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Partition

Page 46

by Barney White-Spunner


  sacked, 179

  Central Provinces, 17

  and refugees, 334

  and transfer of power, see power-transfer plan

  Chakravarty, Nikhil, 10

  Chakreborty, Prafulla Kumar, 285

  Chandigarh, 334

  Chatfield Report, 141, 143–4

  Chatterji, Adm., 51

  Chatterji, Joya, 285

  Chattisgarh, 341

  Chaudhuri, Gen., 341

  Chimni, Brig., 259

  Chittagong, 78, 112, 287

  Chittagong Hill Tracts, 203, 220, 230–1

  Chohan, Naffese, 12, 240–1, 263–4, 338–9

  Chowdhury, Jharna, 12

  Chowdury, Hamil, 287

  Christie, John, 53, 80, 99, 100, 109, 112, 165, 220, 222, 332, 344

  Churchill, Winston:

  on Amritsar massacre, 33

  and famine situation, 44–5

  and Gandhi, 62

  and Gandhi’s funeral, 347

  I-told-you-so speech of, 272

  and Independence Bill, 178

  independence opposed by, 37–8, 114

  lack of support from, 162

  and transfer of power, 156–7

  and Wavell, 48

  Wavell’s animosity towards, 7–8

  Civil and Military Gazette, 299

  civil disobedience, 38, 66, 74, 187

  Jinnah opposes, 90

  and Salt March, 69

  Clow, Sir Andrew, 120, 123, 183

  Collins, Larry, 99

  Colville, Sir John, 54, 119

  Congress:

  and central policy areas, 133

  Cripps’s support for, 47

  and democracy, 357

  and elections, 48–9, 50

  factions within, 61, 71, 74–5

  first meeting of, 59

  Gandhi ably orchestrates, 32, 33

  Gandhi dominates, 61–2

  Gandhi reforms, 69

  impatient for power, 170

  and Interim Government, see Interim Government

  jailed leaders of, 47–8, 73, 114

  and Jinnah, inability to work with, 50–1, 92

  Jinnah sees as anti-Muslim, 92

  and Lucknow conference, 34, 87

  and Nagpur conference, 67, 87, 90

  and numbers of dead, 12

  Pakistan’s status decided by, 134

  and power-sharing, 92

  and Princely states, see Princely states

  provincial, and direct rule, 127

  and Punjab partition, 167

  and recruiting, 136

  and separate Muslim electorate, 29, 34, 87, 89

  and transfer of power, see power-transfer plan

  Constituent Assembly, 9, 133, 152, 156, 223–4

  elections for, 50, 56

  Jinnah calls for dissolution of, 139

  League withdraws from, 56, 75–6

  Pakistani, 156, 275

  and Princely states, 135, 156

  Corfield, Sir Conrad, 188, 191

  Cornwallis, Gov. Gen., 24, 25, 288

  Cripps, Sir Stafford, 9, 76, 102–3

  in Cabinet Mission, 49

  influential voice of, 115

  and Krishna Menon, 102

  and mission failure, 47

  Cross, J. P., 113, 177, 227

  Cunningham, Sir George, 125, 127, 204, 227, 276, 315, 322

  Curzon, Lord, 17, 21, 29, 61, 107, 121, 123, 288, 292

  Custodian of Refugee Property, 294–5

  Dacca, 184, 216, 223, 287, 295

  mosques in, 288

  Daily Express, 311

  Daily Telegraph, 223–4, 226

  Dalhousie, Gov. Gen., 24, 25, 186

  Dalison, Maj. Gen. John, 251

  Dalit, D. K., 174

  Dalmia, Sir Seth, 194

  Damodaran, A. K., 169–70

  Dandakaranya, 336

  Darjeeling, 231, 283, 342

  Darul Uloom School, 22

  Das, C. R., 68

  Das, Sitanath, 284

  Daultana, Mumtaz, 243

  Dawn, 15, 77, 286, 308

  Dayananda, Swami, 22

  de la Fargue, Col. Dudley, 128–9, 344

  Defence of India Act, 32

  Delhi:

