The Life of Mark Twain

by Gary Scharnhorst

57. Hinckle and Hobbs, The Richest Place on Earth, 64; Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 17; Smith, History of the Comstock Lode, 66.

  58. “Letter from Excelsior,” VCDU, 28 May 1866, 1; VCDU, 11 August 1866, 3, and VCDU, 30 October 1866, 1; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 7 June 1866, UCLC 46976; Orion Clemens to J. A. Byers, 12 July 1866, UCLC 46980; “A Big Institution,” GHN, 4 December 1863, 3; “Excelsior!” Carson (Nev.) Appeal, 11 July 1866, 3; Norio [Orion Clemens], “Letter from Meadow Lake,” Meadow Lake (Calif.) Morning Sun, 8 August 1866, in scrapbook 6, MTP; Fischer, Mark Twain in the West, 44; HF&TS, 311.

  59. RI, 444; MTL, 1:324; “Mark Twain,” SFB, 23 December 1900, 11; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 264.

  60. Mariposa (Calif.) Free Press, 19 August 1865, 1.

  61. AMT, 2:294; “Mark Twain on Operatic Music,” Mariposa (Calif.) Free Press, 17 June 1865, 1. SLC again referred to Sconcia’s rendition of the “exquisite melody” in the Californian for 3 June 1865 (ET&S, 2:180). He twice alluded to the “long-drawn, wheezy agony” and the “wheezy anguish” of “The Last Rose of Summer” in Simon Wheeler, Detective (97–98, 117). It was also one of the tunes recorded on the Aeolian orchestrelle he bought in 1904; see Hill, Mark Twain: God’s Fool, 98.

  62. “Vengeance!” SFDC, 4 November 1865, 4.

  63. MTCI, 390; A Tramp Abroad, 83.

  64. ET&S, 1:412, 2:235; “San Francisco Correspondence,” Carson (Nev.) Appeal, 24 May 1865, 1. Anderson has often been misidentified as the editor of the San Francisco Elevator, another local black newspaper. See also “Enthusiastic Eloquence,” SFDC, 23 June 1865, 2.

  65. Harte, Bret Harte’s California, 51–52; ET&S, 2:248–49.

  66. “Her ‘Gait,’” Reese River Reveille, 12 January 1866, 3.

  67. “Western Items,” Salt Lake City Semi-Weekly Telegraph, 20 November 1865, 2. The wording here, with its similarity to some phrasing in Roughing It (“Curry—Old Curry—Old Abe Curry”; RI, 181) is strong evidence of SLC’s authorship of the piece.

  68. ET&S, 2:304, 2:306; MTCI, 544.

  69. ET&S, 2:291–93, 2:308.

  70. “The Earthquake,” VCDU, 12 October 1865, 2; Webb, John Paul’s Book, 399.

  71. “Letter from San Francisco,” VCDU, 15 October 1865, 1; “The Earthquake in San Francisco,” VCDU, 21 October 1865, 3.

  72. Rodgers, “Artemus Ward and Mark Twain’s ‘Jumping Frog,’” 285; ET&S, 2:262–68, 2:283; Twichell, “Mark Twain,” 818.

  73. Collected Tales, 1:171–77.

  74. Boston Transcript, 23 September 1865, 3. This timeline contradicts SLC’s claim in his autobiography that the manuscript “reached Carleton in time, but he didn’t think much of it, and was not willing to go to the type-setting expense of adding it to the book” (AMT, 2:47).

  75. MTCI, 238, 259–60. That is, Richard Gaughran’s suggestion that “the name Smiley suggests frontier optimism” is an example of overdetermined critical commentary; see Richard Gaughran, “Smiley, Jim,” in The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, 690.

  76. House, “Mark Twain as a Lecturer,” 2; Saturday Press, 18 November 1865, 248; [Richard Livingston Ogden,] “Podgers’ Letter from New York,” SFAC, 10 January 1866, 1; Dan De Quille to Lou W. Benjamin, 14 June 1874, UCLC 46922; MTL, 1:327, 1:342, 3:423, 4:25–26.

