The Life of Mark Twain

by Gary Scharnhorst

  32. “Gridiron Railroads,” GHN, 3 February 1864, 2; Sacramento Bee, 26 February 1864, 2; Roughing It (1993), 577; Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 159–66.

  33. MTL, 1:272.

  34. “From Mark Twain,” St. Louis Sunday Republican, 24 March 1867, 1; “Letter to Carson,” VCDU, 30 January 1864, 1; MTL, 1:275; Clemens, Mark Twain: His Life and Work, 69–70; “Letter from Carson,” EB, 29 January 1864, 2; “‘The Third House’ and Other Burlesques,” VCDU, 30 January 1864, 2, rpt. Fatout, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, 31; Carson (Nev.) Independent, 28 January 1864; “Third House,” VCDU, 29 January 1864, 2; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 127; ET&S, 1:339; Sacramento Bee, 28 April 1864, 2.

  35. MTL, 1:275; Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok, 205–6.

  36. Rocha and Smith, “Mark Twain and the Nevada Notary Stampede,” 84; “An Important Matter,” EB, 16 January 1864, 2; “Notaries Public,” GHN, 5 February 1864, 2; “A Rush,” NCT, 14 February 1864, 2.

  37. The Washoe Giant in San Francisco, 67–70; Rocha and Smith, “Mark Twain and the Nevada Notary Stampede,” 87–89; “Still Another,” EB, 22 April 1864, 3.

  38. Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 31 May 1862, UCLC 46952; Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 278; “Another Death,” GHN, 3 February 1864, 2; “How Things Move About Carson City,” SFB, 8 February 1864, 2; Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 148–52; Orion Clemens to T. Starr King, 26 February 1864, UCLC 46966.

  39. Scrapbook 5, p. 62, MTP; N&J, 2:199.

  40. Doten, Journals of Alfred Doten, 763, 767; Fatout, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, 48.

  41. “Outstripped!,” GHN, 23 January 1864, 3; “A Rumor,” EB, 15 February 1864, 3; “Sutliff’s Hall,” VCDU, 19 February 1864, 3; and VCDU, 16 March 1864, 4.

  42. Davis, The History of Nevada, 2:719. Davis falsely adds that SLC’s “notice of the play was copied all over the United States”; also cited in Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 302. In fact, Sam’s review does not survive in any venue. The Union for March 12 quarreled with a review of Mazeppa in the Territorial Enterprise copied in part from the American Cyclopedia that was likely written by SLC; see “The Rationale of Obscene Exhibitions,” VCDU, 12 March 1864, 5. SLC allowed that more than once he had “copied an elaborate editorial out of the ‘American Cyclopedia,’ that steadfast friend of the editor” (RI, 400).

  43. “Maguire’s Opera House,” VCDU, 10 March 1864, 3; “The ‘Organ’ of Something Else, Now,” GHN, 11 March 1864, 2; “The Menken Question,” GHN, 26 March 1864, 1; Mankowitz, Mazeppa, 118; Fatout, Mark Twain in Virginia City, 163; “The Rationale of Obscene Exhibitions,” VCDU, 12 March 1864, 5; Roughing It (1993), 692; “Its Line of Greatest Vigor,” GHN, 12 March 1864, 2; “Splendid Acting,” Stockton (Calif.) Independent, 14 March 1864, 2.

  44. De Quille, “Salad Days,” 13–14; Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 195; “Menken Serenaded,” GHN, 17 March 1864, 3; MTL, 1:274; “Menken Serenaded,” GHN, 24 March 1864, 2; “City Summary,” New York Clipper, 19 August 1865, 150.

  45. “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,’” SFAC, 16 June 1867, 1.

  46. “Fatal Affray at Sonora,” Stockton (Calif.) Independent, 29 December 1862, 2; “The Libel Prosecution of D. O. McCarthy,” VCDU, 25 June 1865, 2; “Interesting to Newspaper Men,” VCDU, 5 January 1865, 3; “San Francisco Items,” Reese River Reveille, 6 March 1865, 3; MTL, 1:275.

  47. “The Dog Law,” GHN, 15 March 1864, 3; Mark Twain Speaking, 10.

  48. SFB, 5 April 1864, 2; Fatout, Mark Twain in Virginia City, 181; “Another ‘Goak,’” EB, 1 April 1863, 3; “A Misconception,” EB, 2 April 1864, 3.

  49. Doten, “Early Journalism in Nevada,” 182–84; Gillis, Memories of Mark Twain and Steve Gillis, 42; MTCI, 418, 424; AMT, 2:262.

