The Life of Mark Twain

by Gary Scharnhorst

  7. N&J, 1:329–30, 1:340; Walker, Irreverent Pilgrims, 166.

  8. AMT, 3:234–35; Mark Twain’s Speeches, 272; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 21, 25; N&J, 1:331; Severance, Journal Letters, 215; Sharlow, “‘Love to All the Jolly Household,’” 314; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 9 June 1867, UCLC 49732, 11 July 1867, UCLC 38707, and 21–22 August 1867, UCLC 49710; Fairbanks, “The Cruise of the ‘Quaker City,’” 430; “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,’” SFAC, 8 January 1868, 1.

  9. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 29 July 1867, 2; TIA, 4, 14–15; Lorch, “Julia Newell and Mark Twain,” 19; IA, 55.

  10. N&J, 1:358; MTL, 2:68; TIA, 35; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 85; Severance, Journal Letters, 52, 112.

  11. “Newspaper Letters of Another ‘Innocent Abroad,’” 14, 18, 27; IA, 98, 118; Regan, “Mark Twain, ‘The Doctor,’ and a Guidebook by Dickens,” 45; TIA, 59; Lowry, “Littery Man,” 65.

  12. Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 108; TIA, 44; IA, 136; Charles Warren Stoddard, “The Jardin Mabille,” Boston Globe, 29 April 1876, 3.

  13. TIA, 36–37, 40; IA, 126; MTL, 2:72–73, 2:76.

  14. MTL, 1:72–73, 2:74; MTCI, 348; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 122, 141–42, 148; TIA, 75; “The Holy Land Excursionists,” New York Herald, 20 August 1867, 5.

  15. “Special Correspondence of the Herald,” New York Herald, 22 August 1867, 5; TIA, 58, 67, 69; IA, 57.

  16. IA, 190; TIA, 57; Shelley, Rambles in Germany and Italy, 1:109; Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art, 249; Henry James, “Travelling Companions,” Atlantic Monthly 26 (November 1870): 601.

  17. SLC to Reeves Jackson, 25 September 1869, UCCL 11419; “Newspaper Letters of Another ‘Innocent Abroad,’” 24; IA, 221; N&J, 2:441; TIA, 46, 48, 57, 64, 69. SLC consistently employed the term “vagabond” pejoratively. He wrote his mother in 1863 that he was “naturally a lazy, idle good-for-nothing vagabond” (MTL, 1:264). He privately described Palestinians in his Quaker City notebook as “ignorant, depraved, superstitious, dirty, lousy, thieving vagabonds” (N&J, 1:424–25); and he used the epithet in The Innocents Abroad to denigrate Italian beggars and to describe Bedouins as “vermin-tortured,” “miserable,” and “prowling vagabonds of the desert” (IA, 161, 504, 584, 591).

  18. Rasmussen, Dear Mark Twain, 105; MTCI, 348; “The Cruise of the Quaker City,” New York Herald, 20 November 1867, 7; IA, 271, 307.

  19. N&J, 1:382; Cutter, The Long Island Farmer’s Poems, 47, 54; James, “The Mediterranean Excursion,” 2; IA, 308; TIA, 75; Quaker City journal of William E. James, 1 August 1867.

  20. TIA, 80, 97; James, “The Mediterranean Excursion,” 19 September 1867, 2; IA, 323; Harte, Bret Harte’s California, 146.

  21. MTL, 2:76.

  22. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 16 September 1867, 2; Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 15 August 1867, MTP; N&J, 1:387, 389; Mark Twain Speaking, 33.

  23. James, “The Mediterranean Excursion,” 2; N&J, 1:391; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 18 September 1867, 2; Julius Moulton, “Holy Land Excursionists,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 22 October 1867, 2; Quaker City journal of William R. Denny, 17 August 1867, MTP; Severance, Journal Letters, 118; TIA, 113, 123–25, 132.

  24. TIA, 115; IA, 361.

  25. Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen (New York: Putnam’s, 1855), 314–15; “Newspaper Letters of Another ‘Innocent Abroad,’” 40–41; TIA, 128–31.

