Jane Austen's England
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Howard, John 278–80, 382
Howes, Catherine 331
Howlett, Elizabeth 1–2
hulks (prison) 280–1
humours, four 301, 314
Hunt, Jack 156
Hunter, John 26, 305, 307–8, 328
Hunter, Joseph 185
Hunter, William 25, 26, 27
Hurst, Anne 329–30
Hutton, Catherine 161, 296, 297, 302, 305
Hutton, William 161, 207, 215, 259, 261, 371, 376
ice-houses 110
Inclosure Acts see enclosures
incomes: clergy 62, 87, 151–2, 195; importance for marriage 3; landowners 80, 197; royal family 264; single women 15–16; upper classes 264; see also wages
infanticide 284
influenza 299, 385
ink 60, 61
inns 45, 48, 88, 93, 99, 106, 116, 132, 135, 149, 153, 160, 171, 202, 216, 220, 234, 239, 247, 253–5, 281, 291, 311, 364, 368, 370, 380
inoculation 298–9; see also vaccination
insanity xix, 278, 313; see also lunatics
invasion threat xviii, 177, 200, 253, 263
Iremonger, Miss 136
Irish population 42, 85, 163, 201, 273
ironing 97, 134, 137, 139
jackets 56, 91, 94, 118, 121, 123, 263; see also coats
Jenkin, William 61, 67, 174, 249, 379
Jenner, Edward 299
Jews 6, 42, 126, 163, 227, 358
Jones, Joseph 275
Jones, Robert 282, 383
Jones, William 355; finances 87; on Hoddesdon murder 275–6; on housing for clergy 88; on housing for the poor 85, 202; on lodgers 87; on London 292; on marriage 19; on snuff 225–6; tax on wine 111; on tithes 152; writing materials 60
judges 265–6, 267, 268, 270, 274, 286
Justices of the Peace 224, 265, 271, 279, 315
keelmen/keels 182
Kinnaird, William 271
kitchen ranges 101–2, 365
kitchens 34, 79, 84, 88, 96, 101–2, 111, 153
Knight, Edward (Austen, brother of JA) 69, 212, 328, 336
Knight, Edward (nephew of JA) 54
Knight, Elizabeth (sister-in-law of JA) 328, 336
Knight, Fanny (niece of JA) 16, 19, 44
Knight, George (nephew of JA) 54, 212
knitting 116, 124; see also wool
lace 124–5, 130, 274, 336, 337
Lackington, James 68, 83, 233
Lake District xxv, 4, 60, 88, 123, 126, 127, 144, 190, 193, 227, 302, 329
lamps/lanterns 98, 99, 101, 222, 230, 256; see also candles, rushlights
Lancaster, Joseph 66, 361
Lancaster, William 270
land ownership 80, 197, 362
La Roche, Sophie von 101
Latham, Henry 222, 299
Latin 62, 64–5, 360
laundry 36, 134–5, 136–40, 310; see also washerwomen
lawns 80, 108
laws: on apothecaries 297; Bloody Code 263–4, 275; on bull-baiting 212; on burial 335; on canals 185; on climbing boys 76, 79; on corpses 321; on education 67; on machine-breaking 193; on madhouses 315; on marriage 5–6, 14, 16; on miners 184; on newspaper postage 231; on nonconformists 161; private Acts of Parliament 16, 171, 197, 251; stamp duty tax 155; on State Lottery 226; on unmarried pregnant women 2; on weights and measures 345
leaping (sport) 214, 218
leeches 301, 302–3
Leeds, Yorks 158, 168, 208, 266, 307
Leggett/Leggatt, Ben 92, 98, 108, 200, 203, 241, 298
Leicester, Lord 228
Leigh-Perrot, Jane 273–5, 382
letters 235–7
libraries xx, 233–5
lice 134
lighting 98–101; see also candles, lamps, moon, rushlights
linen 9, 21, 28, 36, 37, 72, 96, 115, 118, 120, 124, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 216, 282, 313, 324; smoothers 310