  50. “Literary Paper,” VCDU, 6 March 1864, 2; “New Paper,” Reese River Reveille, 10 March 1864, 2; Fitch, Western Carpetbagger, 52–56; RI, 361, 368; N&J, 1:83; “Stopped,” Sacramento Bee, 14 April 1864, 2.

  51. RI, 369–75; “Barton W. Bowen,” Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, 6 February 1855, 3.

  52. “The Circumlocution Office,” GHN, 15 April 1864, 2; Orion Clemens to Philip Lynch, 13 April 1864, UCLC 49950.

  53. AMT, 1:296; see also MTCI, 258–59; Camp Douglas (Utah Territory) Union Vedette, 12 May 1864, 4; “Maguire’s Opera House,” EB, 23 April 1864, 3.

  54. De Quille, “Salad Days,” 13–14; “Gymnasium,” EB, 1 August 1863, 3; “Fencing Club,” GHN, 16 April 1864, 3.

  55. De Quille, “Salad Days,” 13–14; The Washoe Giant in San Francisco, 52–53.

  56. De Quille, “Salad Days,” 13–14; ET&S, 1:360–61; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 236; The Washoe Giant in San Francisco, 51–52; MTL, 1:304–5.

  57. Mollie Clemens to Orion Clemens, 17 November 1861, UCLC 46947; MTL, 1:282; “Grand Austin Sanitary Flour-Sack Progress through Storey and Lyon Counties!,” SFB, 19 May 1864, 5; “St. Louis Fair in Nevada,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 10 April 1864, 3; Portland (Maine) Eastern Argus, 27 April 1864, 2; “Washoe’s Work Again,” EB, 9 October 1863, 3; “Good for the Ladies,” EB, 16 May 1864, 3; “Last Letter from Dr. Bellows,” Sacramento Bee, 14 June 1864, 2; Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 702.

  58. Roughing It (1993), 586; Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, 27 March 1856, 2; MTL, 1:282; “Gay Procession,” Reese River Reveille, 21 April 1864, 2, rpt. “A Gay Day in Austin—The Famous Sanitary Sack,” VCDU, 26 April 1864, 1; “An Election Bet,” EB, 22 April 1864, 3; “The Famous Sanitary Flour Sack,” New York Tribune, 13 December 1870, 5; “Dr. Bellows to Mr. Gridley,” Reese River Reveille, 7 June 1864, 1; Stillé, History of the United States Sanitary Commission, 236–37; “Travels and Fortunes of the Great Austin Sack of Flour,” SFB, 20 May 1864, 1; “The Austin Flour Sack,” GHN, 17 May 1864, 2.

  59. “The Famous Sanitary Flour Sack,” New York Tribune, 13 December 1870, 5; Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; RI, 319; Reese River Reveille, 11 October 1864, 2.

  60. “Sanitary Meeting,” VCDU, 3 May 1864, 2; “Meeting in Virginia,” VCDU, 17 May 1864, 3; MTL, 1:287, 1:291; “The Constitutional Convention,” EB, 4 January 1864, 3; “‘How Is It?’—How It Is,” VCDU, 19 May 1864, 2.

  61. “Sanitary Fund Ball at Carson,” GHN, 21 April 1864, 2; “Sierra Seminary,” NCT, 27 December 1863, 2, rpt. “Complimentary,” GHN, 30 December 1863, 2; “Mrs. W. K. Cutler,” NCT, 7 July 1863, 2; “Mrs. Cutler’s Concert and Readings,” SFB, 18 December 1862, 5.

  62. Benson, Mark Twain’s Western Years, 111.

  63. Sacramento Bee, 21 April 1864, 2; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 21 March 1864, 2; “Miscegenation,” VCDU, 22 April 1864, 2, and VCDU, 23 April 1864, 1; “Miscegenation,” EB, 16 May 1864, 2.

  64. “Maguire’s Opera House,” EB, 5 May 1864, 3; Budd, Mark Twain: Social Philosopher, 14; MTL, 3:204; Ferguson, Mark Twain: Man and Legend, 93, 95; Lynn, Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor, 142.

  65. Fatout, Mark Twain in Virginia City, 203; Krauth, “Mark Twain Fights Sam Clemens’ Duel,” 144; MTL, 1:287–88, 1:296.

  66. “The ‘Enterprise’ Libel of the Ladies of Carson,” VCDU, 25 May 1864, 2; MTL, 1:296, 1:301; Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 197–98; “For a Benevolent Neighbor,” VCDU, 31 May 1864, 3; AMT, 1:298.