  Gymkhana Club in, 229, 344

  independence celebrations in, 223

  marked change in, 344

  people rush to, 333

  poverty in, 223

  seat of government moved to, 17, 31

  Viceroy’s House in, 15

  violence in, 116, 137, 248–52, 254

  Delhi Proposals, 90, 91

  Deobandi movement, 22, 57

  Dhillon, Aridaman Singh, 78, 255

  Dominion status, 34, 37, 71, 162, 175, 353

  and Independence Bill, 178–9

  Donovan, Maj. D. H., 260

  Dyer, Brig. Gen. Reginald, 32–3, 353

  Dykes, Col. Tom, 321

  East India Company, 16, 19, 20, 24, 28, 55, 57 (see also Raj)

  easy domination by, 59

  Mughal system adopted by, 23

  and Princely states, 185–6

  remit lost to, 19

  Times tribute to, 227

  East Pakistan, see Bangladesh

  Eastern States of Orissa and Chattisgarh, 341

  Elmhirst, Air Mshl Sir Thomas, 268

  Emergency Committee on Refugees, 258–9, 266

  Erskine-Crum, Vernon, 101, 181

  Exercise Embrace, 16

  Faiz, Ahman Faiz, 279–80

  Faiz, Alice, 279–80

  famine, 39–47 (see also under individual regions, cities)

  Ferris, Maj., 315

  Gandhi, Mohandas:

  adulation for, 223

  and Aiyar, 194

  assassination of, 347–8

  and funeral, 347

  Nehru–Patel relations improve after, 347–8

  background, lifestyle and beliefs of, 61–8

  bomb thrown at, 346–7

  and Cabinet Mission Plan, 50

  and Calcutta peace, 13, 246–7

  Churchill’s and Wavell’s contempt for, 62

  and cinema injury, 246

  Congress dominated by, 61–2

  and Congress reform, 69

  and Cripps, 47

  day of silence observed by, 163–4

  and Dominion status, 34

  and English cloth, 69

  fasting by, 64, 73, 186, 247, 346

  and concern at frailty of, 248

  and Gokhale, 60, 61

  and Hindu customs, 62

  and Hindu–Muslim unity, restoration of, 346

  imprisonment of, 47–8, 68, 73

  on Indian forces, 148

  and Jinnah, 90

  and Kashmir, 202

  and Linlithgow, 47

  on Montagu, 31

  and Mountbatten, 104–5, 163–4

  on Mountbatten’s address to princes, 199–200

  Mountbatten’s praise for, 282

  moves to Calcutta, 217

  Mukherjee’s tirade against, 247–8

  Muslims loathe, 62

  and Nehru, 62, 75

  and partition, views on, 74, 96, 152

  on possible war with Pakistan, 271–2

  and power-sharing, 92

  and Princely states, 187, 199–200, 202

  and religion, 71

  and Rowlatt, 32

  and Salt March, 68–9

  satyagraha campaign of, 34, 68–9

  seven conditions of, 346–7

  small farmers championed by, 66

  state mourning for, 347

  and Tilak, 61

  tributes to, 347

  and war aims, 72

  Wavell’s opinion of, 8

  Gane, Gen., 245

  Garhmukteshwar:

  Fair, slaughter at, 13–14

  town, massacre in, 13

  Ghaffar, Khan Abdul, 127, 131, 179

  Ghosh, Prafulla Chandra, 207, 217, 282

  Ghulam Abbas, Choudh
ury, 308

  Ghulam Mohammad, Malik, 184, 275–6, 349

  Gilgit Scouts, 327

  Godse, Nathuram, 347

  Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 60, 67, 90

  Government of India Act (1935), 36–7, 43, 46, 68, 72, 92, 275, 353

  and Pakistan, 275

  Gracey, Gen. Douglas, 270, 317–18

  Great Calcutta Killings, 10–13, 115, 144, 232, 247 (see also Calcutta)

  Gujarat:

  famine in, 39

  religion in, 62–3

  Gujrat, 310, 316

  Gupta, Ashoka, 13, 242

  Gurgaon, 136, 158–9, 293, 314

  Gurkhas, 20, 32, 145, 158–9, 176–7, 178, 205, 206, 327

  Nehru dislikes, 314

  Rees’s call for, 244

  Gurmani, Mushtaq Ahmad, 237, 256, 280, 290–1

  Gymkhana Club, 229, 344

  Hall, Adm. John, 268

  Hamid, Capt. Shahid, 8

  Hamid, Shahid, 80, 91, 97, 108, 150, 166, 167, 221, 222–3, 318, 330

  Hamidullah Khan, Sir, 77, 105, 182, 188, 193, 199, 200, 229–30

  India–Pakistan dilemma of, 299–300

  Haq, Abdul, 233, 339

  Hastings, Warren, 25, 211

  Hawthorne, Maj. Gen., 216

  Hazara, 310–11

  Herald Tribune, 325–6

  Herbert, C. G., 195

  Herbert, Sir Jack, 43, 46

  Hidayatullah, Sir Ghulam Hussain, 184

  Hindus:

