The Howe Dynasty
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Havana siege, 87–88
and James Lloyd (physician), 289
and James Wolfe, 57–58, 72, 82–83
Kips Bay, 226–27
Knight of the Bath offer, 252–53
legacy, 296–97, 361
Louisbourg campaign, 82–83
loyalists recruitment, 243
Mischianza celebration, 282–83, 418n
New York campaign, 214, 215–17, 221, 222, 223–29, 256–57, 407n
pamphlet war during War of Independence, 315–16
peace commission role, 195–96, 218–20, 270
Philadelphia campaign, 247–49, 257–58, 271–75, 273
Quebec operations, 84, 249–50
St. Lucia attack, opposition to, 299–300
war conduct and inquiry, 279–80, 300–301, 311, 313–15
Howe dynasty
crucial role in war history, 4–5
as iconic, 2, 71, 90, 237
whole-family history of, 4, 361–62
women’s active roles in, 3–4, 11, 20, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 268
Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of, 186
Hutchinson, Thomas, 115–16, 138
Hyde, Lady. See Villiers, Charlotte
Hyde, Lord. See Villiers, Thomas, 1st Earl of Clarendon
Intolerable Acts (1774), 138
Izard, Ralph, 179, 192
Jacobite rising (1715), 9
Jersey, Lady. See Villiers, Frances
Jersey, Lord. See Villiers, George Bussy, 4th Earl of Jersey
Jervis, Sir John, 354
Johnson, William, 1st Baronet, 98–99
Johnstone, George, 309, 310–11
Jones, John Paul, 308
Jones, Judge Thomas, 293
Keppel, Augustus, Viscount Keppel, 312–13
Keppel, George, 3rd Earl of Albemarle, 183, 188
Kielmansegg, Charlotte von. See Howe, Charlotte, Viscountess
Kielmansegg, Friedrich von, 86
Kielmansegg, Johann Adolf, Baron von, 8, 9
Kielmansegg, Sophia von, Countess of Darlington, 8–10, 15
Kingdom of Hanover, 8–9
King’s Theatre, 132–33
Kingston upon Hull, Duchess of. See Chudleigh, Elizabeth
Kingston upon Hull, Duke of, 194
Kips Bay, 226–27
Kirk, Samuel, 149
Knox, Henry, 214
Ladies’ Charitable Society, 141, 142, 149, 153, 162–63, 396n
Ladies’ Coterie (“Ladies’ Club”), 133
Langar, 14, 370n
Langar Hall, 8, 11, 14, 25–26, 330, 425n
Lawson, Elizabeth, 56
Lee, Arthur, 164
Lee, “Light-Horse Harry,” 166–67
Leeds Intelligencer, 40–41
Legge, Charlotte, 146, 147–48, 395n
Legge, Frances, Lady Dartmouth, 145
Legge, William, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, 145, 146–48, 155, 161–62, 190, 398n
Leicester, Thomas Coke, Earl of, 177
Leicester House, 47, 78
Leinster, Emily Fitzgerald, Duchess of, 165
Lennox, Charles, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 100, 164, 174–75, 181n, 193, 307, 336, 401n
Lennox, Louisa Augusta. See Conolly, Lady Louisa
Leveson-Gower, Granville, 1st Marquess of Stafford, 193
Leveson-Gower, Lady Susanna, 193, 268–69, 305, 404n, 421n
Lewis, George. See George I, King
Lexington and Concord battles, 166
Liddell, Anne, 120
Liddell, Sir Henry, 1st Baron Ravensworth, 120
Ligonier, Lt. General John, 65
Lind, Lt. Col. John, 335
Lloyd, Elizabeth. See Loring, Elizabeth Lloyd
Lloyd, James, 289
Lloyd, Nathaniel, 286
Lock Hospital, 141–42
London
entertainment venues, 28, 132–33
postwar prosperity, 93
London Chronicle, 174
London Evening Post, 241, 262, 271
Loring, Elizabeth (Betsey) Lloyd, 285–94, 291
Loring, John Wentworth, 287, 291
Loring, Joshua (father-in-law of Elizabeth), 287
Loring, Joshua, Jr. (husband of Elizabeth), 286–87, 288
Loudoun, 4th Earl of. See Campbell, John
Louisbourg (Nova Scotia) campaign, 82–83
Louis XVI, King (France), 342, 344
Lowther, Anthony, 18–19
loyalists, 243–44, 245, 257, 272, 274, 309, 311, 316, 423n
African American, 244, 256
in London, 245, 280, 310, 316
Lucas, Sarah, 318
Mackesy, Piers, 277