  67. “How It Is,” VCDU, 21 May 1864, 2; MTL, 1:290–92, 1:294–96, 1:298; “The ‘How Is It’ Issue,” VCDU, 21 May 1864, 2; Wager, “A Critical Edition,” 430; MTCI, 237.

  68. MTL, 1:294–96; Graham, Handset Reminiscences, 191; Fitch, “Fitch Recalls Mark Twain,” 6F.

  69. “Personal Correspondence,” SU, 26 May 1864, 2.

  70. “Hoity! Toity!!,” GHN, 24 May 1864, 2; Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 319; “Personal Correspondence,” SU, 26 May 1864, 2; Mariposa (Calif.) Gazette, 4 June 1864; Fatout, Mark Twain in Virginia City, 209.

  71. “Personal,” GHN, 25 May 1864, 3; “Arrivals Yesterday,” VCDU, 9 April 1864, 3; “Editorial Love Feast,” Sacramento Bee, 28 July 1864, 2; “Case of J. T. Goodman,” VCDU, 30 July 1864, 3; Lyman, The Saga of the Comstock Lode, 295; “The Late Duel in Virginia,” Hannibal
Tri-Weekly Messenger, 28 September 1858, 3; “From Washington,” New York Times, 27 February 1854, 4; RI, 401.

  72. MTCI, 151; Cox, Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor, 17; “Personal,” GHN, 27 July 1866, 2; “Montana Items,” GHN, 29 December 1866, 2; Berkove, Insider Stories, 750; Fitch, “Fitch Recalls Mark Twain,” 6F.

  73. AMT, 3:653; MTCI, 151.

  74. MTL, 1:298–99; Lynn, Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor, 142; “Joseph Goodman’s Assistance on the ‘Biography,’” Twainian 15 (May–June 1956): 4.

  75. Pudd’nhead Wilson, 156.

  76. “An Exile,” GHN, 30 May 1864, 2; Loomis, “Dan De Quille’s Mark Twain,” 337.

  Chapter 10

  1. RI, 398; C. E. DeLong, “To ‘Cosmos,’” VCDU, 25 May 1864, 2; “Still They Come,” NCT, 21 June 1864, 3; “Washoe,” NCT, 18 August 1864, 2; Clemens of the “Call,” 237, 316; ET&S, 2:520; Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 21; Sacramento Bee, 5 August 1864, 2; Smith, History of the Comstock Lode, 59.

  2. Golden Era, 26 June 1864, 3, rpt. ET&S, 2:9; “Parting Presentation,” SFAC, 13 June 1864, 1; Branch, “Major Perry and the Monitor Camanche.”

  3. RI, 398, 419–20; ET&S, 2:10–12.

  4. MTL, 1:303, 1:319, 3:373–74; “Mark Twain’s Interior Notes,” SFB, 6 December 1866, 1; “Letter from Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 31 May 1868, 2; “What Goes with the Money?,” SFMC, 19 August 1864, 2, rpt. Clemens of the “Call,” 239–40.

  5. Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 213; Millard, “Mark Twain in San Francisco,” 370.

  6. Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 457; Clemens of the “Call,” 11; Budd, Mark Twain: Social Philosopher, 15; AMT, 2:116.

  7. Caron, “Mark Twain, San Francisco’s Comic Flâneur,” 94; Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope, 158–59; Benson, Mark Twain’s Western Years, 114; ET&S, 2:10–12; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 2 July 1864, 2; “That’s What’s the Matter,” SFAC, 24 August 1864, 1.

  8. Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 325; “Inexplicable News from San José,” SFMC, 23 August 1864, 1, rpt. Clemens of the “Call,” 132–33; “Now and Then,” SFAC, 15 August 1864, 1.

  9. Bret Harte, “Flip,” New York Sun, 2 July 1882, 2, New York Sun, 9 July 1882, 2, and New York Sun, 16 July 1882, 2; MTL, 2:76, 3:32; Ah Sin, passim; Satires and Burlesques, 191, 195, 467.

  10. AMT, 2:114; “The Theatres, Etc.,” SFMC, 25 August 1864, 3; SFMC, 20 September 1864, 3; Clemens of the “Call,” 7–8, 94–98; MTCI, 348–49.

  11. AMT, 2:114–15; Clemens of the “Call,” 66–68, 231, 289; “Extraordinary Enterprise,” SFMC, 16 September 1864, 2; Clemens of the “Call,” 64; “Dedication of Bush Street School,” SFMC, 23 September 1864, 3; “The Last Hitch at the Mint,” SFMC, 2 October 1864, 1.

