in Global Search Networks,” Science 301, no. 5634 (2003): 827–829.
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22. Duncan J. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer (New York: Crown Business, 2011), 89.
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23. Smriti Bhagat, Moira Burke, Carlos Diuk, Ismail Onur Filiz, and Sergey Edunov, “Three and a Half Degrees of Separation,” Facebook Research, February 4, 2016, https://research.fb.com/three-and-a-half-degrees-of-separation/.
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24. Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life, 29.
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25. John Guare, Six Degrees of Separation: A Play (New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1992), 79.
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26. Whitney Johnson, “Episode 01: Michelle McKenna-Doyle” (audio podcast), Disrupt Yourself Podcast, September 21, 2016, https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/disrupt-yourself-podcast-whitney/id1156483471.
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27. Ibid.
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28. Ibid.
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29. Auburn University, “Take 5: Michelle McKenna-Doyle,” November 17, 2014, http://www.auburn.edu/main/take5/mckenna-doyle.html#.WMmaQRiVS9Y.
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30. Johnson, “Episode 01: Michelle McKenna-Doyle.”
3. Become a Broker and Fill Structural Holes
1. Bruce Feiler, “She’s Playing Games with Your Lives,” New York Times, April 27, 2012.
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2. Jane McGonigal, SuperBetter: The Power of Living Gamefully (New York: Penguin, 2016), 3.
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3. Ibid.
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4. Scott Barry Kaufman, “Jane McGonigal on How Video Games Can Make Us SuperBetter” (audio podcast), Psychology Podcast, October 11, 2015, http://scottbarrykaufman.com/podcast/jane-mcgonigal-on-how-video-games-can-make-us-superbetter/.
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5. Feiler, “She’s Playing Games with Your Lives.”
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6. Jane McGonigal, email message to the author, April 17, 2017.
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7. McGonigal, SuperBetter, 4.
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8. Kaufman, “Jane McGonigal on How Video Games Can Make Us SuperBetter.”
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9. Ibid.
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10. Ibid.
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11. Jane McGonigal, email message to the author, April 17, 2017.
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12. Ronald S. Burt, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 19.
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13. Ibid., 18.
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14. Ronald S. Burt, “Structural Holes and Good Ideas,” American Journal of Sociology 110 (2004): 356.
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15. Frans Johansson, The Medici Effect: What Elephants and Epidemics Can Teach Us About Innovation (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2017).
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16. Cherokee Nation, “History of Sequoyah, and the Sequoyan Syllabary for the Cherokee Language,” http://www.cherokee.org/About-The-Nation/History/Biographies/Sequoyah.
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17. Burt, “Structural Holes and Good Ideas,” 376.
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18. Ibid., 349.
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19. Adam M. Kleinbaum, “Organizational Misfits and the Origins of Brokerage in Intrafirm Networks,” Administrative Science Quarterly 57 (2012): 407–452.
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20. Ibid., 429.
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21. Stanley A. McChrystal, David Silverman, Chris Fussell, and Tantum Collins, Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (New York: Portfolio, 2015), 118. General McChrystal cowrote Team of Teams with multiple authors, who chose to write the book in his voice. As such, I attribute quotes from this book to him.
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22. Ibid., 118.
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23. Ibid., 121.
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24. Ibid., 122.
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25. Ibid., 123.
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26. Ibid., 128, 129.
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27. Ibid., 128.
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28. Ibid., 180.
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29. Ibid., 251.
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30. This activity was adapted from an exercise commonly described by the sociologist Brian Uzzi.
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4. Seek Out Silos
1. Steven Johnson, How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World (New York: Riverhead, 2014).
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2. McChrystal et al., Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World, 189–193.
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3. Clifford Atiyeh, “GM Ignition-Switch Review Complete: 124 Fatalities, 274 Injuries,” Car and Driver, August 3, 2015, http://blog.caranddriver.com/gm-ignition-switch-review-complete-124-fatalities-274-injuries/.
