The Howe Dynasty
Page 60
Fort Edward, 61
Fort Lee, 228
Fort Ticonderoga, 63, 65
Fort Washington, 228, 239
Fort William Henry, 64
Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 127, 350
Fothergill, John, 137, 139–40, 146, 154
Foundling Hospital, 141–42
Fox, Charles James, 196, 313, 320, 343–44
France
Anglo-French engagement
in American War of Independence, 302–5
in French Revolutionary Wars, 344, 347–48
in Seven Years’ War, 39, 54, 58
in War of the Austrian Succession, 33
British support for war with (1778), 302–3, 307
French Revolution, 342, 343–44
national debt after American War of Independence, 327
as naval threat in War of Independence, 321
as United States ally, 278–79
See also Chauvelin, François Bernard, Marquis de; Louis XVI, King
Franklin, Benjamin, 2, 151
allies of, in Britain, 139–40
as delegate to Second Continental Congress, 179–80
as key spokesman for American colonies, 139–40
Privy Council meeting, 138
secret peace negotiations of, 137–41, 148–49, 154–55, 159–60, 163
and Staten Island Conference, 231, 233–34, 423n
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 32, 47
Frederick, Prince of Württemberg, 356
Frederick the Great (Prussia), 58, 96–97
French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War
French Revolutionary Wars, 344, 347–48
Frogmore House, 356
Gage, General Thomas, 150, 161, 398n
Gainsborough, Thomas, 94–95
Galloway, Joseph, 316–18, 423n
Gambier, Rear Adm. James, 304
Garrick, David, 245
Gates, General Horatio, 277, 278
George, Prince of Wales, 332–33, 341, 356, 359
George I, King, 8–9, 12
half-brother of Sophia von Kielmansegg, 8
George II, King, 32, 45, 47, 85
George III, King, 85, 103, 164, 310
acknowledging kinship with Howes, 103, 191
and Caroline Howe, 357, 359
constitutional monarchy commitment, 156
death of, 359
mental illness of, 341
as “patriot” prince, 116
on peace commission, 161–62
and Richard Howe, 191, 356
on war with colonies, 184–85
and Whig party politics, 117–18
William Pitt meeting with, 124
George IV, King. See George, Prince of Wales
George Sackville Germain Papers, 281
Georgian society
adultery-and-conspiracy narrative, 49–51
aristocratic hostesses, 128–29
charitable assistance, 141–42, 143–44
country estate life, 14–15
court positions in, 48–49
cricket matches, 46
divorce and immorality, 119–20
double standards in, 122–23
feminine ideals of, 110–11
gambling and betting, 112–13
girls’ education and learning, 17
marriage and pregnancy, 17–18, 107–8, 120
political influence of women, 4, 20, 31, 46, 51–52, 113–14, 199–200
post office in, 123–24
social politics of, 51–52, 113–14, 199–200
Germain, Lord George (formerly Lord George Sackville), 181–82, 209, 216, 300, 401n
as American Secretary of State, 185
campaign planning in War of Independence, 216, 224, 246, 249–50, 252, 254–56, 257, 258, 259, 278, 299, 399, 413n
and Caroline Howe, 184, 194
confrontation with Charlotte, Viscountess Howe, 281
evading responsibility for 1777 campaign, 255–56, 258–59
Howe brothers attacks, 214, 242–43, 245, 270–71, 310, 314–15
Howe brothers war inquiry, 311, 314
and peace commission, 185, 190, 191, 195–96
and Richard Howe, 77–78, 181–83, 242–43, 401n
thinking Howes too soft, 242–43, 245
and William Howe, 164, 182, 190, 214, 223, 248, 255, 281–82, 299, 314, 417n
Gibraltar, 324–25
Glorious First of June (1794), 347–48, 361
Gloucester, William Henry, Prince, 1st Duke of, 319–20
Gloucester House, 319
Gordon, Lord George, 321–22
Gordon Riots (1780), 321–22
government (British). See Parliament