  12. “Beasts in the Semblance of Men,” SFMC, 12 June 1864, 3; “Advice to Witnesses,” SFMC, 29 September 1864, 1; “A Small Piece of Spite,” SFMC, 6 September 1864, 1; Clemens of the “Call,” 140, 219–20, 235–36; Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; MTL, 1:313.

  13. “Death of Judge Shepheard,” SFDC, 18 December 1865, 2; “Judicial Strategy,” SFMC, 6 August 1864, 3; “Juvenile Criminals,” SFMC, 17 July 1864, 3; Scharnhorst, “‘Also, Some Gin,’” 23.

  14. Clemens of the “Call,” 140–41, 244; “Swill Music,” SFMC, 8 July 1864, 1; “They Got Her Out,” SFMC, 10 August 1864, 1.

  15. “Gilbert’s Museum,” SFMC, 25 September 1864, 2; “Arrest of a Secesh Bishop,” SFMC, 22 July 1864, 3; Clemens of the “Call,” 244; MTL, 5:625, 5:71. Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 326; Mark Twain’s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts, 163.

  16. “Do They Believe in God,” GHN, 29 November 1864, 2; “That Bible—A Disgusted Democrat,” SFMC, 11 December 1865, 3; Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 326.

  17. AMT, 2:293–94, 2:296; “The Obsequies of Mr. Wells,” SFMC, 6 September 1864, 1; “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,’” SFAC, 16 June 1867, 1.

  18. Tom Sawyer, 27; Lott, Love and Theft, 5; Wonham, “‘I Want a Real Coon,’” 143; Huckleberry Finn, 111–14; Pudd’nhead Wilson, 31; HF&TS, 49; Mark Twain’s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts 303, 354–55.

  19. AMT, 2:115; Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 325–26.

  20. “The Treaty with China,” New York Tribune, 28 August 1868, 1; “Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy,” Galaxy 9 (May 1870): 723; “Locked Up,” SFMC, 7 August 1864, 3; “The Battered Chinaman Case,” SFMC, 11 September 1864, 3; “Our Active Police,” SFDC, 12 December 1865; ET&S, 2:511; Curtis and Berkove, Before the Big Bonanza, 10.

  21. “Opium Smugglers,” SFMC, 9 July 1864, 2; Clemens of the “Call,” 70–71; “The Treaty with China,” New York Tribune, 1; Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 141.

  22. MTL, 1:312; AMT, 2:116–17; MTCI, 152.

  23. Ayers, Gold and Sunshine, 223–24; Clemens, Mark Twain: His Life and Work, 56–59; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 138; Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; “Past and Present,” SFMC, 10 March 1878, 1; RI, 427.

  24. MTCI, 125, 348–49, 372; Albert S. Evans, “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 15 October 1864, 3. According to Evans, SLC’s successor was not William McGrew but Charley Biden, “ex-Supervisor for the First District, a good fellow, a thorough gentleman, and an ‘old print.’”

  25. Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; Clemens of the “Call,” 27; Kaplan, The Singular Mark Twain, 127; Dam, “A Morning with Bret Harte,” 47–48; AMT, 2:117–18; Brooks, “Mark Twain in California,” 98.

  26. Bennett, “Sappho of the Western Sea,” 23, 36. Though Coolbrith recalled that the quarrel occurred in the offices of the Overland Monthly, it more likely occurred in the offices of the Californian.

  27. Walker, San Francisco’s Literary Frontier, 191; Johnson, A Bibliography, 200–201; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 58–62.

  28. MTL, 1:312, 1:328, 4:316; Clemens of the “Call,” 63; “Appreciated,” SFDC, 3 July 1866, 3.

  29. MTL, 1:307, 1:368; “Sanitary Fund,” SFMC, 12 August 1864, 2; Jane Lampton Clemens to Orion Clemens and SLC, 28 September 1864, UCLC 46971; “Farewell Address of Dr. Bellows,” SFMC, 23 September 1864, 1; Clemens of the “Call,” 257–58.

  30. Bowles, Across the Continent, 329–30; MTL, 1:368; “Reflections on the Sabbath,” Golden Era, 18 March 1866, 3; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 235–37; ET&S, 2:150.

  31. ET&S, 2:89–93, 2:527; Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 147, 269.

  32. ET&S, 1:125–26.

  33. MTL, 1:304, 1:312–14, 1:316; De Quille, “Salad Days,” 13–14; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 255; ET&S, 1:62; Gillis, Memories of Mark Twain and Steve Gillis, 29; West, “Bret Harte’s ‘Roaring Camp’ Still Producing,” 3, 18.