  77. “San Francisco Items,” Reese River Reveille, 6 March 1865, 3; MTL, 1:324, 1:329; ET&S, 2:234; “Amusements,” SFDC, 31 October 1865, 3.

  78. VCDU, 5 November 1865, 1.

  79. “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 4 November 1865, 2, GHN, 11 November 1865, 2, GHN, 5 December 1864, 2, GHN, 16 December 1865, 2; Mark Twain: San Francisco Correspondent, 18; Scharnhorst, “‘Also, Some Gin,’” 22.

  80. “Taken,” GHN, 12 December 1865, 3; ET&S, 2:421; “Mark Twain,” VCDU, 4 January 1866, 3.

  81. ET&S, 2:558; Salt Lake Semi-Weekly Telegraph, 28 December 1865, 4; Salt Lake Semi-Weekly Telegraph, 1 January 1866, 4; “San Francisco Items,” Montana Post, 13 January 1866, 3; Sacramento Bee, 23 January 1866, 1.

  82. Berkove, Insider Stories, 882–83; ET&S, 2:566; “Those Oysters,” SFDC, 29 January 1866, 3; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 5 February 1866, 2.

  83. MTL, 1:315, 1:328, 1:329; “Mark Twain Is Writing a Book,” San Francisco Examiner, 12 January 1866, 3.

  84. Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 157; AMT, 2:21; MTL, 1:329; Lord, Comstock Mining and Miners, 58; James, The Roar and the Silence, 18; Howe, “Narrating the Tennessee Land,” 19.

  85. MTL, 1:324; “Spiritual,” SFDC, 25 January 1866, 3; The Washoe Giant in San Francisco, 122–24, 129–31; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 210–15, 231–32; “Mark Twain on Spiritualism,” Montana Post supplement, 17 March 1866, 5.

  86. NCT, 14 June 1865, 2; NCT, 7 July 1865, 2; “Wm. M. Gwin, Jr.,” Dayton (Nev.) Lyon County Sentinel, 6 January 1866, 2.

  87. “The San Francisco Police,” 14 January 1887, H. H. Bancroft Papers, California Biographical Manuscripts, C-D 322, Bancroft Library, 1, 4, 6, 8–9.

  88. “En Route,” SFMC, 8 July 1864, 3; “Daring Attempt to Assassinate a Pawnbroker in Broad Daylight!” SFMC, 18 August 1864, 1; “Police Drill,” SFMC, 6 August 1864, 3; “Police Target Excursion,” SFMC, 13 September 1864, 2; “Police Contributions,” SFMC, 24 August 1864, 3; “Suicide of Dr. Raymond,” SFMC, 16 September 1864, 1, rpt. Clemens of the “Call,” 166–67, 201, 256.

  89. “San Francisco Items,” Reese River Reveille, 7 October 1864, 3; “Arrested for Riot,” SFMC, 23 September 1864, 2; ET&S, 2:511.

  90. “The Treaty with China,” New York Tribune, 1; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 157–60; “What’s the Matter?” SFDC, 27 December 1865, 2; “Biographical,” SFDC, 23 January 1866, 2.

  91. Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 171–73, 189–91; “Interesting Litigation,” SFMC, 15 September 1864, 1; Clemens of the “Call,” 212–13; Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1.

  92. “A Missionary’s Troubles,” SFMC, 18 November 1866, 3; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 22 January 1866, 2, GHN, 29 January 1866, 2, and GHN, 12 February 1866, 2; “Hasheesh Eaters,” SFDC, 18 September 1865, 3; Mark Twain: San Francisco Correspondent, 91.

  93. Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 264; “Explanation of a Mysterious Sentence,” San Francisco Examiner, 7 February 1866, 3, rpt. Scharnhorst, “Mark Twain’s Imbroglio,” 686–91.

  94. “Come Now, No Poaching,” SFDC, 14 December 1865, 2; ET&S, 2:337–42, 2:350–52, 2:495; Clemens of the “Call,” 20; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 159, 193; “Characteristically Elegant,” SFDC, 1 January 1866, 3.

