Jane Austen's England
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Cary, Betty 178, 181
Castle Cary, Somerset 151, 216, 363, 377
cataracts 311, 312
Catholics/Catholic religion 32, 156, 161, 163, 207, 290, 384
cats 22, 129, 259, 294
cattle xxii, 95, 109, 208
Cecilia (Burney) xx
censuses see population
cesspits 143–4, 145
chamberpots 93, 95, 142–3, 145
chapbooks 232, 288
charcoal 103, 181
Charlotte, Princess 121, 337
Charterhouse (school) 63
Chawton, Hants 180, 239, 243, 280, 337, 374
cheese 22, 103, 109, 110, 319, 329
Chelsea Hospital 317
childbirth: caesareans 25–7; complications 25; deaths of mothers 20, 27–8; lying-in hospitals 22–3, 313; multiple births 28–9; newspaper reports 28, 29; premature births 24; stillbirths 24; see also babies, churching, midwives
children: books for 55; breeching 56, 59; burial of unbaptised child 331–2; clothing 56; cruelty to 71–2; education at home 59–62; foundlings 43; illegitimate 23, 34, 43; prostitutes 69; punishments 56–7; stolen 57–9; textile mill workers 70–3; working hours 71, 72–3, 74, 75, 173; see also agriculture, apprentices, chimney sweeps, mines, toys
chimneys 75, 77, 96, 97, 102, 167, 340
chimney sweeps 57, 75–9, 199
Chippendale, Thomas 89
Chorley, Miss 123; Mr 117
Christmas 156, 169–70
churches: attendance 159–61; buildings 156–7; clocks 189; services 153–5, 157–60; see also bells, pews
churching ceremony 30, 32–3, 153
Church of England xviii, 6, 66, 147, 154, 162, 297, 322, 324
churchyards 26, 131, 323, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334–5, 339–42, 356
clay pipes 225
clergymen xviii, xxv, 5, 6, 10, 33, 45, 54, 66, 69, 85, 87, 88, 111, 147–54, 155, 163, 164, 165, 173, 175, 190, 195, 202, 203, 225, 228, 251, 290, 324, 325, 331, 332
clocks 189; see also watches
clogs 128
clothing: babies 36; children 56; clergy 150; cloth for 124; cost 122; drapery stores 125–6; fashions 115, 120–1, 122–3; gentlemen’s 115–18; making 123–4, 126; poor people’s 118, 122, 126; sale of worn-out 126–7; women’s 118–21; workhouse 122; see also boots, breeches, caps, clogs, coats, drawers, gloves, gowns, hats, jackets, mantua makers, petticoats, pockets, shifts, shirts, shoes, stays, stockings, tailors, waistcoats
clubs 142, 191, 215–16, 226–7, 234, 329
coal 341; barge 18; as fuel 75, 95, 101, 181, 188, 368; heaver 118; mines/pits 73–5, 181, 183–5, 374; smoke 96, 256; superstition 165; transport 95, 181–3, 185, 188, 242, 243, 259, 261; see also ashes, chimneys, soot
coats 2, 13, 71, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 126, 266, 267, 282, 367; see also jackets, waistcoats
coffee 112, 114
coffee-houses 112, 231
coffins 165, 166, 172, 288, 318, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338–9
coinage 122, 176–9, 288, 373, 383
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor xix, 96, 361
Coles, Robert xxii, 93, 107, 241, 243
Coles, Thomas 275
Collins, Mr (Pride and Prejudice) 338
Colman, George the Elder 222
Colman, George the Younger 292
Colquhoun, Patrick 42, 179, 271, 358
condoms 44–5
Constable, John xix, 227
constables 264–5, 272, 273