Madan, Judith, 20
Magnanime (ship), 73–74, 80, 81, 91
Manners, John, Marquess of Granby, 52–53, 119
Marie Antoinette, Queen, 176
Marlborough, Duchess of, 114
Massachusetts Government Act (1774), 141
Mauduit, Israel (pamphleteer), 136, 271
Maynard, Anne, Viscountess Maynard. See Parsons, Nancy
Maynard, Charles, 2nd Viscount Maynard, 122
Medmenham Abbey, 53
Meynell, Hugo, 328
Middlesex, Lord Charles Sackville, 53
Middlesex, Lady Grace Boyle Sackville
Middleton, Sir Charles, 336
military battles. See battles
military careers. See under Howe, George; Howe, Richard; Howe, William
Minorca, 57
Mischianza, 282–83, 283n, 418n
Mistley Hall, 318–19
Molyneux, Sir Francis, 130
Moneypenny, Alexander, 68
Montagu, Elizabeth, 132
Montagu, John, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 46, 53, 189, 190, 193, 303, 308, 312, 313
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de, 67
Montgomery, General Richard, 179, 334–35
Mordaunt, Anna Maria, 110
Mordaunt, Anne Howe, 11–12, 18, 20, 21, 29, 56, 370n, 380n
children of (Charles Lewis, Osbert, Harry), 29, 110, 130, 330
Mordaunt, Col. Charles (husband of Anne), 20–21, 29, 56, 110, 330
Mordaunt, Jack, 31, 33–34
Mordaunt, Mary. See Herbert, Mary Howe
Mordaunt, Sir John, 56, 74, 95, 229
and conspiracy theories, 74, 263
Mount Gulian, 294
Murray, John, Lord Dunmore, 244
Napier, Sarah (formerly Bunbury), 264
Native Americans, 59, 61, 65, 83, 84, 98, 277–78
naval careers. See under Howe, Thomas
Nelson, Horatio, 354
Newcastle, 1st Duke of. See Pelham-Holles, Thomas
Newcastle, Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of, 209, 253
New England Trade and Fisheries Act (Restraining Act), 164
Newport, Rhode Island, battle, 304–6
newspapers. See British press
New York. See Burgoyne, John; Saratoga campaign
New York City
Battle of Brooklyn, 236
British army in, 227, 256
campaign for, 215–17, 218, 221, 222, 222, 223–28
See also Staten Island Conference
New York during the Revolutionary War, History of (Jones), 293
Noel, Thomas, 338
Nootka Sound Crisis, 343
North, Lord Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford, 184, 190, 423n
cabinet of, 312
and Caroline Howe, 317
conciliation proposal, 163
and peace commission, 192, 302
resignation of, 323–24
and secret talks, 317
on war with colonies, 185
Nottingham parliamentary seat, 34, 42, 69–70, 72, 73, 97, 149–50, 160, 323
Olive Branch Petition, 180–81, 233, 234, 235
Oliver Wiswell (Roberts), 285
Page, Sir Gregory, 28–29, 56, 371n
and East India Company, 18
Page, Juliana Howe, 29, 51, 63
, 92, 370n
childhood of, 11–12
death of, 322–23, 358
marriage and childlessness of, 18, 19–20, 372n
political ‘interest,’ 375n
residence in London, 28–29
(see also Battlesden House)
siblings of, 11–12
Page, Thomas (husband of Juliana), 18, 56
guardianship of Howe children, 28–29
Paine, Thomas, 266–67, 342
Palliser, Sir Hugh, 188, 312
pamphlet war, 315–16
Paoli Massacre, 274
Parker, Sir Peter, 209
Parliament
electoral system of, 23–24
Howe brothers war inquiry, 311, 313–14
parliamentary seats, 33–35, 42, 69–70, 102–3
rejecting plan for conciliation, 157–58
residence of, 29, 374n
sovereignty of, 156
speeches in, 118, 164
under threat from American claims and pretensions, 162
three Howe brothers as members of, 103
war opposition in, 308–9
See also specific political parties; specific prime ministers
Parsons, Nancy, 121
peace commission
American rejection of, 235–36
contradictory roles in, 189–90, 195
and Howe brothers’ role, 195–96, 218–20
new legislation (see Carlisle Commission)
proposed, 161–62