  95. “After Him,” SFDC, 15 February 1866, 2; “Not So,” SFDC, 15 February 1866, 2; “Important,” SFDC, 19 February 1866, 2; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 3 March 1866, 2; MTL, 4:216–17.

  96. MTL, 1:236, 1:325, 1:327; Clemens, Mark Twain: His Life and Work, 56–59; “Going East,” San Francisco Examiner, 9 February 1866, 3; “Going East,” VCDU, 13 February 1866, 2; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 19 February 1866, 2, rpt. Mark Twain: San Francisco Correspondent, 39–40; Clemens, Mark Twain: His Life and Work, 56–59. As SLC noted in his notebook in early 1891, “There are really no rational people but the suicides” (N&J, 3:601).

  97. “Advice,” SFDC, 17 February 1866, 2; “Mark Twain on the Police,” San Francisco Examiner, 10 February 1866, 3; James H. Lawrence, “Editorial Correspondence,” Mariposa (Calif.) Free Press, 17 February 1866, 2; Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 218–20.

  98. Burke, “The San Francisco Police,” 10; RI, 397; “Going East,” VCDU, 13 February 1866, 2.

  99. Mark Twain’s San Francisco, 227–28; “Not So,” SFDC, 3 March 1866, 2; Harte, Bret Harte’s California, 46; Rodecape, “Tom Maguire,” 151; IA, 283.

  100. AMT, 1:126; MTL, 1:228, 1:329–30, 1:333; RI, 444; Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; “A Dodger,” VCDU, 15 September 1865, 1; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 3, 271; “Dispatch from San Francisco,” VCDU, 21 April 1866, 2; “Our San Francisco Correspondence,” GHN, 19 February 1866, 2; Mark Twain: San Francisco Correspondent,
39–40; “Draw It Mild,” SFDC, 3 July 1866, 2; “Oh That Fitz Smythe!,” SFDC, 27 July 1866, 2.

  101. “For the Islands,” SFDC, 7 March 1866, 2; “San Francisco to Sandwich Islands,” SU, 16 April 1866, 5.

  Chapter 11

  1. N&J, 1:114, 1:189. See also Lorch, “Mark Twain’s Sandwich Islands Lecture at St. Louis,” 302; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 112–13, 273; Mark Twain Speaking, 6; “Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 6 January 1873, 4–5.

  2. N&J, 1:112; MTL, 1:341–43, 2:10.

  3. Scrapbook 4, 37–38, MTP; Fanning, Mark Twain and Orion Clemens, 116, mistakenly suggests these letters by Orion appeared in the San Francisco Times.

  4. Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 6 September 1867, UCLC 46988; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 29 September 1867, UCLC 46990; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 21, 26, 28 November 1867, UCLC 46993; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 12 February 1868, UCLC 46996; Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 27 February 1868, UCLC 47800; Howe, “Narrating the Tennessee Land,” 18; Ensor, “The ‘Tennessee Land’ of The Gilded Age,” 20.

  5. RI, 454. Mark Twain Speaking, 4. In Boston in November 1869, according to a reviewer, Sam “devoted the first ten minutes of his lecture to a painfully accurate description of a person afflicted with the most loathsome form of Oriental leprosy” (“Amusements, Music, &c.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 8 December 1869, 3).

  6. “San Francisco to Sandwich Islands,” SU, 17 April 1866, 2; “Letter from Mark Twain,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 6 January 1896, 1; “Memoranda,” Galaxy 10 (December 1870): 884; “Mark Twain,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 19 May 1866, 1; “Better Fifty Years in Hawaii Than a Cycle of Cathay,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 1 January 1900, quoted in Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 151.

  7. N&J, 1:200; RI, 466, 28; Jarves, History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, 116; “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 24 August 1866, 3. For example, Jarves’s “The sick king was once more taken to his house” (190) becomes “The sick was once more taken to his house” (“Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 1 August 1866, 1). This problem may begin to explain Sam’s later habit of pasting clippings to his manuscripts instead of transcribing quotations. Whether the deletion originated in Sam’s miscopying of Jarves or was the result of a typographical error introduced in the pressroom of the Sacramento Union, it was reproduced in the first edition of Roughing It; see RI, 495.