  26. Cox, Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor, 47; IA, 115, 116.

  27. Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 9 September 1867, 1; IA, 178, 218. See also Stahl, “‘Lasting Obligations,’” 12; and Ganzel, “Clemens, Mrs. Fairbanks, and Innocents Abroad,” 137.

  28. MTL, 2:166, 5:232. See also Mark Twain’s Speeches, 77–79. SLC to Fairbanks, 20 February 1868, UCCL 00196. MTCI, 9, 111–12, 174. “A Letter from Mark Twain,” Portland Oregonian, 4 May 1910, 10, rpt. Scharnhorst, “Two More Recovered Mark Twain Letters,” ANQ 21 (Spring 2008): 23; Mark Twain Letters, ed. Paine, 731.

  29. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 26 November 1867, 2; N&J, 1:411; TIA, 134, 139–40. N&J, 2:155: “At that port near Sebastopol we saw Russian ladies strip themselves stark naked for a sea bath & walk down into the water so.”

  30. MTL, 2:81; TIA, 144–45, 151, 166–67; N&J, 1:411; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 193.

  31. Griswold, A Woman’s Pilgrimage, 184; James, “The Mediterranean Excursion,” Brooklyn Eagle, 20 September 1867, 2; Leary, “More Letters from the Quaker City,” 20–21; “The Quaker City Pilgrimage,” New York Herald, 21 November 1867, 6; TIA, 147, 318; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 21–22 August 1867, UCLC 49710; Quaker City journal of William E. James, 26 August 1867.

  32. TIA, 142–63; “The American Excursionists,” New York Herald, 18 September 1867, 7; MTL, 2:81, 2:89, 2:101; “The Brooklyn Story of Mark Twain’s ‘Innocents Abroad,’” Brooklyn Eagle, 5 June 1910, 25; “Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 8 January 1869, 4; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 334–35. Moses Beach, who was traveling away from the ship and also missed the royal audience, similarly pretended in his letters to the Sun that he was on the scene.

  33. TIA, 149, 160; Cutter, The Long Island Farmer’s Poems, 74–75. The distinction between the two receptions is clear in the reporting of the clothing worn by the Russians. At the palaces on Monday, they were attired informally. At the more public event aboard the Quaker City on Tuesday, they were dressed more opulently, one duchess wearing a white alpaca gown trimmed in black lace. In a letter to his sister Livy, Charley Langdon noted that SLC “came up to ask for there [sic] costumes” (Charles Langdon to Olivia Louise Langdon, 29 August 1867, UCLC 49711); Quaker City journal of William E. James, 27–28 August 1867.

  34. “The ‘Quaker City’ Excursion Party and the Czar,” SFAC, 14 October 1867, 1; “The Quaker City Excursion Party and the Czar,” SU, 14 October 1867, 2; “The American Excursionists and the Czar,” Portland Oregonian, 28 October 1867, 4. See also “An Honor Not to be Forgotten,” Brooklyn Eagle, 25 September 1867, 2, and “Topics of To-day,” Brooklyn Eagle, 2 September 1867, 2; IA, 406.

  35. Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 10 September 1867, MTP. Two weeks later SLC bought another Bible bound in olive and balsam wood at Jerusalem for his mother (Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 338).

  36. MTL, 2:93; N&J, 1:417.

  37. TIA, 192, 198. SLC similarly remarked in The Innocents Abroad on the “lepers, cripples, the blind, and the idiotic” in Jerusalem (IA, 559).

  38. MTL, 3:246; N&J, 1:438; Quaker City journal of William R. Denny, 15 September 1867, MTP; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 337.

  39. Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 5 December 1867, 1; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 16–28 September 1867, UCLC 49715; TIA, 265; AMT, 3:269–70.

  40. TIA, 206, 234, 252, 318; N&J, 1:424; IA, 570; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 15 November 1867, 2; New York Sun, 14 November 1867, 2.