literacy 68, 231–2, 377
Littleworth, Bessy 32
Litton Mill, Derbyshire 71–2
Liverpool xxv, 46; architecture, 83; Beacon’s Gutter 87, 138; canals 260; class distinction in church, 158–9; dentists 306–7, 386; housing, 87; Jewish traders 163; Mrs Hemans born 362; Nelly Weeton lived 123, 134; population 40; slave trade 199; stagecoaches 244; theatre 222; windmills 103
livery: carriages 9, 243; servants 91, 243, 266
London: accent 53–4; ballad singers 224; balloon flight 261–2; balls 219–20; Bills of Mortality 39; booksellers 233; burials 335; childbirth 22, 25, 27; chimney sweeps 76–8; clothes shops 122, 126; coachmakers 243; coffee-houses 231; coinage 179; cricket 215; crime 266–7, 271, 291–2; dentistry 305, 306, 309; drapery stores 125–6; education 68; executions 285; eye hospital 313; fog 256–7; Foundling Hospital 36, 43; frost fair 210; funerals 330; Hans Place 77–8, 380; housing 83–4, 85–6, 88–9, 94; ice-houses 110; immigration 203; inns 254; Irish community 42, 85; Jewish community 42; leisure attractions 229–30; linen ordered from 21; manners 129; meat supplies 109; medical centre 296; milk supplies 105; newspapers 231; Old Bailey 265; pedlars 181; police 264; population 40; postal system 235; press-gangs 200; prostitutes 45, 47, 134; public transport 248, 249; riots 289–90; Royal Exchange 191; Season 82; shops 180; size xxiii, 39, 40; smuggled merchandise 291–2; street lighting 256; streets 249; Sundays 159; theatres 221–2; toilets 143–4; umbrellas 130–1; wallpaper suppliers 86–7; water supply 136; weddings 6, 11; workhouses 70, 71; see also Bank of England, bodysnatchers, Thames
Lord, Mary 28
Lord, Sarah 143
Lord, Thomas 215; Lord’s Cricket Ground 215–16
lottery/lottery clubs 226–7
Loveday see Benwell
Lucas, Charlotte (Pride and Prejudice) 338
Luddites 192–3
lunatics/lunatic asylums 313–17, 387
lunch 113
Lyme Regis, Dorset xxi, 110, 219
Lyons, G. (optician) 310–11
MacAulay, George 83, 363
Macdonald, John 130–1
McGuigin, Simon 273
Mackey, Brian 41
madhouses 313–17
Magdalen Hospital for Penitent Prostitutes 47
magistrates 179, 193, 214, 245, 265, 266, 271, 290, 291
Magnes, Richard 59, 360
maiden garlands 172
malaria 141, 295, 299
man-midwives see midwives
Manchester xxiii, 23, 27–8, 40, 42, 83, 260, 318; see also Percival (John), White (Charles)
Manners, John 242, 379
manservants see servants
Mansfield Park (Austen) xviii, xxvi, 9, 84, 237
mantraps 240
mantua makers 123–4, 180, 281
manure 108, 145, 194–5, 249
maps 170, 252, 253, 296
markets 17, 18, 94, 109, 124, 180–1, 185, 208, 209, 249, 265
marriage: age of consent 7; banns 5, 6–7; ceremony 5–7; clandestine 14; costs 14–15; finding a partner 4–5; forced 1–3; freedom of choice 3; law 5–6, 13–14; licences 7; newspaper notices 12; parental consent 6, 7; remarriage 19; separation 16–17; settlements 5; social class 4; superstitions 166; see also divorce, elopements, smock weddings, weddings, wife-selling, widows
matches (for fire) 99, 181, 364
Mathew, John 48–9
Matthews, Sampson and George 281–2
Mavor, William Fordyce 197–8, 375
