Friend of a Friend . . ._Understanding the Hidden Networks That Can Transform Your Life and Your Career
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8. O’Brien, “The PayPal Mafia.”
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9. Forrest, “How the ‘PayPal Mafia’ Redefined Success in Silicon Valley.”
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10. Rachel Rosmarin, “The PayPal Exodus,” Forbes, July 12, 2006.
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11. Forrest, “How the ‘PayPal Mafia’ Redefined Success in Silicon Valley.”
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12. Reid Hoffman and Ben Casnocha, The Start-up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career (New York: Crown Business, 2012).
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13. Shane Snow, Smartcuts: How Hackers, Innovators, and Icons Accelerate Success (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 183.
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14. Forrest, “How the ‘PayPal Mafia’ Redefined Success in Silicon Valley.”
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15. Stefan Wuchty, Benjamin F. Jones, and Brian Uzzi, “The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge,” Science 316, no. 5827 (2007): 1036–1039.
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16. Roger Guimerà, Brian Uzzi, Jarrett Spiro, and Luís A. Nunes Amaral, “Team Assembly Mechanisms Determine Collaboration Network Structure and Team Performance,” Science 308, no. 5722 (2005): 697–702.
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17. Burkus, The Myths of Creativity: The Truth About How Innovative Companies and People Generate Great Ideas, 116.
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18. Stefan H. Thomke and Ashok Nimgade, “IDEO Product Development,” Case 600-143 (Boston: Harvard Business School, June 2000, revised April 2007).
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19. Duane Bray, “IDEO’s Employee Engagement Formula,” Harvard Business Review, December 18, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/12/ideos-employee-engagement-formula.
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20. Ibid.
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21. Jimmy Chion, “What It’s Like to Work at IDEO,” Medium, October 21, 2013, https://medium.com/@jimmmy/what-its-like-to-work-at-ideo-6ca2c961aae4#.89mbot8fh.
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22. Teresa M. Amabile and Katrina Flanagan, “Making Progress at IDEO,” Case 814-123 (Boston: Harvard Business School, June 2014), 5.
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23. Margaret Schweer, Dimitris Assimakopoulos, Rob Cross, and Robert J. Thomas, “Building a Well-Networked Organization,” MIT Sloan Management Review 53, no. 2 (2012): 35.
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6. Become a Super-Connector
1. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 1–2.
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2. Ibid., 2.
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3. Ibid.
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4. “Malcolm Gladwell with Brian Grazer: 92Y Talks: Episode 45” (audio podcast), 92Y on Demand, June 18, 2015, http://92yondemand.org/malcolm-gladwell-with-brian-grazer-92y-talks-episode-45.
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5. Grazer and Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life, 4.
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6. Ibid., 21.
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7. Ibid.
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8. Ibid., 51.
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9. Ibid., 30.
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10. Ibid.
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11. Ibid., 231–258.
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12. “Malcolm Gladwell with Brian Grazer: 92Y Talks Episode 45.”
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13. Robin I. M. Dunbar, “Coevolution of Neocortical Size, Group Size, and Language in Humans,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 4 (1993): 681–694.
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14. Russell Hill and Robin I. M. Dunbar, “Social Network Size in Humans,” Human Nature 14, no. 1 (2003): 54.
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15. Hans L. Zetterberg, The Many-Splendored Society, vol. 2, A Language-Based Edifice of Social Structures (zetterberg.org, 2011), http://zetterberg.org/InProgrs/The_Many-Splendored_Society/PDF_filer/VolumeTwoRefile2_20110516_2ndEd.pdf.
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16. Tyler H. McCormick, Matthew J. Salganik, and Tian Zheng, “How Many People Do You Know? Efficiently Estimating Personal Network Size,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 105, no. 489 (2010): 59–70.
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17. Albert-László Barabási and Réka Albert, “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,” Science 286, no. 5439 (1999): 509–512.
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18. Jordan Harbinger, interview with the author, January 25, 2017.
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19. Ibid.
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20. Ibid.
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21. Ibid.
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22. Ibid.
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23. Ibid.
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24. Ibid.
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25. Ibid.
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7. Leverage Preferential Attachment
1. Jayson Gaignard, interview with the author, January 24, 2017.
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2. Ibid.
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3. Ibid.
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4. Ibid.
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5. Ibid.
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6. Ibid.
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7. Ibid.
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8. Ibid.
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9. Matthew 25:29 (NRSV).
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10. Robert K. Merton, “The Matthew Effect in Science,” Science 159, no. 3810 (1968): 56–63.
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11. Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life, 87.
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12. Barabási and Albert, “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.”
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13. Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life, 87.
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14. Mark E. J. Newman, “Clustering and Preferential Attachment in Growing Networks,” Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 64, no. 211 (2001): 251021–251024.
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15. Matthew J. Salganik, Peter Sheridan Dodds, and Duncan J. Watts, “Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market,” Science 311, no. 5762 (2006): 854–856.