  burnt properties of, 159

  and Cabinet Mission Plan, 49–50

  and Calcutta rioting, see under Calcutta

  and Mahasabha, 131–2, 218, 347

  Malda’s witch hunt of, against Muslim, 286

  Muslim gangs attack, 82

  and Muslims, in Bengal, 17

  and nationalism, 22, 29

  partition preferred by, 121

  Princely states aid, in Punjab, 158

  and Punjab violence, see under Punjab

  Hindustan (see also power-transfer plan), India thus called, 138

  Hindustan Standard, 271–2

  Hindustan Times, 43, 77, 116, 131, 151, 265, 308

  Hodson, Henry, 300

  Holkar, Yeshwant Rao, 194–5

  Hossan, Dr Syed, 284

  Hume, A. P., 7, 15

  Hussain, Ghulam, 124

  Hydari, Sir Akbar, 183

  Hyderabad, 187, 195–6, 230 (see also Princely states)

  and accession, 230, 340–1

  Chaudhuri attacks, 341

  domination by, 18

  famine in, 39

  Hyderabad, Nizam of, 18, 189, 190, 195, 196, 230, 340

  Ibrahim, Sardar Mohammed, 309

  Ilbert Bill, 59

  Independence Bill, 178–9

  and Dominion status, 179

  India (see also individual peoples of; individual regions, provinces and cities):

  and Britain’s balance-of-payments advantages, 28

  Britain’s withdrawal from, see power-transfer plan

  and British legal system, 25

  British troop levels reduced in, 30

  canals in, 27

  decreasing commercial importance of, 35

  division of, 172

  East India Company loses remit to rule, 19

  economic planning in, 27–8

  education establishments founded in, 57–8

  elections in, 48, 50

  famines in, see under individual regions, cities

  feudal landowning system in, 24–5

  First War of Independence in, see Indian Mutiny

  formation of first government of, 223

  generous payments to UK by, 30

  and home rule (Swaraj), 34, 36, 61, 65, 66, 90

  Gandhi’s dedication to, 67–8

  and Independence Bill, see Independence Bill

  independence celebrations in, 220–1, 223–6

  Nehru’s speech marking, 224

  Independence Day in, 227–9

  and army gunfire incident, 228–9

  violence during, 232–3

  and Kashmir plebiscite, see under Kashmir

  nationalism in, 22, 29, 33

  and new governor-generalship, 180

  nuclear capability of, 352

  Pakistan attacks, 351

  and Pakistan civil war, 351

  Pakistan’s early relations with, 271

  post-Independence administration of, 343

  and post-Kashmir war with Pakistan, 350

  pre-partition cash reserves of, 348–9

  put on war footing, 38

  revenue and expenditure of, 27

  rising number of British in, 344

  Rowlatt protests in, 32

  strikes and mutinies in, 51–2, 121, 217

  and trade with Britain, importance of, 28

  Wavell becomes viceroy of, 7 (see also Wavell, Fld Mshl Archibald)

  and WW2’s end, 47

  India and Burma Committee, 150–1

  Indian Air Force, 142, 146, 268

  and chapatti deliveries, 293

  division of, 173

  Indian Army, 139–50, 268

  background and make-up of, 140–2

  British officer numbers reduced in, 270

  division of, 139, 172–8

  and Dominion status, 175

  and emotional issues, 173

  in France and Mesopotamia, 30

  glamorous image of, 143

  growth of, 30

  and Gurgaon violence, 158–9

  and independence, 227–8

  and Japanese, 146–7

  legacy of, and Iraq, 2

  looks to its future, 142

  main ‘classes’ within, 20

  major overhaul of, 19–20

  post-partition base of, 173

  recruitment changes in, 52

  remaining British among, 227, 316, 343

  Sikhs in, 15

  Wavell’s reliance on, 16

  Indian Civil Service (ICS):