  8. “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 26 September 1866, 1; N&J, 1:118, 1:128; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 21 April 1866, 3.

  9. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 19 April 1866, 2, and SU, 16 July 1866, 3; MTL, 1:335, 1:359.

  10. Smith, Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer, 13, 15; “The Turning-Point of My Life,” in What Is Man? and Other Philosophical Writings, 73; “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 26 September 1866, 2; “San Francisco to Sandwich Islands,” SU, 17 April 1866, 2, and SU, 18 April 1866, 1; “Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 6 January 1873, 4–5; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4.

  11. Zwick, “Mark Twain and Imperialism,” 232. Zwick asserts that SLC was ironic in his advocacy of Hawaiian annexation here. I detect no evidence to support the assertion.

  12. Lorch, “Mark Twain’s Sandwich Islands Lecture at St. Louis,” 302; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5; N&J, 1:115; MTL, 5:565; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 20 June 1866, 2.

  13. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 16 July 1866, 3; “Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 6 January 1873, 4–5; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5.

  14. “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5; Following the Equator, 47; N&J, 1:141.

  15. Collected Tales, 2:289–90; MTL, 1:241, 1:337–38, 1:339; “More Sanitary Molasses,” SFMC, 30 July 1864, 1; “The Makee Molasses,” SFMC, 7 August 1864, 2; “More Hawaiian Donations,” SFMC, 27 August 1864, 2; “Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 6 January 1873, 4–5; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 398; Daws, Shoal of Time, 207; RI, 549; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 20 June 1866, 1.

  16. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 21 April 1866, 3; SU, 16 July 1866, 3; SU, 30 July 1866, 1; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 353.

  17. N&J, 1:233.

  18. N&J, 1:154; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 289, 331–32.

  19. N&J, 1:133, 1:165; Muir, “Note on Twain and Rising,” 319; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5.

  20. SLC to C. W. Stoddard, 26 October 1881, UCCL 02554; Mark Twain Speaking, 246; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 240, 275, 279, 282; “Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 6 January 1873, 4–5; MTCI, 557; RI, 477, 483–84; N&J, 1:228.

  21. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 21 May 1866, 3, and SU, 30 July 1866, 1; N&J, 1:154, 1:221; Gribben, Mark Twain’s Library, 302; Caron, Mark Twain: Unsanctified Newspaper Reporter, 301.

  22. RI, 476; “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 25 October 1866, 1; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 21 May 1866, 3; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5.

  23. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 20 June 1866, 1, and SU, 21 June 1866, 3.

  24. Following the Equator, 63; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 20 June 1866, 1; MTCI, 33; Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 460; Lorch, “Hawaiian Feudalism,” 55.

  25. “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 21 June 1866, 3; RI, 487; N&J, 1:149; Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, 100.

  26. “Scenes from Honolulu,” SU, 18 August 1866, 1; RI, 501, 524, 532; “From the Sandwich Islands,” SU, 26 September 1866, 1; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 70; N&J, 1:100; Bird, The Hawaiian Archipelago, 401.

  27. RI, 532; MTL, 1:343; “Letter from Honolulu,” SU, 16 November 1866, 1.

  28. Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 74; MTL, 1:344, 1:346; Austin, “Mark Twain Incognito,” Friend 96 (September 1926): 201, and Friend 96 (October 1926): 250–52; MTL, 4:278.

  29. Gribben, Mark Twain’s Library, 319; MTCI, 112; MTL, 1:344, 1:347; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 285, 287.

  30. “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 16 July 1866, 1; Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 154–57; AMT, 1:368; N&J, 1:234.

  31. “Forty-Three Days in an Open Boat.”

  32. MTL, 1:347; “Letter from Honolulu,” SU, 19 July 1866, 1.

  33. AMT, 1:129; MTL, 1:347.

  34. Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; AMT, 3:653; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 287; Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 332; Stone, “Mark Twain and the Story of the Hornet,” 142; Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain, 108; Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, xxxviii, 299; Jackson, A Furnace Afloat, 204; Powers, Mark Twain: A Life, 162.