medicine: accounts of ill health 293; babies 37–8; broken bones 304–5, 312–13; cataracts 311; child workers 71–2, 75–7; clysters 301; cupping 301–2, 314; deafness 310; digestive complaints 300; diseases 299; emetics 301; hearing trumpets 310; purging 301, 314; remedies 294–6; scarlet fever 325; superstitious beliefs 294; surgery 312–13; taking the waters 300; tuberculosis 299, 311, 325; women medical practitioners 308; wounds 304; see also amputation, anaesthetics, anatomists, apothecaries, bloodletting, dentistry, doctors, gout, hernias, hospitals, humours, influenza, inoculation, leeches, lunatic asylums, madhouses, midwives, ophthalmia, opticians, physicians,
plaister, smallpox, spectacles, sunglasses, surgeons, teeth, typhus, vaccination
menstruation 141–2
mental illness see lunacy
Methodism/Methodists 68, 150, 157, 161–3, 278
Middleton, John (land surveyor) 105–6
Middleton, Sir John and Lady (Sense and Sensibility) 173, 255–6
midwives/man-midwives 22, 24–5, 26–7, 28, 31, 36, 44
milestones 252
militias xvii, 69, 129, 144, 165, 200, 211
milk 30, 31, 38, 73, 94, 103, 105–6, 112, 181, 194, 293, 294
mills xxiii, 70–2, 103, 164, 165, 185, 190, 201, 269, 375; see also factories, windmills
mines 80, 182, 187; absconding workers 184–5; accidents 183; child workers 70, 73–5, 184, 199, 242, 261; Sunday school 67; women 75, 184; working methods 183–4; see also coal
mistresses 4, 45–6, 48
money see banknotes, coinage, tokens
Monkton Farleigh, Somerset 148, 149, 387
Montagu, Elizabeth 57
moon/moonlight 169, 255–6, 294, 318
Moore, Francis 169
Moritz, Carl Philipp: on ballad sellers 224; on bedding 93; on church services 153–4; on coffee 112; on fashion 122–3; on footpads 270; on funerals 330, 331; on gravestones 340–1; on hats 129; on highwaymen 268–9; on literacy 231–2; on London 180, 249, 256; on milestones 252; on pickpockets 267; on pleasure gardens 229–30; on post-chaises 247; on prayer books 39, 153; on schools 62, 63; on stagecoaches 244; on theatre 222–3; travels through England 39, 239; on walking 239–40, 253
Morland, Catherine (Northanger Abbey) 3, 25, 34, 50, 54, 130
Moretonhampstead, Devon 41, 129, 223, 226, 241, 358
Morton, Miss (Sense and Sensibility) 3
moss 4, 126, 144
Moss, William 31, 35–6, 37
mourning 123, 331, 332–3, 335–7, 338, 389
murder 16, 17, 44, 144, 264, 265, 266, 269, 270, 275–7, 278, 284, 321, 327,328; see also suicide
Murray, John (publisher) 232, 236–7
Murrell, James 168
music xix, 11, 35, 65, 149, 154–5, 211, 221, 223–4, 230, 316, 361; see also ballads
muslin 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, 266, 275, 336
mutton 38, 99, 107, 113, 114, 152, 196, 260
Mysteries of Udolpho (Radcliffe) xx, 3
names: of horses 217; of people 2, 5, 14, 21, 24, 29, 34–5, 39, 59, 180, 192, 333, 335, 341, 361; of places/roads 51, 59, 182, 229, 252; of publishers 232; of waggons 242
Naples, Joseph 309, 320, 321
Napoleon Bonaparte 204, 264, 311, 368; see also wars
navvies 186
navy see Royal Navy
necessary houses 143–4
needlework/sewing 68, 72, 88, 124, 125
Nelson, Horatio xxiv, 53, 69, 130, 220, 229, 257, 366
Nether Stowey, Somerset 60, 65, 96, 178, 179, 207, 234, 274, 296, 384
