Springer, Mark S., et al. 2012. Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PloS One 7, e49521.
Steadman, David W. 1995. Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 267, 1123–1131.
Steadman, David W., and Clayton E. Ray. 1982. The relationships of Megaoryzomys curioi, an extinct cricetine rodent (Muroidae: Muridae) from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, no. 51, 1–23.
Steiper, Michael E., and Nathan M. Young. 2009. Primates (Primates). Pp. 482–486 in S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, eds., The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Steppan, Scott J., Ronald M. Adkins, and Joel Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53, 533–553.
Stillwell, Jeffrey D., and Christopher P. Consoli. 2012. Tectono-stratigraphic history of the Chatham Islands, SW Pacific—the emergence, flooding and reappearance of eastern “Zealandia.” Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 123, 170–181.
Stillwell, Jeffrey D., Christopher P. Consoli, Rupert Sutherland, Steven Salisbury, Thomas H. Rich, Patricia A. Vickers-Rich, Philip J. Currie, and Graeme J. Wilson. 2006. Dinosaur sanctuary on the Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific: first record of theropods from the K-T boundary Takatika Grit. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 230, 243–250.
Stoddart, D. R., ed. 1984. Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.
Storey, B. C., M. L. Curtis, J. K. Ferris, M. A. Hunter, and R. A. Livermore. 1999. Reconstruction and break-out model for the Falkland Islands within Gondwana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, 153–163.
Strange, Ian J. 1972. The Falkland Islands. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, UK.
Sturm, Helmut. 1993. A new Neomachilis species from the Hawaiian Islands (Insecta: Archaeognatha: Machilidae). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, no. 36, 1–16.
Sturm, Helmut, and Carmen Bach de Roca. 1988. Archaeognatha (Insecta) from the Krakatau Islands and the Sunda strait area, Indonesia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 49, 367–383.
Sturm, Helmut, and Ryuichiro Machida, eds. 2001. Archaeognatha: Handbook of Zoology. Vol. 4, Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 37. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
Takai, Masanaru, Federico Anaya, Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2000. New fossil materials of the earliest New World monkey, Branisella boliviana, and the problem of platyrrhine origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 263–281.
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2010. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, 2nd ed. Random House, New York.
Tan, Heok Hui, and Kelvin K. P. Lim. 2012. Recent introduction of the brown anole Norops sagrei (Reptilia: Squamata: Dactyloidae) to Singapore. Nature in Singapore 5, 359–362.
Tantaleán, Manuel, and Alfonso Gozalo. 1994. Parasites of the Aotus monkey. Pp. 353–374 in J. Baer, R. E. Veller, and I. Kakoma, eds., Aotus: The Owl Monkey. Academic Press, San Diego.
Tennyson, Alan J. D. 2010. The origin and history of New Zealand’s terrestrial vertebrates. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 34, 6–27.
Tennyson, Alan J. D., Trevor H. Worthy, Craig M. Jones, R. Paul Scofield, and Suzanne J. Hand. 2010. Moa’s ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia. Records of the Australian Museum 62, 105–114.
Thiel, Martin, and Lars Gutow. 2005. The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. Part 2, The rafting organisms and community. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 43, 279–418.
Thomas, Jessica A., John J. Welch, Megan Woolfit, and Lindell Bromham. 2006. There is no universal molecular clock for invertebrates, but rate variation does not scale with body size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 7366–7371.
Thomson, K. 1998. When did the Falklands rotate? Marine and Petroleum Geology 15, 723–736.
Thorne, Robert F. 1973. Floristic relationships between tropical Africa and tropical America. Pp. 27–47 in B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, eds., Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Tilling, Robert I., Christina Heliker, and Donald A. Swanson. 2010. Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes—past, present, and future. United States Geological Survey General Information Product 117.
Tolley, Krystal A., Ted M. Townsend, and Miguel Vences. 2013. Large-scale phylogeny of chameleons suggests African origins and Eocene diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 280, March 27, 2013, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0184.
Towns, D. R., and Charles H. Daugherty. 1994. Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21, 325–339.