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16. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer.
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17. James Zug, “Stolen: How the Mona Lisa Became the World’s Most Famous Painting,” Smithsonian.com, June 15, 2011, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/stolen-how-the-mona-lisa-became-the-worlds-most-famous-painting-16406234/.
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18. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer.
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19. Zug, “Stolen: How the Mona Lisa Became the World’s Most Famous Painting.”
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20. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer.
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21. Zug, “Stolen: How the Mona Lisa Became the World’s Most Famous Painting.”
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22. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer. Duchamp was also an American citizen.
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8. Create the Illusion of Majority
1. Tim Ferriss, “Introduction—My Story,” http://tim.blog/introduction/.
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2. Tim Ferriss, “A Lesson in Self Promotion with Tim Ferriss,” ZURB Soapbox, http://zurb.com/soapbox/events/3/Tim-Ferriss-ZURBsoapbox.
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3. Ibid.
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4. Ibid.
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5. Andrew Davis, interview with the author, January 9, 2017.
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6. Ibid.
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7. Ibid.
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8. Ibid.
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9. Ibid.
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10. Ibid.
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11. Ibid.
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12. Ibid.
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13. Scott L. Feld, “Why Your Friends Have More Friends Than You Do,” American Journal of Sociology 96, no. 6 (1991): 1464–1477.
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14. Naghmeh Momeni and Michael Rabbat, “Qualities and Inequalities in Online Social Networks Through the Lens of the Generalized Friendship Paradox,” PLoS ONE 11, no. 2 (2016): e0143633.
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15. Kristina Lerman, Xiaoran Yan, and Xin-Zeng Wu, “The ‘Majority Illusion’ in Social Networks,” PloS ONE 11, no. 2 (2016): e0147617.
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16. Ibid.
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17. David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
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18. William Barnett and Arar Han, “Facebook 2012,” Case E468 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Graduate School of Business Publishing, 2012).
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19. William Barnett, Ziad Mokhtar, and Gabriel Tavridis, “Facebook,” Case E220 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Graduate School of Business Publishing, 2006).
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20. Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World.
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9. Resist Homophily
1. Ryan W. Miller, “‘The New York Times’ Data Blog Flips Prediction in Two Hours,” USA Today, November 8, 2016.
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2. Nate Silver, “2016 Election Results: Live Coverage and Results,” FiveThirtyEight, November 8, 2016, http://fivethirtyeight.com/live-blog/2016-election-results-coverage/.
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3. Ibid.
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4. “Who Will Win the Presidency?” FiveThirtyEight, November 8, 2016, https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-election-forecast/.
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5. Silver, “2016 Election Results: Live Coverage and Results.”
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6. Ibid.
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7. Andreas Graefe, “A Terrible Day for Election Forecasters. Where Are the Winners?” PollyVote, November 9, 2016, http://pollyvote.com/en/2016/11/09/a-terrible-day-for-election-forecasters-where-are-the-winners/.
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8. “They’re with Her: PR Execs Predict a Resounding Clinton Victory,” PRWeek, November 8, 2016, http://www.prweek.com/article/1414851/theyre-her-pr-execs-predict-resounding-clinton-victory.
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9. Alec MacGillis, “Go Midwest, Young Hipster,” New York Times, October 22, 2016.
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10. Deepak Malhotra, “How to Build an Exit Ramp for Trump Supporters,” Harvard Business Review, October 14, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/10/how-to-build-an-exit-ramp-for-trump-supporters.
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11. Jessie Hellmann, “Pelosi: Trump Will Help Democrats Win Congress,” The Hill, June 19, 2016, http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/284013-pelosi-trump-will-help-democrats-win-congress.
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12. Amy Chozick, “Hillary Clinton Blames FBI Director for Election Loss,” New York Times, November 12, 2016.
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13. Joshua Spodek, “If You Voted for Trump, Let’s Meet,” Inc., November 30, 2016, http://www.inc.com/joshua-spodek/if-you-voted-for-trump-lets-meet.html.
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14. Edward-Isaac Dovere, “How Clinton Lost Michigan—and Blew the Election,” Politico, December 14, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/michigan-hillary-clinton-trump-232547.
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15. Glenn Thrush, “10 Crucial Decisions That Reshaped America,” Politico, December 9, 2016, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/2016-presidential-election-10-moments-trump-clinton-214508.
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16. James Hohmann, “The Daily 202: Why Trump Won—and Why the Media Missed It,” Washington Post, November 9, 2016.
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17. Sean Trende, “It Wasn’t the Poll That Missed, It Was the Pundits,” RealClearPolitics, November 12, 2016, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/11/12/it_wasnt_the_polls_that_missed_it_was_the_pundits_132333.html.
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18. David Brooks, “No, Not Trump, Not Ever,” New York Times, March 18, 2016.
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19. Margaret Sullivan, “The Media Didn’t Want to Believe Trump Could Win. So They Looked the Other Way,” Washington Post, November 9, 2016.