Nettlebed, Oxon 39, 153–4, 340
Newcastle-upon Tyne 2, 11, 23, 46, 53, 181–3, 184, 315
Newgate prison 272, 278, 285, 288, 290
newspapers: advertisements 44, 55, 86–7, 133, 158, 186, 231, 232, 243, 281, 320, 339; cost 233; distribution 231; read aloud 232; readership 231; sales 231; stamp duty 231; toilet paper 144; weather details 258–9; wedding notices 12
Nicholls, George 144, 145
Nicholls, Thomas 73
nightsoil men 143, 145
noise see sounds
nonconformists 6, 66, 161; see also dissenters
Norman, Thomas, 272
Northanger Abbey (Austen) xx, 3, 25, 34, 54, 130
Norton, Thomas, 185
Norwich, Norfolk 7, 9, 28, 133, 200, 304, 327, 370; banking 175; concert 223; hanging 285; market 94; merchants/tradesmen 87, 89, 108, 118, 124, 136, 180, 181, 305, 367;
Nottingham 12, 177, 178, 192, 203, 215, 265, 315
novels/novelists xix, 266; opinions on xx–xxii, 35, 226; publishing 232–3, 353; read aloud 234; settings xx, xxi, 35, 219; themes xvii–xviii, xxiv, xxvi, 3, 13, 88, 148, 221, 263, 338, 343; trends xix–xx, xxi, xxvi; see also libraries, titles of JA’s works
omens 21, 165–6; see also superstitions
onions 107, 109, 295
ophthalmia 311, 313
opticians 308, 310–11
Ordnance Survey maps 252, 253
organs (music) 47, 155, 163, 208, 230
Osborne, John and Mary 18
Over Stowey, Somerset 59, 247–8, 371; childbirth, 34; hedges damaged, 96; Holland’s parish, xxv, 148–9; Sunday school 66; vicarage 86; wedding 10, 15; winter 143, 311; workhouse/poorhouse 34, 314, 386
Oxford, Oxon 22, 65, 149, 176, 190, 239, 254–5; university xxv, 41, 62, 63–4, 69, 148, 150, 161, 175, 297, 373
oysters 107
packhorses 185, 241, 242, 291
Paisley, Joseph 14
panorama displays 228–9
paper: making 126; ships 54; see also banknotes, newspapers, toilet paper, wallpaper, writing paper
parasols 130
Parkers, Mary 34
parole towns 280; see also prisoners-of-war
Pasley, Thomas 199
pattens 128, 238, 368
Patton, Mary 35, 357
Peachman, Elizabeth Ann 7, 9
Peachman, John 97–8
Pears, Andrew 140
Pedder, Edward 4, 13, 88, 218, 234–5
Pedder, Mary Gertrude 97, 364, 388
Pedder, Mrs 4, 13, 123
pedlars 163, 179, 181, 250
Peel, Robert 72–3
pencils 60, 360
pens 60–1
Percival, John 313
perfumes 140
Perigo, Rebecca 168
Persuasion (Austen) xxiii, 128
petticoats 13, 27, 36, 65, 71, 115, 119–20, 121, 122, 124, 137, 138, 282, 336, 367
pews 8, 155, 158
Phillips, Robert 275, 388
physicians 21, 25, 26, 30, 65, 66, 119, 131, 137–8, 141, 168, 295, 297, 311, 315, 319, 324, 327, 342, 384; see also doctors, surgeons
pickpockets 42, 122, 230, 267, 268–9, 282
pillory 58, 283
Pitt, William the Elder 80
Pitt, William the Younger 103–4, 111, 133
Place, Francis 25, 42, 47, 134, 137, 225, 269, 369
plaister 294, 298, 304, 385
Platt, Fanny 29–30, 34, 38, 249, 272
pleasure gardens 229–30, 370
ploughmen/ploughing 73, 108, 194
plum pudding 57, 108–9, 152, 156, 169, 195, 196, 220
Plymouth, Devon 43, 45, 149, 163, 179, 245, 290, 341
pockets 121–2, 230, 267, 268, 295, 298; see also handkerchiefs, pickpockets, watches
police 42, 192, 201, 264–5, 266, 271, 273, 287, 374; see also Bow Street Runners
Poole, Elizabeth 64–5, 361
Poole, Ruscombe 227, 378
Poole, Tom 65, 361