constipation 305
contraception 44–5
convicts 264, 273, 281, 282, 284, 348; see also prisons, prisoners-of-war
cookbooks 102–3, 106–7
cooking 75, 88, 96, 100, 101–3, 107, 108, 181, 255, 365; ranges 75, 101–2, 365
cooks 92, 101, 106, 113, 260
Cooper, Astley 308
Cooper, Bransby 308, 309
Cooper, Edward (cousin of JA) 148, 370
Cooper, Jane (cousin of JA) 65
Cooper, William 25–6
Copped Hall, Essex (robbery) 271–2
Coram, Thomas 43
coroners 327; juries 165, 277, 278, 327; see also inquests
cosmetics 140
cotton: clothing 2, 116, 133, 282; cotton-wool 115, 141, 366; fabrics 115, 120, 124; factories/mills 70–2, 120, 189, 190; manufacture 16, 188; plasters 304; thread/yarn 72, 120, 125, 298; wicks 99
counterfeiting/counterfeits 133, 177, 178–9, 265, 271, 288, 383
Cowling, James 165
Crabbe, George 317–18
cravats 117, 150, 366
Creed, Richard 77
cricket 62, 214, 215–16
crime: against property 264; burglary 271, 272, 275; rates 266; sheep-stealing 263, 275, 288; theft 272–5, 281, 282; treatise on 271; see also Bow Street Runners, burglary, counterfeiting, executions, highwaymen, murder, pickpockets, police, prisons, smuggling, suicides, treason
Cromford, Derbyshire 190
Crompton, Samuel 120
Cudble, Samuel 23–4
Cumming, Alexander 144
cupping 301–2, 314
curates 29, 72, 100, 147, 148–9, 150, 151, 158, 160, 163, 334, 355
Cureton, Richard 7, 69–70
Custance, Edward 333
Custance, Emily 221
Custance, Frances Anne 24, 33–4, 221, 356
Custance, Mary Anne 24
Custance, Mr (Squire) 24, 33–4, 92–3, 113, 156, 177, 333
Custance, Mrs 24, 121, 127–8, 156, 223, 333
Custance, Press 45, 158
Custance, William 177, 303
dame schools 65, 86, 104
dancing 11, 83, 164, 165, 219–21, 223; see also balls
Darcy, Fitzwilliam (Pride and Prejudice) 81
Darter, William: on bull-baiting 211–12; on burial of criminal 286–7; on celebrations 210–11; on hardships of working class 204; on law enforcement 265, 266; on night watchman 189, 211; on ophthalmia 311; on pillory 283; on press-gangs 200; on prisoners-of-war 280; on public mourning 337; on taxation 174; on water supply 135; on whipping 283–4
Dashwood, Elinor (Sense and Sensibility) 3, 5, 9, 91
Dashwood, John (Sense and Sensibility) 3
Dashwood, Marianne (Sense and Sensibility), 5, 117–18
Dashwood, Mrs (Sense and Sensibility) 175
Davy, Humphry 311, 386
Dawlish, Devon xvii, xxii, 233–4
Deane, Hants 32, 147, 219
death see burial, coroners, mourning, murder, suicides, wills
death penalty: abolition for lesser crimes 288; Bloody Code 263; capital crimes 264, 288; as deterrent 270, 284; theft 267–8; Times opinion 58; see also executions
debtor prisons 6, 278–9
debts 8, 47, 175, 176, 181, 278, 279, 373
Deedes, Sophia 44, 358
dementia 313, 317
dentistry/dentists 305–9, 310, 312, 386; see also teeth
Derby 209, 215, 371, 376
dialects 41, 51–3, 59, 246, 359
Dickens, Charles xxvi, 204
Dillone, Thomas 58–9, 360
dinners 10, 11, 24, 92, 103, 106, 107, 111, 113–14, 142, 152, 156, 169, 172, 190, 200, 206, 213, 225, 234, 244, 259, 291, 294, 303
dissection 10, 25, 168, 284, 309, 312, 318, 320–1, 327–8, 329; see also anatomists, bodysnatchers