Gower, Lady. See Leveson-Gower, Lady Susanna
Gower, Lord. See Leveson-Gower, Granville
Grafton, Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of, 104–5, 180–81
Grafton, 3rd Duke of. See Fitzroy, Augustus Henry
Grant, Maj. General James, 221
Grantham estate, 53
Graves, Adm. Samuel, 187
Grenville, George, 68–69, 115, 116, 119, 124
Grey, Sir Charles, 274
Gruber, Ira, 98
Gunnersbury, 198, 260
Hammon, Jupiter, 286
Hamond, Sir Andrew Snape, 311–12, 315, 418n
Handel, George Frideric, 15
Hanover, Kingdom of, 8–9
Hanslope (Buckinghamshire), 36, 52
Hardwicke Papers, 43
Harleyford Manor, 105
Hartopp, Chiverton, 75, 93
Hartopp, Mary. See Howe, Lady Mary Hartopp
Harvey, Edward, Adjutant General, 168, 170, 209, 237
Hatch, Nathaniel, 286
Havana (Cuba) siege, 87–88
Heckfield Park, 134, 306
Heister, General Philip von, 221
Herbert, Mary Howe, Countess Pembroke
birth and baptism of, 370n
and court career, lobbying, 4, 19, 20, 31, 32, 35
family influence, 4, 20, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37
marriages of, 18, 19–20, 31–32, 372n
and parliamentary seats, 33–34, 35, 42
Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke, 19, 31
Herrenhausen Palace, 8, 11
Hertford, Lord Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, 269
Hertford, Lady Isabella Seymour-Conway, 185, 269
Hervey, Augustus John, 44–45, 194
Hervey, Capt. John, 328
Hervey, Elizabeth, Countess of Bristol. See Chudleigh, Elizabeth
Heywood, Catherine Hartopp, 130
Holywell House, 331
home front. See British home front
Hood, Adm. Alexander, 353
House of Hanover, 9
House of Stuart, 9
Howard, Frederick, 5th Earl of Carlisle, 303
Howard, Henry, 359–60
Howard, Thomas, Earl of Effingham, 174
Howe, Anne. See Mordaunt, Anne Howe
Howe, Caroline
adult years
after American War of Independence, 333–34
aging and death, 330–31, 358–59
animal lover in, 15, 52, 334
correspondence in (Lady Georgiana Spencer), 3, 143, 144, 146, 152, 160, 173, 175–76, 200, 211–12, 236, 261
described in, 91–92, 112, 362
as empowered woman in, 122–23
gambling in, 112–13, 133
Gordon Riots, 322
and Hugo Meynell, 328
Ladies’ Charitable Society work, 143–44
life at country estates, 105–6, 119, 185–86
love of learning, 130–32
marriage and childlessness, 36–37, 106–7, 108, 127, 375n
Phyllis Court gala, 240–41
portrait in, 359–60
residences during, 52–53, 105, 127–28, 128
Richard Rigby relationship, 318–19
Society of Dilettanti connections, 53
travels, 96–97, 133–34
visitors, 130
well informed in, 53–54
widowed in, 127
correspondence of
with brothers William and Richard, 208
with Lady Georgiana Spencer, 1, 3, 111, 153, 172–73, 322–23, 325, 326, 328, 330–31, 337, 338, 340–41, 341–42, 344, 348–49, 350, 352, 400n
as significant, 3, 109, 361
early years
Barbados life and departure, 26–27
birth and baptism, 12–13, 370n
childhood and education, 13–14, 16–17, 21
father’s death, 27
Edward Walpole relationship, 35–36
friendships
Anne FitzRoy, 120–21
Lady Georgiana Spencer, 109, 112, 362
Lady Susanna Leveson-Gower, 193, 404n
and royalty
George, Prince of Wales, 333
King George III, 341–42
Princess Amelia friendship, 104
Queen Charlotte, 344
social politics of, 129
accepted by society, 113–15, 129
chess matches with Benjamin Franklin, 2, 140–41, 152–54, 316–17
loss of political power, 313
peace initiative involvement, 147–49, 150–51, 159, 162–63, 192–93
political maneuverings, 4, 123–24, 193–94, 313
sticking close to enemy, 270–71
Howe, Charles, 11
Howe, Charlotte (1723–1787). See Fettiplace, Charlotte Howe