Richard Howe’s role, 145, 154–55, 158–59, 160, 162–63, 179, 185, 189–91, 191–92, 195–96, 234, 303, 402n, 403n, 404n
William Howe’s role, 195–96, 218–20
See also Staten Island Conference
peace initiative (American War of Independence), 137–41, 147–49, 150–52, 154–57, 159–60, 163
Peace of Paris (1763), 88–89
peace treaties, 88–89, 278–79, 327–28
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 1st Duke of Newcastle, 22, 24, 34, 35, 40, 41–42, 57, 58, 237
Pembroke, Lady. See Herbert, Mary Howe
Pennsylvania Evening Post, 288
Percy, General Hugh, 223
Petty, William, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, 310–11, 326, 327
Philadelphia campaign, 272–75, 273
Phyllis Court, 184, 240
Pierrepont, Elizabeth, Duchess of Kingston upon Hull. See Chudleigh, Elizabeth
Pierrepont, Evelyn, 2nd Duke of Kingston, 45
Pitt, George (nephew of Mary), 332
Pitt, George, 1st Baron Rivers, 123, 204, 332
Pitt, Mary Howe, 27, 95–96, 134, 144, 170, 204
birth and baptism of, 13
See also Armytage, Sir John
Pitt, Penelope, 123
Pitt, Sir William Augustus (husband of Mary), 95–96, 134, 204, 241, 318, 345
Pitt, William (the Elder), Earl of Chatham
accepting peerage, 125
championing American rights, 115, 116
Charlotte Howe letter to, 72
in Chatham/Grafton administration, 125
European coastal strategy, 75–77, 85
and George Sackville, 41, 42, 47, 52, 57, 58, 64–65, 401n
in Grenville administration, 119
King George III meeting, 124
on loss of George Lord Howe, 68–69
mental imbalance of, 116
in Pitt-Newcastle coalition, 64
resignation, 86
plan of conciliation (1775), 157–58
and Richard Howe friendship, 79–80, 124–25, 126
Pitt, William (the Younger), 336, 341
Plumptre, John (father), 34–35, 42, 69
Plumptre, John (son), 42
political systems. See Parliament; Tory party; Whig party
Ponsonby, Frederick, Viscount Duncannon, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, 340
Ponsonby, Harriet, Countess of Bessborough, 109, 111, 340
Ponsonby, John, 340
Pope, Alexander, 9, 18, 20
Porter’s Lodge, 134, 207, 208, 337
Portland (Maine) (formerly Falmouth), 187
Pownall, John, 139, 149, 161, 192
Pownall, Thomas, 155, 397n
Poyntz, Georgiana. See Spencer, Lady Georgiana, Countess Spencer
Poyntz, Stephen, 110
Proclamation of Rebellion (1775), 187
Prohibitory Act (1775), 184
Public Advertiser, 291–92
Putnam, Israel, 68, 173
Quebec, Battle of, 82, 84
Quebec Act (1774), 138
Queen Charlotte (ship), 347, 348, 350, 351
Quincy, Josiah, 147
Rall, Col. Johann, 248
Ranelagh Gardens, 92
Raper, Elizabeth, 54–55, 75
Raper, Matthew, 54, 106, 134, 140, 149, 380n
Ray, Martha, 189
Read, Hannah, 123, 392n
Reeve, Richard, 209–10
Regency Crisis, 341
Revere, Paul, 146
Revolutionary War. See American War of Independence
Richmond, Duke of. See Lennox, Charles, 3rd Duke of Richmond
Rigby, Richard, 318–19, 333, 339
The Rights of Men (Paine), 342
Roberts, Kenneth, 285
Robinson, Anastasia, 21
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of, 116, 124–25, 308–9, 326
Rockingham Whigs, 175
Rodney, Adm. Sir George, 105, 327
Rogers, Maj. Robert, 61–62
Roman Catholics, 321–22
Russell, Francis, 5th Duke of Bedford, 193
Russell, Gertrude Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Bedford (Dowager), 171, 193
Russell, John, 4th Duke of Bedford, 30, 318
Rutledge, Edward, 232–33, 234
Sackville, Lord George. See Germain, Lord George
Sandwich, Lord. See Montagu, John, 4th Earl of Sandwich
Saratoga campaign, 275, 276, 277–78
Savannah (Georgia) siege, 320, 321
Schulenburg, Count Johann Matthias von der, 43
Schulenburg, Melusine von der, 9