Trewick, Steven A., and Gillian C. Gibb. 2010. Vicars, tramps and assembly of the New Zealand avifauna: a review of molecular phylogenetic evidence. Ibis 152, 226–253.
Vawter, Lisa, and Wesley M. Brown. 1986. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock. Science 234, 194–196.
Vences, Miguel, David R. Vieites, Frank Glaw, Henner Brinkman, Joachim Kosuch, Michael Veith, and Axel Meyer. 2003. Multiple overseas dispersal in amphibians. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 2435–2442.
Verzi, Diego H., and Claudia I. Montalvo. 2008. The oldest South American Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): Late Miocene faunal turnover in central Argentina and the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 267, 284–291.
Vidal, Nicolas, Anna Azvolinsky, Corinne Cruaud, and S. Blair Hedges. 2008. Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting. Biology Letters 4, 115–118.
Vidal, Nicolas, Maël Dewynter, and David J. Gower. 2010a. Dissecting the major American snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Dipsadidae Bonaparte (Serpentes, Caenophidia). Comptes Rendus Biologies 333, 48–55.
Vidal, Nicolas, and S. Blair Hedges. 2009. The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332, 129–139.
Vidal, Nicolas, Julie Marin, Marina Morini, Steve Donnellan, William R. Branch, Richard Thomas, Miguel Vences, Addison Wynn, Corinne Cruaud, and S. Blair Hedges. 2010b. Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters 6, 558–561.
Vidal, Nicolas, Jean-Claude Rage, Arnaud Couloux, and S. Blair Hedges. 2009. Snakes (Serpentes). Pp. 390–397 in S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, eds., The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Vine, F. J., and D. H. Matthews. 1963. Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature 199, 947–949.
Voelker, Gary, Sievert Rohwer, Diana C. Outlaw, and Rauri C. K. Bowie. 2009. Repeated trans-Atlantic dispersal catalysed a global songbird radiation. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18, 41–49.
Wade, Nicholas. 1998. Scientist at work / Kary Mullis; after the “Eureka,” a Nobelist drops out. New York Times, September 15, 1998.
Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, rev. ed. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. 1880. Island Life. Macmillan, London.
———. 1891. Natural Selection and Tropical Nature. Macmillan, London.
Wallis, Graham P., and Steven A. Trewick. 2009. New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent. Molecular Ecology 18, 3548–3580.
Webb, S. David. 2006. The Great American Biotic Interchange: patterns and processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93, 245–257.
Wegener, Alfred. 1915. Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane. Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, Germany.
———. 1924. The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Translated from the 3rd German ed. by J. G. A. Skerl. E. P. Dutton, New York.
Welch, John J., and Lindell Bromham. 2005. Molecular dating when rates vary. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 320–327.
Wendell, Jonathan F., Curt L. Brubaker, and Tosak Seelanan. 2010. The origin and evolution of Gossypium. Pp. 1–18 in J. McD. Stewart, Derrick M. Oosterhuis, James J. Heitholt, and Jack R. Mauney, eds., Physiology of Cotton. Springer, Dordrecht, Germany.
Whiting, Alison S., Jack W. Sites Jr., Katia C. M. Pellegrino, and Miguel T. Rodrigues. 2006. Comparing alignment methods for inferring the history of the new world lizard genus Mabuya (Squamata: Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38, 719–730.
Wickens, G. E. 1982. The baobab—Africa’s upside-down tree. Kew Bulletin 37, 173–209.
Wiley, E. O. 1988. Vicariance biogeography. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19, 513–542.
Williams, Ernest E. 1969. The ecology of colonization as seen in the zoogeography of anoline lizards on small islands. Quarterly Review of Biology 44, 345–389.
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Winkworth, Richard C., Steven J. Wagstaff, David Glenny, and Peter J. Lockhart. 2002. Plant dispersal N.E.W.S. from New Zealand. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 514–520.
Yanoviak, Stephen P., Michael Kaspari, and Robert Dudley. 2009. Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour. Biology Letters 5, 510–512.
Yoder, Anne D., Melissa M. Burns, Sarah Zehr, Thomas Delefosse, Geraldine Veron, Steven M. Goodman, and John J. Flynn. 2003. Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature 421, 734–737.