  41. Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen, 79; TIA, 268; Porter, Handbook for Travellers, 1:158; Ganzel, “Samuel Clemens, Guidebooks, and Innocents Abroad,” 80–81, 83; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 267, 270–71. Like Regan and Lowry, Ganzel tolerates such “borrowing.” William McClure Thomson also spoke in person to the passengers aboard the Quaker City on September 11; see Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 11 September 1867, MTP.

  42. TIA, 279, 288; MTL, 1:94–97; N&J, 1:442; Ganzel, Mark Twain Abroad, 252; Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen, 78; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 5 November 1867, 2.

  43. N&J, 1:430; TIA, 227, 254.

  44. IA, 473, 532. Much as SLC had compared the Hawaiian natives to Indians while in the Sandwich Islands, he routinely compared the Bedouins to Indians while in Palestine. In fact, the analogy was commonplace; see Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 29 November 1867, 2 (“These wandering tribes . . . bear the same relation to the Arabs that our uncivilized Indians do to Americans”); and Moses Beach, “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 23 Septemb
er 1867, 2: “Turkey (and perhaps also nearly the whole of Asia and Africa) is a country peopled, as was America before the voyage of Columbus, by a race who, compared with other races and other peoples, are barbarous Indians. And like the Indians of the Western Hemisphere, those of the Eastern are to be driven by slow, yet sure degrees, in the march of enlightenment until they absolutely cease to exist.”

  45. IA, 650; TIA, 203; Charles Langdon to Olivia Louise Langdon, 24–26 September 1867, UCLC 49740; N&J, 1:438; J. W. F[orney] Jr., “An American Colony Starving in Jaffa, Syria,” Philadelphia Press, 6 September 1867, 2; Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 1 October 1867, MTP; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 18 November 1867, 2; Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 7 December 1867, 2; TIA, 307; IA, 613; “News Summary,” Trenton Daily Gazette, 30 October 1867, 2.

  46. Lorch, “Julia Newell and Mark Twain,” 19–20; Cutter, The Long Island Farmer’s Poems, 113, 120; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 19 November 1867, 2; Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 11 December 1867, 2; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 4–5 October 1867, UCLC 49718; IA, 630; N&J, 1:411.

  47. MTL, 2:108; MTCI, 15; IA, 636; “Newspaper Letters of Another ‘Innocent Abroad,’” 36; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 20 November 1867, 2. Fairbanks also reported that letters posted from Athens “were received in an old tin box which looked like an antiquated ice-cream freezer. This was hastily covered and the contents borne away to be fumigated” (“Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 30 September 1867, 2). Emily Severance remembered a similar scene: “In mailing letters a tin box shaped like a section of stove pipe was held out by a boatman and into it the letters were placed by one of the crew. A wooden weight was dropped upon them to prevent their blowing away. They are taken to the health officer and ‘perfumated’” (Journal Letters, 114).

  48. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 26 November 1867, 2; MTL, 2:392.

  49. MTL, 2:98; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 13 October 1867, UCLC 49742.

  50. MTCI, 46; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 13 October 1867, UCLC 49742; IA, 639; “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 20 November 1867, 2; “About Mark Twain,” New York World, 12 January 1877, 5; “Mark Twain on His Muscle,” 5.

  51. IA, 637; Sanborn, Mark Twain: The Bachelor Years, 371.

  52. MTL, 2:101, 2:222, 2:230; Quaker City journal of William E. James, 25 October 1867.

  53. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 27 November 1867, 2; Charles Langdon to Olivia Lewis Langdon, 17–18 October 1867, UCLC 49719; Charles Langdon to Henry Morse, 18–19 October 1867, UCLC 49720; Jervis Langdon, 4; MTL, 2:101, 2:108, 2:121, 2:222, 3:374; Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 26 October 1867, MTP; N&J, 1:329; Hirst, “The Making of The Innocents Abroad,” 103; Quaker City journal of William R. Denny, 8 November 1867, MTP.

  54. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 21 November 1867, 2; Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 11 November 1867, MTP; Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 14 December 1867, 2; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 341; Fairbanks, “The Cruise of the Quaker City,” 429.