Schuyler, Margarita, 66
Scotland, 9, 48, 187
Scots Magazine, 70
Second Continental Congress, 179–80
Seven Years’ War
Battle of Minden, 181
Battle of Quebec, 82, 84
Battle of Quiberon Bay, 80, 80, 81
Battle of Saint Cast, 78–79
Belle-Île campaign, 85–86
British aftermath, 89, 90
British-French conflict, 39–41, 54, 58
British military failures, 74–75
Cherbourg raid, 77, 78
Fort Ticonderoga assault, 66–67
gendered terms and domesticity of, 71
hardships endured, 61, 64
Howe brothers as heroic in, 59
Native Americans’ role in, 61
North American challenges of, 60–61, 381n
Peace of Paris, 88–89
and Richard Howe, 39, 73–74, 76
Saint-Malo raid, 77, 78–79
uncivilized warfare of, 57, 64, 83–84
wilderness fighting tactics, 61–63
Seymour, Charles, 6th Duke of Somerset, 20
Shaw, George Bernard, 161
Shelburne, Lord. See Petty, William, 2nd Earl of Shelburne
Shipley, Jonathan, 139, 149
Shuldham, Adm. Molyneux, 189, 206
slavery
and British army, 87, 244
enslaved labor, 25, 26, 87
Smith, Abel, 34
Smith, Adam, 326
Smith, David, 224–25
Smith, George, 34, 376n
created baronet, 35
See also Bromley, Henry, 1st Baron Monfort
Smith, Lady Mary Howe, 32, 34, 35, 330, 375n
Society of Dilettanti, 53, 89, 380n
Spain, 87–88, 327, 343, 354
Spa resort, 97
Spence
r, Charles, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, 77, 331
Spencer, George, 2nd Earl Spencer (Lord Althorp), 109, 111, 130, 307, 308, 331, 340, 352, 354
Spencer, Georgiana (daughter of Lady Spencer). See Cavendish, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
Spencer, Lady Georgiana, Countess Spencer
on Battlesden, 339
and Caroline Howe, 109, 112, 126–27, 361–62
Caroline Howe correspondence, 1, 120–21, 269, 340 (see also under Howe, Caroline, correspondence of)
on Charles James Fox, 320
children and miscarriages, 109, 111, 143
courtship and marriage of, 110–11
daughter’s health, 320
death of, 360
gambling addiction, 112, 113
husband’s death, 127, 331–32
and Ladies’ Charitable Society, 141, 142, 144–45
Lady Jersey confrontation, 308
and Lady Mary Coke’s diary, 177
London society courting, 111
on Mary Juliana Howe, 353–54
social politics of, 113–14
touring the Continent, 345
traits of, 110, 111, 141
Spencer, Harriet. See Ponsonby, Harriet
Spencer, John, 1st Earl Spencer, 1, 110–12
Spencer, Lady Lavinia Bingham, 331, 340
Spithead Mutiny (1797), 353, 354–55
Stamp Act, 115–16, 125
Stanford Mercury, 262
Stanley, Hans, 279
Stanley, Lady Charlotte. See Burgoyne, Lady Charlotte
Stark, John, 66, 173
Staten Island Conference, 231, 231–34, 232, 410n
St. James Chronicle, 348
Stokes Manor, 36, 52, 127
Stowe House, 52
Strachey, Charlotte, 207
Strachey, Henry, 230, 313, 314
on Benjamin Franklin, 233
on Burgoyne, 277, 417n
Florida plantation of, 202, 405n
on General Howe correspondence to wife, 208
on Howe-Loring affair, 292
letters to wife Jane, 206–7, 238, 256, 275
and peace commission, 201, 219, 220
as secretary to Richard and William Howe, 201, 202
as secretary to Robert Clive, 202
on separation from wife Jane, 203
on Staten Island Conference, 232
Strachey, Jane
and Henry Strachey letters, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206–7, 208, 275, 405n
Howe family relationship, 198, 204, 261
on Howe-Loring affair, 288, 292
and Lady Mary Howe, 203, 207
and Lord Shuldham visit, 206
and Sarah D’Oyly, 200–201
on separation from husband, 202–3, 208
Stuart, John, 3rd Earl of Bute, 49–50, 87, 236
Suffolk County Resolves (Massachusetts), 146
Sullivan, Maj. General John, 230
Sullivan’s Island, 188
Sutton, Sir Robert, 24
Syrett, David, 29