  British officers in, 24

  categories in, 53–4

  and financial provision, 113

  and public-school system, 23

  serving Pakistan, 204

  touring officers of, 26, 27

  Indian Defence Council, 312, 314, 315

  Indian Independence Act, and Pakistan, 275

  Indian Legion, 73

  Indian Mutiny, 19–20, 57, 59, 186

  cause of, 19

  military lessons of, 20

  murderous violence as feature of, 19

  reactions to failure of, 22

  surprise element of, 19

  time taken to suppress, 20

  Indian National Army (INA), 53, 73

  Indian Navy, 51, 142, 268, 345

  division of, 173

  Indore, Maharajah of, 194–5, 199

  Interim Government, 10, 50–1, 75, 96, 99, 132, 152, 354

  not working, 132–3

  Iqbal, Sir Muhammad, 88, 91, 224

  on League’s failure, 92–3

  Iraq, 1–3

  Irwin, Lord, 34

  Irwin, Maj. Gen., 139

  Ismay, Hastings ‘Pug’, 100–2, 113–14, 118–19, 125, 132–3, 155, 165, 251–2, 328, 356–7

  Cabinet briefing by, 150–1

  on Delhi violence, 250

  Jinnah’s meeting with, 272–3

  and refugees, 263

  Ismay, Sarah, 250–1

  Israel, 113, 278

  Jalal, Ayesha, 109

  Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, see under Amritsar

  Jammu, 189, 201, 266, 310, 317 (see also Kashmir)

  and accession, 306, 314

  chaotic situation in, 314

  violence in, 310, 328

  women as sex slaves in, 328

  Jammu and Kashmir, Maharajah of, 18, 201

  Jaspal, Kamla, 289

  Jassar massacre, 292

  Jats, 14, 20, 136–7, 159

  Jefford, Adm. James, 270

  Jenkins, Sir Evan, 5
5, 76, 79, 81, 84, 123–4, 146, 159, 204, 205, 212, 215, 219

  Jha, Amar Nath, 330

  Jhangar, 339

  Jinnah, Muhammad Ali (see also Muslim League):

  and armed forces’ division, 173, 177

  background, lifestyle and beliefs of, 88–92

  becomes leader, 88

  British soldiers welcomed by, 227

  and candidate nominations, 48

  capitulation of, 318

  death of, 348

  ‘Direct Action Day’ declared by, 10

  double-cross suspected by, 50

  as essence of Pakistan, 277

  and Gandhi, 90

  on Gandhi’s death, 347

  and Gokhale, 60

  illness of, 180–1, 317, 348

  and death, 348

  and independence celebrations, 221

  Ismay’s meeting with, 272–3

  and Karachi violence, 332

  and Kashmir, 306

  and lashkar invasion, 316, 317, 318–19

  as League’s ‘Sole Spokesman’, 10

  leaves Congress, 87, 90

  leaves Karachi, 348

  and Linlithgow, 93

  and military, 149, 271

  and Mitchell, 344–5

  and Mountbatten, 115, 116–18, 180, 222

  Muslim League position consolidated by, 38

  Naidu praises, 91

  and new governor-generalship, 180–1

  and Pakistan creation ceremony, 221–2

  Pakistan finally offered to, 156

  and Pakistan military, 206

  plot to kill, 212

  power-sharing sought by, 92

  and Princely states, 195, 197–8, 199

  and Punjab partition, 167–8

  and refugees, appeal for, 295

  and religious labels, 277–8

  and round-table conference, 318–19

  toasts to and by, 276–7

  and transfer of power, see power-transfer plan

  on unified India, 133

  Jodhpur, 197–9, 264, 292, 345

  Joint Defence Council, 175, 244, 245, 316, 354

  abolition of, 268, 269

  Junagadh, 230, 299, 300–1, 312, 315 (see also Mahabat Khanji III, Nawab Mohammad; Princely states)

  Junagadh, Maharaja of, see Mahabat Khanji III, Nawab Mohammad

  Kak, Pandit, 201–2, 307

  Kalal, K. N., 286

  Karachi, 15, 124, 173, 184, 197, 199, 216, 220, 264, 278–9, 295

  gurdwara attack in, 332

  ‘new centre of Muslim cohesion’, 222

  Karachi–Jodhpur Friendship Society, 264

  Kashmir, 113, 187, 191, 201–2, 220, 230 (see also Jammu; Princely states)

  and accession, 230, 299, 306, 309, 312, 314, 340

  and lashkar invasion, see lashkar tribesmen

  arms rushed to, 312

  and lashkar invasion, 310–29 passim

  renewed, 339

  Nehru’s broadcast concerning, 305

  and plebiscite, 301, 318, 319, 328, 339–40

  UN’s involvement, 339–40

  Poonch conflict in, 309

  seen as disgrace and tragedy, 269

  UN Observer Mission to, 340

  and uncertain boundaries, 231

  Khadi Group, 217

  Khilafat Movement, 90, 127

 

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