Howe, Charlotte, Viscountess (1702–1782)
acclaim for, 90–91
in press, 70–71
aging, 267–68
Amalie von Wallmoden, Lady Yarmouth, friendship, 47
children of, 12–13 (see also specific children)
court service and reception, 32, 46, 48–51, 103, 237
early years and marriage, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25–27
illness of, 72, 134–35, 323
death, 324
journey to Barbados, 25
Lady Germain visit, 280–81, 417n
letter to Nottingham voters, 70
promoting sons’ careers, 4, 33, 46, 65, 69–70, 77, 78, 102
residences of, 11, 12, 24, 29
and 3rd Earl of Bute, 50–51
trips to Continent
with Lady Yarmouth, 96–97
with Princess Augusta, 323
widowed, 27–28, 369n
William Pitt letter, 72
Howe, Lady Frances (Fanny) Conolly, 134, 199, 204, 205, 208, 270, 336, 350
Caroline Howe on, 99, 236–37
death of, 360
and Loring affair, 291, 292
married to William Howe, 99–100, 211, 220–21, 280, 300–301
visits to Castletown (Ireland), 99, 170
war anxiety of, 165, 170, 172–73, 211
Howe, George Augustus, 3rd Viscount Howe
admiration of, in American and British armies, 63–64, 65
birth and baptism of, 12, 13
death of, 66–68, 382n
described, 16, 44–46, 65–66
distinguishing himself at Bassignano (1745), 43
Elizabeth Chudleigh affair, 44, 45
Fort Ticonderoga expedition of, 66–67
and James Wolfe, 56
and Margarita Schuyler, 66
military career, 31, 32–33, 43–44, 56, 58
monument to, 90, 91
parliamentary career of, 33–35, 41–42, 42–43
pioneers’ wilderness fighting techniques, 61–63
in Seven Years’ War, 61–64, 65–69
and subsidy treaties, 41–42
toasted, admired by Americans (1776), 265–66
Howe, George Scrope (1720–1728), 12, 13, 24, 370n
Howe, John (Caroline’s husband), 37, 54, 108, 114, 151–52, 370n, 377n, 380n
death of, 126, 127
in family “shadow,” 114
friendship with Matthew Raper, 54, 106
London residence and excursions of, 105, 106–7
marriage to Caroline, 36–37
and Society of Dilettanti, 53, 89
Stokes Manor life, 52–53
Howe, John (infant), 13
Howe, John Grobham (1625–1769), 10
Howe, Juliana (1701–1780). See Page, Juliana Howe
Howe, Juliana (Julie) (1732–1803)
birth and baptism of, 13, 370n
characteristics of, 171, 358
childhood, 25, 28, 32
death, 358
dependency on mother and family, 134, 135, 170–71, 204, 270, 351, 358
Howe, Juliana Alington, 12, 25, 28
Howe, Louisa. See Brown, Louisa Howe
Howe, Mary (1700–1749). See Herbert, Mary Howe
Howe, Mary (1733/34–1819). See Pitt, Mary Howe
Howe, Mary (Caroline’s cousin). See Smith, Mary Howe
Howe, Lady Mary Hartopp (wife of Richard), 200, 238, 325, 355
characteristics of, 94, 207, 208
children and grandchildren of, 81, 93, 306, 339–40
Gainsborough portrait of, 94–95
and husband Richard Howe, 75, 206–7, 349–50, 356–57
and Jane Strachey, 203
social politics of, 199–200, 270
war anxiety of, 199
anxiety over husband Richard’s illness in America, 206
wartime estate management, 208
widowhood and death of, 357–58
Howe, Mary Juliana (daughter of Richard), 350, 353–54, 358
Howe, Richard, 1st Earl Howe
childhood and adult years, 13
children and grandchildren, 81, 339
court service, 103
courtship and marriage of Mary Hartopp, 75
courtship of Elizabeth Raper, 54–55
death and burial, 357
defending sisters, 194–95, 316–17
described in, 16, 41, 91
education, 25
Gainsborough portrait, 76, 94
health, 93–94, 206, 343, 353, 357
John Hervey duel, 328–29
government and politics
constitutional monarchy position, 342–43
government posts and alliances, 124–25
Grafton administration, 123
Grenville administration, 118–19