  55. MTL, 2:135; “Seizure of a Steamer,” New York Times, 26 May 1869, 2; “The Quaker City,” New York Times, 28 May 1869, 7.

  Chapter 15

  1. “Mediterranean Bound,” New York Sun, 5 November 1867, 2; “The Quaker City Pilgrimage,” New York Herald, 21 November 1867, 3; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 345; “The Cruise of the Quaker City,” New York Herald, 20 November 1867, 7; MTL, 2:104, 2:106, 2:108, 2:122–23, 2:126; “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,” SFAC, 8 January 1868, 1; Mary Mason Fairbanks, “Pilgrimizing,” Cleveland Herald, 14 December 1867,

  2. 2. “The Quaker City Pilgrimage,” New York Herald, 21 November 1867, 6; MTL, 2:119–20; Hill, Mark Twain and Elisha Bliss, 17; MTL, 2:119; Elisha Bliss to SLC, 24 December 1867, UCLC 48578.

  3. MTL, 2:75, 2:102, 2:119, 6:89; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 28 January 1868, 2; Mark Twain–Howells Letters, 132; Hill, “Mark Twain: Audience and Artistry,” 287; Ade, “Mark Twain and the Old Time Subscription Book,” 703–14. W. D. Howells, “Reviews and Literary Notices,” Atlantic Monthly 24 (December 1869), 765; The Portable Mark Twain, 764.

  4. Nation, 2 September 1869, 194–95; Howells, “The Man of Letters as a Man of Business,” 435; Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing, 1:238, 2:104.

  5. Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 17 February 1868, UCLC 46997, and 21 February 1868, UCCL 00199; MTL, 2:106, 198; Fanning, Mark Twain and Orion Clemens, 124.

  6. Stewart, Reminiscences, 223; MTCI, 97. E. A. Pretois of Virginia City and Sacramento was Stewart’s private secretary (“Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 7 January 1868); “Mark Twain’s Revenge,” SFMC, 3 May 1891, 16.

  7. MTL, 2:116–17, 2:197; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 22 December 1867, and VCTE, 18 February 1868; N&J, 1:488; Following the Equator, 99; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 7 March 1868, 2; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 21 January 1868, 2; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 7 April 1868, 1.

  8. “A New Cabinet ‘Regulator,’” Washington Evening Star, 16 December 1867, 2; N&J, 1:494.

  9. “California Senator,” VCTE, 11 January 1868, 2; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 7 March 1868, 2; N&J, 1:493.

  10. “Trouble among the Pilgrims,” Brooklyn Eagle, 24 December 1867, 2; Severance, Journal Letters, 106; IA, 641.

  11. “The Holy Land Excursion,” Brooklyn Eagle, 31 December 1867, 3; “The Quaker City Excursion Again,” Brooklyn Eagle, 2 January 1868, 3; “Metzerott Hall,” Washington National Republican, 9 January 1868, 3; IA, 93; “About Mark Twain,” New York World, 12 January 1877, 5. Duncan recorded several additional instances of drinking aboard ship: On 22 June, Colonel Kinney “produced a couple of bottles of excellent madeira wine.” On 27 August, the champagne was “set flowing” when the Russian royal party visited. On 28 October, off Madeira, “The afternoon until 4 was passed in buying fruit and sampling wine” (Quaker City log of C. C. Duncan, 4 July, 22 June, 27 August, and, 28 October 1867, MTP).

  12. MTL, 2:111–12, 2:136, 2:138, 2:144.

  13. MTL, 4:482; Fishkin, “Mark Twain and Race,” 134; AMT, 1:356, 3:165; Willis, “‘Quietly and Steadily’”; Skandera-Trombley, Mark Twain in the Company of Women, 87; DeVoto, Mark Twain’s America, 208.

  14. AMT, 1:320; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 339; MTL, 3:10, 3:189; Ah Sin, 57.

  15. Baetzhold, “Mark Twain’s ‘First Date’ with Olivia Langdon”; AMT, 3:165; Scharnhorst, Kate Field, 54; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 5 February 1868, 2. By 1907, however, he had altered his opinion of Dickens’s performance: “He read with great force and animation, in the lively passages, and with stirring effect” (AMT, 2:165).