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20. Will Rahn, “Commentary: The Unbearable Smugness of the Press,” CBSNews, November 10, 2016, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/commentary-the-unbearable-smugness-of-the-press-presidential-election-2016/.
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21. Bill Bishop, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008).
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22. Ibid., 9–10.
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23. Ibid., 44.
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24. Ibid., 30.
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25. Ibid., 11.
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26. Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton, “Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis,” Freedom and Control in Modern Society 18, no. 1 (1954): 18–66.
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27. Valdis Krebs, “New Political Patterns,” Orgnet, October 2008, http://www.orgnet.com/divided.html.
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28. Watts, Everything Is Obvious*: *Once You Know the Answer, 257.
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29. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115, no. 2 (2009): 405–450.
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30. “Planet Money T-shirt,” Kickstarter, April 30, 2013, https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/planetmoney/planet-money-t-shirt.
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31. Farhad Manjoo, “Podcasting Blossoms, but in Slow Motion,” New York Times, June 17, 2015.
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32. Christopher Zinsli, “‘This American Life’ Producer Raises $1.5 Million for Podcast Startup Gimlet,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014.
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33. Nicholas Quah, “Hot Pod: Panoply’s Parent Company Takes a Stake in Gimlet Media,” Nieman Lab, December 8, 2015, http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/12/hot-pod-panoplys-parent-company-takes-a-stake-in-gimlet-media/.
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34. Gimlet, “#19 Diversity Report” (audio podcast), Startup, December 17, 2015, https://gimletmedia.com/episode/19-diversity-report/.
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35. Ibid.
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36. Ibid.
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37. Ibid.
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38. Ibid.
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39. Ibid.
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10. Skip Mixers—Share Activities Instead
1. Jon Levy, interview with the author, December 13, 2016.
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2. Ibid.
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3. Ibid.
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4. Ibid.
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5. Ibid.
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6. Ibid.
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7. Chris Schembra, interview with the author, December 15, 2016.
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8. Ibid.
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9. Ibid.
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10. Ibid.
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11. Paul Ingram and Michael W. Morris, “Do People Mix at Mixers? Structure, Homophily, and the ‘Life of the Party,’” Administrative Science Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2007): 566.
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12. Brian Uzzi, interview with the author, May 26, 2017.
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13. Ibid.
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14. Brian Uzzi, “Keys to Understanding Your Social Capital,” Journal of Microfinance/ESR Review 10, no. 2 (2008): 11.
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15. Ed Catmull, “How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 9 (2008): 64.
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16. Oliver Franklin-Wallis, “How Pixar Embraces a Crisis,” Wired, November 17, 2015, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/pixar-embraces-crisis-the-good-dinosaur.
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17. Debapratim Purkayastha, “Pixar University: A Distinctive Aspect of Pixar’s Organizational Culture and Innovation,” Case CLHR017 (Hyperabad, India: ICMR Center for Management Research, 2009).
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18. Ed Catmull, with Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 220.
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19. Ibid.
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20. Ibid.
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21. Jessi Hempel, “Pixar University: Thinking Outside the Mouse,” SFGate, June 4, 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Pixar-University-Thinking-Outside-The-Mouse-2611923.php.
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22. Catmull, “How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity,” 64.
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11. Build Stronger Ties Through Multiplexity
1. Timothy L. O’Brien and Stephanie Saul, “Buffett to Give Bulk of His Fortune to Gates Charity,” New York Times, June 26, 2006.
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2. “Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft,” New York Times, June 11, 1994.
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3. Bill Gates, “25 Years of Learning and Laughing with Warren Buffett,” LinkedIn Pulse, July 5, 2016, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/25-years-learning-laughing-warren-buffett-bill-gates.
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4. Martha T. Moore, “Billionaires Bank on Bridge to Trump Poker,” USA Today, December 19, 2005.
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5. Susanna Kim, “Berkshire Directors Lowest-Paid of S&P Firms,” ABCNews, May 31, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/05/berkshire-directors-lowest-paid-of-sp-firms/.
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6. Procter & Gamble, “Our History—How It Began,” https://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/media/Fact_Sheets_CompanyHistory.pdf.
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7. J. D. Harrison, “When We Were Small: Ben & Jerry’s,” Washington Post, May 14, 2014.
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8. Ibid.
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9. Rosanna Greenstreet, “How We Met: Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield,” Independent, May 27, 1995, http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-ben-cohen-and-jerry-greenfield-1621559.html.
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10. Constance L. Hays, “Ben & Jerry’s to Unilever, with Attitude,” New York Times, April 3, 2000.
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11. Kadushin, Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings.
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12. Simone Ferriani, Fabio Fonti, and Raffaele Corrado, “The Social and Economic Bases of Network Multiplexity: Exploring the Emergence of Multiplex Ties,” Strategic Organization 11, no. 1 (2013): 7–34.