loyalty to William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 80, 103, 118, 119, 123, 124–25
North administration, 311–13
parliamentary inquiry, 311, 314–15, 355
supporting American Stamp Act Congress petition, 125
honors
elevated to British peerage, 324, 337
King George III, 337, 350–51, 351, 428n
tribute and monument, 356, 357–58
naval career
appointed to American command (1776), 188
battles, 30, 31, 78–79, 80–81, 172, 324–25
Channel Fleet service, 54, 353, 354–55
coastal attacks on France, Seven Years’ War, 77, 78–79, 80–81
daredevilry in Seven Years’ War, 40–41, 74, 81
First Lord of the Admiralty appointment, 336–37
Glorious First of June, 347–48
homecoming (1778), 306–7
injured, 30–31, 85
junior Lord of the Admiralty, 118–19
lionized in Seven Years’ War, 40–41, 71, 90–91
merchant marine service, 29
naval experiences, 29–31, 39–41, 73–74, 75–78, 346–47, 375n
naval signaling system interest, 346–47
New York campaign, 217
retirement and legacy, 357
Rochefort Expedition, 74–75
Sir Hugh Palliser quarrel, 188–89
Spithead Mutiny negotiator, 353, 354–56
war inquiry into American command, 311, 315
peace initiatives (American War of Independence)
Benjamin Franklin negotiations in London, 163
Carlisle Commission, 303
peace commission, 145, 154–55, 158–59, 160, 162–63, 179, 185, 189–91, 191–92, 195–96, 234, 303, 402n, 403n, 404n
Staten Island Conference, 230–32
retirement years, 93–94
speech and language issues, 16
Howe, Ruperta, 18, 34
Howe, Scrope, 1st Viscount (1648–1713), 10–11
Howe, Scrope, 2nd Viscount (1699–1735), 370n
death of, 27
debts of, 24–25
education of, 15, 16
as governor of Barbados, 25–26
lineage of, 10
marriage of, 8, 11
name of, 369n
Parliamentary election of, 24
siblings of, 11–12
Howe, Sophia (Lady Pembroke’s cousin), 18–19
Howe, Sophia Charlotte (daughter of Richard). See Curzon, (Sophia) Charlotte, Baroness Howe
Howe, Thomas, 13, 25, 28, 33, 101, 370n
charts used for expedition against Manila (1762), 101
East India Company career, 29, 55, 85, 89, 100–102, 380n
illness and death of, 134–35
Julie Howe’s grief, 171
as member of Parliament, 102–3
Nottingham command of, 29, 101
Parliamentary candidate for Northampton, 102, 114
smuggling inquiry, 101–2
Howe, William (Lady Pembroke’s cousin), 15, 32
Howe, William, 5th Viscount (1729–1814)
adult years, 236, 336 426n
alleged affairs, 285–86, 288–90, 291–95 (see also Loring, Elizabeth [Betsey] Lloyd; Verplanck, Judith Crommelin)
attack on reputation and character in War of Independence, 267, 292–93, 297
brother George’s death, 73
court service, 48
death, 359, 360
described in, 55, 91, 296–98
illness, 73, 289, 301–2
as Isle of Wight lieutenant governor, 133–34
postwar life, 97–98, 335–36
wife Fanny Conolly, 99, 208–9
birth and childhood, 13, 16, 28, 33, 370n, 371n
government and politics
governorship offer, 86
parliamentary career, 118, 224, 391n, 409n
parliamentary elections, 69–70, 72–73, 149–50, 323
military career, 3, 33, 55–56, 82, 84, 99, 134, 167–68, 387n, 399n
amphibious operations, 72, 83, 86, 168–69, 400n
Anse-au-Foulon ascent (1759), 82
Battle of Brandywine, 273–74
Battle of Brooklyn, 224, 225–26, 408n
Battle of Bunker Hill, 168–69, 170, 172, 173, 399n, 400n
Belle-Île campaign, 85–86
wounded, 86
Boston command, 186–87
campaign strategy and tactics, 215, 246–47
Chesapeake Bay invasion, 258
as commander in chief, 172, 182–83, 226, 228–29, 284, 296–97, 409n, 420n
resigns, 282
comparisons to George Washington, 261, 264–65, 297–98
and George Germain, 255–56, 258–59, 281, 417n