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4. Eun Kyung Kim, “GM Chief Mary Barra on Car Recalls: ‘I Don’t Really Think There Was a Cover-up,’” Today, June 26, 2014, http://www.today.com/news/gm-chief-mary-barra-car-recalls-i-dont-really-think-1D79852194.
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5. David Johnston, “9/11 Congressional Report Faults FBI-CIA Lapses,” New York Times, July 24, 2003.
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6. Michael Reynolds, Hemingway: The Paris Years (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1989).
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7. David Burkus, “How Your Friends Affect Your Creative Work,” 99U, http://99u.com/articles/21521/in-praise-of-the-creative-support-group.
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8. Charles Kadushin, Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 122.
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9. Mark E. J. Newman and Juyong Park, “Why Social Networks Are Different from Other Types of Networks,” Physical Review E: Statistical, Linear, and Soft Matter Physics 68, no. 3 (2003): 036122.
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10. Damon Centola, “The Social Origin of Networks and Diffusion,” American Journal of Sociology 120, no. 5 (2015): 1295–1338.
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11. University of Pennsylvania, “In Social Networks, Group Boundaries Promote the Spread of Ideas, Study Finds,” ScienceDaily, June 22, 2015, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150622182032.htm.
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12. Ronald Burt and Jennifer Merluzzi, “Network Oscillation,” Academy of Management Discoveries 2, no. 4 (2016): 368–391.
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13. David Jon Phillips, “Networking Differently Could Increase Your Salary,” Chicago Booth Review, September 1, 2016, http://review.chicagobooth.edu/strategy/2016/article/networking-differently-could-increase-your-salary.
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14. Brian Uzzi, “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness,” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 35–67.
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15. Jeff Rosenthal, “How and Why to Curate Community,” in Jared Kleinert, ed., 3 Billion Under 30: How Millennials Keep Redefining Success, Breaking Barriers, and Changing the World (New York: 3 Billion Under 30 LLC, 2017).
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16. Cathy Leff, “At Their Peak,” Cultured, November 30, 2016, http://www.culturedmag.com/summit-series-jeff-rosenthal/.
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17. Steven Bertoni, “Club TED: Inside Summit’s Power Mountain Entrepreneur Camp,” Forbes, January 21, 2013.
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18. Andy Isaacson, “Summit Series: TED Meets Burning Man,” Wired, February 27, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/02/summit-series-ted-burning-man/.
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19. Andy Isaacson, “The Ski Resort That Crowdsourcing Built,” New York Times, April 10, 2015.
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20. J. Kelly Hoey, Build Your Dream Network: Forging Powerful Relationships in a Hyper-Connected World (New York: Tarcher/Perigee, 2017).
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21. Alissa Walker, “TED for Design Wonks: CreativeMornings Offers Coffee and a Shot of Inspiration,” Wired, June 11, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/06/creativemornings-conferences/.
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22. Shutterstock, “Introducing Creative Mornings: An Interview with Tina Roth Eisenberg,” December 4, 2013, https://vimeo.com/81051786.
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23. Walker, “TED for Design Wonks: CreativeMornings Offers Coffee and a Shot of Inspiration.”
5. Build Teams from All Over Your Network
1. Miguel Helft, “It Pays to Have Pals in Silicon Valley,” New York Times, October 17, 2006.
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2. “YouTube: A History,” The Telegraph, April 17, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/7596636/YouTube-a-history.html.
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3. Ibid.
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4. “Youtube.com Traffic Statistics,” Alexa, http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com (accessed March 16, 2017).
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5. Conner Forrest, “How the ‘PayPal Mafia’ Redefined Success in Silicon Valley,” TechRepublic, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-the-paypal-mafia-redefined-success-in-silicon-valley/.
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6. Jeffrey M. O’Brien, “The PayPal Mafia,” Fortune, November 13, 2007.
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7. Forrest, “How the ‘PayPal Mafia’ Redefined Success in Silicon Valley.”
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