dissenters 6, 161, 290, 320, 328, 382, 386
divorce 16–17, 35
doctors 38, 295, 296–7, 298, 302, 304, 305, 315, 384; see also apothecaries, physicians, surgeons
Dodington, Somerset 157, 299
Dodwell, Arthur 135
dogs 91, 145, 165, 211–12, 299, 303–4
Donaldson, George 273
donkeys 241, 242, 243
Dove Nest, Westmoreland 4, 13, 88, 91, 97, 218, 234, 328, 336, 363
Downall, Mary 44
Downing, Anne 137
Downman, Hugh, 30–1
dowries 3, 5
drawers (underclothes) 116–17, 121
, 218
drink see alcohol, beer, coffee, gin, milk, tea, water, wine
druggists see apothecaries
Duck, Samuel 142
Dunn, James 77, 78
Dunnel, Anne 2, 354
Dunnell, Harry 153
Dunnell, Mrs 195
Dunnell, Thomas 195
du Quesne, Thomas Roger 244
Dyer, Robert 10
Dyott, William 17, 252, 380
Easter 170, 214
Eaton, John 282
Eden, Frederick Morton xxiii, 95, 103, 122, 126, 128, 182, 184, 201, 202, 227, 317, 329, 353
Edgeworth, Maria xx, xxi, 3
education: charity schools 66, 68; dame schools 65, 104; for girls 64–6, 68; governesses 4, 62, 64, 91, 193, 246; grammar schools 62–3; at home 59–60, 61–2; medical training 297; private schools 62; public schools 62–3; universities 63–4; writing 60–1, 68; see also literacy, Sunday schools
Elcock, Richard 8
elderly people 153, 177, 244, 248, 302, 317–18, 323
Eller, Nathaniel 8
Elliott, Robert 14
elopements 12–15
Elton, Mrs (Emma) 122, 254
embalming 328
emetics 293, 301, 314
Emma (Austen) 15–16, 36, 122, 128, 232–3
enclosures/Enclosure Acts xix, xxiii, 95, 171, 196–8, 204, 375
Eton College 62, 63, 360
Evelina (Burney) xx, 3
excise duty 111, 178
excisemen 178, 270, 290, 291
executions: burning 287, 288; chapbooks 232; crimes against property 264; hanging 193, 264, 277, 278, 284–5, 287–8; imprisonment before 278; for infanticide 284; for murder, 264, 275; public 284–5, 287–8; for sheep-stealing 263; for treason 287–8; Turpin’s death 269
Exeter, Devon xxi, 30, 147, 186, 245, 257–8, 278–9, 327, 380
factory workers/factories xxvi, 39, 71, 72–3, 115, 120, 170, 176, 181, 189–91, 192, 198, 199, 207, 360; see also Luddites, mills
fairs 91, 109, 126, 207–10, 265, 281
fans 122
farming see agriculture, cattle, enclosures, wheat
farriers 281, 296, 304, 306
favours (funeral) 332–3
Ferrars, Edward (Sense and Sensibility) 3, 175
Ferrars, Robert (Sense and Sensibility) 3
Fielding, Henry 266
Finnegan, Thomas Augustine 42
fire: brigades 98; insurance 98
fires: in hearths 28, 37, 55, 75, 88, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101–2, 113, 123, 139, 145, 165, 225, 300, 324, 368; beneath coppers 136; destructive 75, 77, 94, 97–8, 117, 225, 328, 377; see also chimneys, coal, cooking, matches
firewood 95–6, 181
fish 101, 107, 113, 136, 208, 213
fish (counters) 226, 377
fishing 45, 70, 80, 212, 213
Fleet: marriages 6; prison 6, 290
floods 257–8
fog 96, 157, 211, 246, 256–7, 292, 311
Folkingham, Lincs 155, 160
food: adulterated 106; diet 103–4, 112–14; prices xviii, xxiii, 103–4; starvation 204–5; storage 109–10; table manners 114; see also beef, birds, bread, breakfast, cooking, cooks, dinner, fruit, lunch, milk, puddings, supper, vegetables, wheat