  35. “Arrival of a Shipwrecked Sailor,” SFMC, 18 July 1866, 3; “Burning of the American Ship Hornet,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 30 June 1866, 1; “The Burning of the Ship ‘Hornet,’” SFB, 28 July 1866, 5; “The Perils of the Sea,” Boston Herald, 24 August 1866, 4; “Burning of the American Ship Hornet in the Pacific,” New York Tribune, 11 September 1866, 2; AMT, 1:502: “Awful Sufferings at Sea by the Survivors of the Ship Hornet,” New York Herald, 27 August 1866, 2.

  36. “Our Cuba in the Pacific,” New York Herald, 30 July 1866, 2; Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii, 80; “Scenes in Honolulu,” SU, 1 August 1866, 1, SU, 16 July 1866, 3, and SU, 30 July 1866, 1; MTL, 1:343; N&J, 1:129; “The Sandwich Islands / Concluding Views of Mark Twain,” New York Tribune, 9 January 1873, 4–5; Letters from the Earth, 41.

  Chapter 12

  1. RI, 558; Muir, “Note on Twain and Rising,” 319; MTL, 2:333; N&J, 1:142; Jackson, A Furnace Afloat, 205.

  2. N&J, 1:133–34, 1:148, 1:159, 1:162, 1:163; “Hail to the Chief!” SFDC, 14 August 1866,

  3. 3. AMT, 1:129; Webster, Mark Twain: Business M
an, 171; MTL, 1:353; Harte, Bret Harte’s California, 103.

  4. “The December Magazines,” New York Tribune, 23 November 1866, 6; AMT, 1:128; Bloomsburg (Penn.) Columbian, 1 December 1866, 2.

  5. “Forty-Three Days in an Open Boat,” 112–13; Jackson, A Furnace Afloat, 218.

  6. Jackson, A Furnace Afloat, 219.

  7. Barnes, “Mark Twain,” 1; RI, 559; N&J, 1:167–72; “The Moral Phenomenon,” Californian, 25 August 1866, 9.

  8. RI, 559; MTCI, 274; Emerson, Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, 7:224; Holland, “Triflers on the Platform,” 489; Lorch, “Mark Twain’s ‘Sandwich Islands’ Lecture and the Failure at Jamestown,” 323; MTL, 5:123; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 895; Horner, The Life of James Redpath, 193.

  9. MTL, 2:264, 4:522, 5:539; RI, 564.

  10. RI, 559; Lorch, The Trouble Begins at Eight, 26; Branch, “‘The Babes in the Woods,’” 957; St. Louis Missouri Republican, 24 March 1867, 2; Brooklyn Eagle, 9 May 1867, 1; SFAC, 9 December 1866, 6; SFAC, 1 October 1866, 4; SFAC, 15 November 1866, 2; New York Tribune, 14 May 1867, 7.

  11. “Characteristic Lecture on the Hawaiian Islands,” SFMC, 2 October 1866, 1; “Sensational Rumor,” SFDC, 2 October 1866, 2; “Mark Twain’s First Lecture,” Springfield Republican, 24 November 1869, 3; RI, 561; AMT, 1:506.

  12. RI, 561–62.

  13. “Amusements, Etc.,” SFAC, 2 October 1866, 1; “Amusements, Etc.,” SFDC, 3 October 1866, 3; “‘Mark Twain’s’ Lecture on the Sandwich Islands,” SFMC, 3 October 1866, 3; Lorch, The Trouble Begins at Eight, 33; Fatout, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, 40; “Mark Twain Again,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 27 October 1866, 3; “Mark Twain’s Consolation,” SFDC, 3 October 1866, 4.

  14. “Mark Twain,” Chicago Tribune, 8 January 1869, 4; “Amusements, Etc.,” SFDC, 3 October 1866, 3; “Local Matters,” SFB, 3 October 1866, 5; “Mark Twain’s Lecture,” Marysville (Calif.) Appeal, 7 October 1866, 2; “Mark Twain Again,” Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 27 October 1866, 3; “Mark Twain’s First Lecture,” Springfield Republican, 24 November 1869, 3; RI, 562; Brooks, “Mark Twain in California,” 98.