Poole, William 150
poor, the: begging, 156, 170, 203; charitable help for xviii, 156, 203, 312; childbirth 22–3, 25–6, 28; church attendance 158–9; poor, the – churching ceremony 33; clothing 118, 122–3, 126, 191; debtors 278–9; diet 103–4, 111, 191; education 63, 66–8; elderly 317–18; employment of children 69–74; enclosure effects 197–8; eyesight 311; farmed out 202; firewood 95–6; food riots 290; funerals 329–30; gambling 227; graves 334, 339–40; health 296–7, 298, 305, 312, 313; housing 84–5, 88; laundry 136; life expectancy 323; lighting 100, 101; lunatics 316; moving to London 203–4; parish overseers of 2; parish relief 201; pedlars 181; regional differences xxiii; social position xviii–xix; starvation 191, 196, 204–5; taxation 173–4; travelling 239; unemployment 191, 200–1, 203–5; water supply 136; see also poorhouses, Poor Laws, workhouses
poorhouses 201, 202, 279, 314, 386; see also workhouses
Poor Laws 70, 201, 203, 239
population (of England) 66, 83, 103, 193; black 40–1, 199; Catholic 163; census (1801) xxiii, 39–40, 80; census (1811) 40, 358; estimates 39; Irish 42, 273;
Jewish 42, 163, 358; towns/cities 40, 66, 180, 335
Porter, David 75–6
Portsmouth, Hants xvii, xxvi, 45, 46, 69, 84, 90, 163, 225, 287
postage costs 235–6
post-chaises 13, 246–7, 252, 253, 258, 271, 303
postillions 247
Post Office 179, 236
potatoes xxiii, 73, 85, 103, 107, 109, 213, 260
Pratt, Samuel 76–7, 118, 196, 233, 259
press-gangs 199–200
Price, Fanny (Mansfield Park) xviii, 84
Price, Richard 39
Pride and Prejudice (Austen) xvii–xviii, 3, 13, 81, 226, 232, 338
Prideaux, Neast Grevile 328, 333
Priestley, Joseph 161, 371, 386
prisoners-of-war xviii, 178–9, 280–1
prisons (gaol) 2, 6, 214, 266, 270, 274, 278–81, 284, 285, 290, 314
prize fighting 213–14
prostitutes 44–8, 58, 69, 134, 230, 358
publishers/publishing xix, xx, xxv, 45, 102, 227, 232–3, 236–7, 305
puddings 57, 103, 108–9, 113, 152, 156, 169, 195, 196, 220
pumps 105, 135, 181
punishments see crime, hanging, pillory, prisons, transportation, whipping
Quakers 6, 161, 163, 328, 379
Quantock hills, Somerset 96, 156, 324
Quarter Sessions 17, 57, 265, 280
rabies 299, 304
races 216–18, 266–7
Radcliffe, Ann xx
rags/ragmen 36, 37, 61, 77, 85, 126–7, 159, 191, 217, 280, 304, 315
Ranelagh gardens 229, 230
rats 91, 328
Rattenbury, Jack 199–200
Reading, Berks 150; celebrations 210–11; church 148, 370; constables 265; gallows 286–7; navy recruits 200; ophthalmia 311; prisoners-of-war 280; punishments 283–4; schools 65; water supply 135–6
Reading, Lambert 271–2
reading rooms 234
Realy, Lewis 78
Redding, Judith 8
regattas 217–19
Rendalls, Mary 73
Repton, John 228
reticules 122, 367
revolutions xix, 66, 162, 191, 200, 212, 289; see also American Revolutionary War, French Revolution, riots
Reynolds, Sarah 284–5
rhubarb 294–5, 300, 301
Richmond, Anne 137
Ricketts, William 314, 316
Rigby, Anne 28
Rigby, Edward 28–9
Ringland, Norfolk 1, 171
Ringshall, Suffolk 10
riots xix, 42, 104, 161, 288–90, 384
roads: finding your way 252–3; London streets 249; state of 250–1; street lighting 98, 256; see also maps, milestones, turnpike roads