football 214–15
footpads 270–1
Foote, Captain 35, 357
footwear see shoes
Forbes, Elizabeth 316–17
foreigners, suspicion of 41–2; see also prisoners-of-war
foreign visitors see la Roche, Moritz, Silliman, Simond, Southey
forgeries see counterfeiting
Foster, Elizabeth 25–6
Foster, Jane 26, 356
Fothergill, Charles 47–8, 128, 162, 176, 214–15, 251, 359
Fowle, Charles 129
Francis, Giles 326
Francis, Peg 216
franking 231, 236
Freemasonry 149
Fremantle, Elizabeth 140
French, James 323
French, John 317
French: language 65, 131, 371; refugee 156; Revolution xviii, xix, xxvi, 115, 132, 134, 162, 345, 348, 386; setting for novels xx
frost fairs 209–10
fruit 57, 59, 80, 85, 103, 107, 108–9, 110, 113, 181
Fry, James 270–1
funerals see burial
furniture 86, 89, 93, 142, 143, 164, 180, 202; see also beds
gamblers/gambling 179, 208, 213, 215, 217, 219, 226–7
games see card games, cricket, football, wrestling
Gamon, Hannah and William 17
gaols see prisons
gardens/gardeners 57, 58, 80, 81, 107–9, 110, 133, 135, 143, 156, 189, 225, 316, 317, 324–5
garden stuff see vegetables
Gardiner, William 195–6
Garrick, David 222
geese 60, 61, 196
George III xix, 54, 149, 160, 174, 289, 359
George IV (earlier Prince Regent) xix, 350, 380
ghosts 164–5, 221, 232, 329
gibbets 166, 286–7, 328, 383
Gibson, Josh 184
Giddy, Davies 67, 361
Gillespie, Lionel 134–5, 182
Gillray, James 103–4, 177
gin 111–12, 290, 291, 295, 319
ginger 111, 196, 295, 301
Glasse, Hannah 102–3
Gledhill, Joseph 75
Gloucester, Duke of 337
gloves 121, 129, 150, 203, 214, 332, 333
Goldsmith, Oliver 197
Gordon, Lord George 290, 384
gout 207, 300
governesses xxv, 4, 62, 64, 88, 91, 193, 246
gowns 36, 63, 71, 115, 119–20, 121, 122, 123, 124, 133, 138, 142, 150, 238, 273, 282, 336, 370; see also mantua makers, petticoats, shifts
Grand Tour 227
Grant, Johnson 190–1, 208, 286
graverobbers see bodysnatchers
gravestones 334, 335, 340–3, 388, 389
Gray, George 129
graziers xxii, xxiii
Green, Thomas 185
Greenwich Hospital 317
Gregory, Elizabeth 274
Gretna Green, Scotland 13–15
Grey, Miss (Sense and Sensibility) 9
Grose, Francis 163–4, 165, 166–7, 207, 253, 372
Gunton, Sally 92, 220
Guy, Andrew xxii, 353
gypsies 42–3, 58
hackney: chairs/chairmen 131, 248; coaches/coachmen 131, 248; post-chaises 247
hair 2, 29, 71, 131, 167, 238, 282; curling 134; dyes 133; horse 8, 137, 145; insanity 314; memento 29–30, 338; styles 8, 56, 132–3, 134, 153, 368; washing 134; see also hairdressers, wigs
hair-powder 132–3
Hall, John 315
Ham, Elizabeth 51, 55–6, 110–11, 227, 238, 359
Hamilton, Alexander 141–2
Hammonway, John 2
Hamstall Ridware, Staffs xvii, 148, 353
handkerchiefs 116, 121, 122, 130, 203, 267, 282, 284
hanging see executions
Hannaford, Richard 29
Hanway, Jonas 130
Hardwicke, 1st Earl 5
Hardwicke, 3rd Earl 217
Hargreaves, James 120
Harris, Elizabeth 276–7
Harrison, John 268
Harris’s List 45–6, 47
Hartland, William 275
harvests 98, 103, 195–6, 220, 242, 264
Harwood, Earle 90
hats 129–30, 153, 190, 266, 311, 329; see also caps
Hawker, Peter 307
Hay, Robert 51, 341–2
Hayley, William 15