  34. MTL, 1:319; De Quille, “Reporting with Mark Twain,” 176; Powers, Mark Twain: A Life, 176; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 144; AMT, 3:58;

  35. MTCI, 120; N&J, 2:452–53.

  36. Gillis, Memories of Mark Twain and Steve Gillis, 39; N&J, 1:69; MTL, 4:38–39; West, “Bret Harte’s ‘Roaring Camp’ Still Producing,” 13, 18.

  37. ET&S, 2:262–72; N&J, 1:72, 1:76–78; Pemberton, The Life of Bret Harte, 74.

  38. MTL, 4:36, 4:428; N&J, 1:80; Collected Tales, 2:153.

  39. RI, 443; Gillis, Memories of Mark Twain and Steve Gillis, 37–38; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 139.

  40. N&J, 1:81; MTL, 1:321, 4:422; RI, 429, 444; “Mark Twain,” Marysville (Calif.) Appeal, 4 April 1865, 3; ET&S, 2:144.

  41. MTCI, 388; RI, 431; “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 26 September 1866, 1; AMT, 3:53.

  42. Messent, “Tramps and Tourists,” 140; IA, 504; MTL, 5:288; “Information Wanted,” Hartford Courant, 29 September 1875, 2.

  43. N&J, 2:71, 2:260; Mark Twain on Potholes and Politics, 113–14; Mark Twain Speaking, 142.

  44. The Prince and the Pauper, 24, 34, 162, 174–75; “In Defense of Harriet Shelley,” 246.

  45. N&J, 1:82.

  46. “Literary Outrage,” SFDC, 7 December 1865, 2; “Books, Authors, and Art,” Springfield Republican, 22 November 1865, 1; Boston Courier, 24 November 1865, 2; “To the Rescue,” SF
DC, 27 December 1865, 3; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 30 December 1865, 2; Harte, Selected Letters of Bret Harte, 53; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 157–60; “Outcroppings of California Verse,” SFB, 6 January 1866, 1; “It’s Come at Last,” SFDC, 21 December 1865, 3.

  47. “Outcroppings of California Verse,” SFB, 6 January 1866, 1; Harte, Selected Letters of Bret Harte, 19; MTL, 2:29–30; Sketches New and Old, 74–75; ET&S, 2:187.

  48. “American Humor and Humorists,” Round Table, 9 September 1865, 2; MTL, 1:322–23; MTCI, 132.

  49. John Paul [Charles H. Webb], “Letter from San Francisco,” SU, 3 November 1865, 2; “Home Culture,” Californian, 11 November 1865, 8.

  50. “Personal,” GHN, 18 August 1864, 3; MTL, 1:318. The editors of the MTL assign the date of 11 November 1864 to this letter, which SLC merely dated “11th.” The correct date seems to be 11 October 1864.

  51. Fanning, Mark Twain and Orion Clemens, 98–99; Orion Clemens to R. W. Taylor, 30 October 1864, UCLC 49969.

  52. Orion Clemens to T. L. Smith, 19 September 1865, UCLC 30010; MTL, 3:386–88; Thomas Fitch to R. W. Taylor, 5 January 1870, UCLC 49848.

  53. “Job Printing,” Reese River Reveille, 13 March 1865, 2; “A Disgraceful Job,” Mariposa (Calif.) Free Press, 16 September 1865, 3; AMT, 2:20; MTL, 1:324, 6:429.

  54. “The Corporation Laws,” GHN, 12 February 1866, 3. See also “Things at the Capital,” GHN, 30 January 1866, 2.

  55. “Resignation,” SU, 1 March 1866, 2; “Letter of Resignation from Hon. Orion Clemens,” Carson (Nev.) Appeal, 27 February 1866, 2; “He Resigns,” VCDU, 27 February 1866, 2.

  56. Orion Clemens to Jane Lampton Clemens and Pamela Moffett, 19–20 March 1866, UCLC 46975; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 7 June 1866, UCLC 46976; Sacramento Bee, 1 June 1866, 2; “Letter from Excelsior,” VCDU, 14 April 1866, 2, VCDU, 23 April 1866, 2; Norio [Orion Clemens], “Our Ledges,” Meadow Lake (Calif.) Morning Sun, 9 June 1866, 2, and Meadow Lake (Calif.) Morning Sun, 12 June 1866, both in scrapbook 6, MTP; MTL, 1:342.