  16. AMT, 1:355; MTL, 2:144–45.

  17. “About Mark Twain,” Washington Evening Star, 27 June 1896, 15; MTL, 2:145, 2:151; “Mark Twain,” Washington Evening Star, 10 January 1868, 1; “‘Mark Twain’ Lecturing on the Frozen Truth,” SFAC, 1 February 1868, 1; “Amusements,” Washington National Republican, 10 January 1868, 3.

  18. “To the Editors,” Washington Morning Chronicle, 11 January 1868, 1; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 19 February 1868, 1; Mark Twain Speaking, 20; Stahl, “‘To His Preferred Friends He Revealed His True Character,’” 61; MTL, 2:155, 2:170; Lorch, The Trouble Begins at Eight, 67; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 27 February 1868, 2.

  19. MTL, 2:195; John Muller, Mark Twain in Washington, D.C., 81; MTCI, 96–97; AMT, 3:151.

  20. MTL, 2:171; AMT, 3:151; MTCI, 97.

  21. “Riley—Newspaper Correspondent,” Galaxy 10 (November 1870): 726; A Tramp Abroad, 264; “How ‘Innocents Abroad’ Was Written,” New York Evening Post, 20 January 1883, 3.

  22. “Mark Twain in New York,” VCTE, 19 February 1868; MTL, 2:160, 2:165–66; Gilman, Diaries, 619.

  23. Emerson, “Mark Twain’s Move to
Hartford,” 18.

  24. Howells, My Mark Twain, 45–46; “Mark Twain on His Travels,” SFAC, 3 March 1868, 1; MTL, 3:140, 5:230.

  25. “Mark Twain on His Travels,” SFAC, 3 March 1868, 1; “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,’” SFAC, 6 September 1868, 1; A Connecticut Yankee, 426.

  26. Hill, “Mark Twain’s Quarrels with Elisha Bliss,” American Literature 33 (January 1962), 443.

  27. “Mark Twain,” Washington Morning Chronicle, 24 February 1868, 4.

  28. “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 11 January 1868, 2; MTL, 2:129, 2:179, 2:196–97, 3:76; “Mark Twain on His Travels,” SFAC, 3 March 1868, 1.

  29. MTL, 2:78, 2:116, 2:129, 2:197; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 27 February 1868, 2; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 15 January 1868, 1.

  30. MTL, 2:117, 2:188–89; AMT, 1:67; “Letter from Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 8 February 1868, 2; “Mark Twain in Washington,” SFAC, 28 January 1868, 1, and SFAC, 14 February 1868, 2; “Mark Twain’s Letter,” Chicago Republican, 19 February 1868, 2, and Chicago Republican, 1 March 1868, 2; “Mark Twain’s Letter from Washington,” VCTE, 7 March 1868, 2, and VCTE, 7 April 1868, 1; “Letter from Washington,” SFAC, 4 April 1868, 1; “Speaker Colfax’s Reception,” Washington Evening Star, 29 February 1868, 2; Briggs, The Olivia Letters, 47.

  31. Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, 7:98.

  32. MTL, 2:128, 2:161, 2:199, 2:202; Brooks, “Mark Twain in California,” 99; “The Sacramento Union,” SFAC, 21 January 1868, 2; “Mark Twain in Trouble,” Marysville (Calif.) Appeal, 9 May 1868, 3; “Letter from Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 19 May 1868, 2.

  Chapter 16

  1. MTL, 2:202–4, 2:212; “Letter from Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 23 August 1868, 2; AMT, 1:227–28.

  2. “Letter from Mark Twain,” Chicago Republican, 19 May 1868, 2; “Town Crier,” San Francisco News-Letter, 19 February 1870; Lawrence Barrett to SLC, 25 May 1874, UCLC 31992; “New Literary Society,” SFAC, 7 April 1868, 1.