Heathcote, Ralph 243, 379
heating 75, 94, 157; see also coal, fires, firewood
Heber, Mary 83, 136, 220
Hemans, Felicia, 81, 88, 362, 363
Hepplewhite, George 89
hernias 305, 312
Herring, James 7, 9
High Royd, Yorks 64
highwaymen 268–70, 383
Hill, James 179
Hill, William (Methodist) 162
Hind see Benwell
Hoddesdon, Herts 202, 275–6, 382
Hole, Henry 245–6
holidays 12, 160, 169, 170, 206–7; see also Christmas, Easter, fairs, Saint Monday
Holland, Henry 82, 258, 380
Holland, Margaret, 65, 113, 243, 325
Holland, Mary 10, 55, 128, 208, 247
Holland, William: accident with candle 117; on banknotes, 178, 179; baptisms 34; in Bath 135, 179, 274; on bestiality 48–9; on books 234; bought pencil 60; on breakfast 113; his children’s deaths 325, 327; on Christmas 170; on churches 156, 157–8; churching 33; church livings 148–9, 387; church services 150, 157–8, 159–60, 162, 333; clothing 117, 120–1, 150, 333, 370; on coal bill 181; on Coleridge 96; decorating vicarage 86; diaries xxv, 93, 353; education, 148; on education 64–5, 66–7; footwear 128on funerals/death 150, 323, 325–6, 327, 329, 333; garden 107–8; on hedges 96; in London 150, 271; on lottery 227; on lower classes xviii; on medical treatment 179, 294–5, 296, 299, 300, 302–3; on mixed-race people 41; on Mrs Leigh-Perrot 274–5; Holland, William – on murder case 275; on music 155; necessary house 143; on nonconformists 33, 150, 162, 63; on plight of the poor 34, 136, 314, 317, 324; riding 139, 241; Saturday evenings 189; on servants xxii, 10, 41, 48–9, 93, 107–8, 207–8, 241; on Somerset people 41, 250, 307, 379; on his son 55, 57, 59, 60, 63–4; spectacles 311; status xviii, xxii, 41; on Sunday schools 66–7; on taxes 174; on tithes 152; on walking 128; on weddings 10, 15; on wildlife 212–13
Holland, William (son of above): birth 55, 325; breakfast 113; education 59, 60, 62, 63–4, 68; games 54–5, 65; punishments 57
homosexuality 48
honey 30, 111, 134
honeymoon 12
Hooper, Grace 279
Horse Patrol 270
horse races 216–17, 266–7
horses: alighting stones 241; bloodletting 303; canal towing 185, 260–1; carcasses 145; carriages 243–4; changing 13, 244, 247, 255, 260, 262; coaching inns 254–5; draught 187, 241–2, 259; driving accidents 246, 258; dung 145; hackney coaches 248; highwaymen’s 268–70; horsepower 238; horseshoes 167, 203; maintenance 241; mews buildings 83; in mines 73, 74; names 217; omnibuses 248; packhorses 185, 242, 291; ploughing 194; post-chaises 247, 258; riding 250–1; riding accidents 240; smugglers’ 291; spurs 241; stagecoaches 244–6; State Coach 289; superstitions 167; taxation 90; see also hair
hospitals xviii, 25, 53, 296, 297, 299, 304, 312–13, 318, 320, 355, 386; foundling 36, 43; Magdalen 47; see also lunatic asylums
houses of correction 2, 43, 279–80; see also prisons
housing: architecture 82, 83; clergymen’s 88; cottages 89; country mansions 80–2; decorating 86–7; fire risks 97–8; lodgers 87; overcrowding 84; rented 84, 86, 88–9; squalid 85–6; terraced 83–4; water supply 97–8; window tax 90; see also furniture, gardens, heating, lighting, wallpaper