Yoder, Anne D., and Michael D. Nowak. 2006. Has vicariance or dispersal been the predominant biogeographic force in Madagascar? Only time will tell. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37, 405–431.
Yoon, Carol Kaesuk. 2009. Naming Nature: The Clash Between Instinct and Science. W. W. Norton, New York.
Young, J. Z. 1962. The Life of Vertebrates, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
Yount, Lisa. 2009. Alfred Wegener: Creator of the Continental Drift Theory. Chelsea House, New York.
Zhang, Peng, and Marvalee H. Wake. 2009. A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53, 479–491.
Ziegler, Alan C. 2002. Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Zuckerkandl, Emile, and Linus Pauling. 1962. Molecular disease, evolution and genic heterogeneity. Pp. 189–225 in M. Kasha and B. Pullman, eds., Horizons in Biochemistry: Albert Szent Györgyi Dedicatory Volume. Academic Press, New York.
INDEX
Aciphylla speargrass, 105
Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform (ADCP), 221–222 (box)
Aegean Sea, 31
Ae’o, 75
Aerial animals, generalization about, 262
Africa, 116, 118, 181, 186, 208
and the Cameroon Line, 178
Carboniferous and Permian period, 37
contingency and unpredictability scenario involving, 300
and the Cretaceous, 221 (box)
early assumptions about, 33
and the Eocene, 223
and the Falklands, 39n, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 238, 250–251, 250–251
final separation of, 214 (fig.)
and the fit with South America, 34, 36, 37, 40
and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 11 (box), 61 (fig.), 142 (box), 143 (box), 229, 248, 288
and the Gondwanan relict idea, 97, 152, 232–233
island-hopping routes from, 217 (fig.)
and the Jurassic, 229, 230 (fig.)
and land bridges, 42–43, 43 (fig.), 266
Madagascar compared to, 247
and the Mesozoic, 97
and the Miocene, 248, 296
and ocean currents, 182, 219
and the Pliocene, 296
rainfall in, 193
taxa involving, 2, 3, 14, 15, 44, 54, 79, 87, 97, 135, 142 (box), 143 (box), 148, 153, 158, 161 (fig.), 165, 166, 169, 173, 179, 187, 190–191, 192, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 205–206, 209, 211–212, 213, 215, 218, 231, 248, 249, 261, 265, 267, 279, 280 (fig.), 286, 287–288, 290, 295 (fig.), 300
tracks and, 80 (fig.), 81
and the Triassic, 272
Agapornis lovebird, 286
Age estimates
of Earth, 28, 30, 54, 116n
skepticism about, 88, 89
and the timing of relevant events, addressing, 115–118
of the universe, 115–116
See also Fossil records; Molecular clock analyses
Airline route map, shift toward scenario resembling, 15
Ajkaceratops kozmai dinosaur, 222 (box)
Alaska, 74, 75n
Aldabra giant tortoise (Dipsochelys dussumieri), 19, 168–169
Aleutians, 74
Alpine, 105
Amalgamation of landmasses, 82, 270n
Amazon River, 193–194
Amazonia, 303
Amborella trichopoda shrub, 242, 244
American Museum of Natural History, 45
See also “New York School” dispersalists
Americas. See New World; North America; South America
Amphibian skin, 179–180
Amphisbaenians. See Worm lizards
Anacondas, 294
Anasazi, 287
Anatomical evidence, 69, 97, 137, 147, 153, 184, 185, 187, 190, 198, 209, 210, 216, 220, 262, 291
Anguilla, 253
Annals & Magazine of Natural History (journal), 29
Anolis lizards, 72, 265
Antarctica, 2, 4, 29, 49, 54, 61 (fig.), 63, 64 (fig.), 152, 230 (fig.), 248, 265, 288
Antarctica/Australia, 4, 97, 99, 102, 104, 105, 109, 160, 162, 211, 246
Anthropoids, 287–288
Antigua, 253, 279
Apes, 90, 136, 209, 287–288
Aporostylis bifolia orchid, 105
Appalachians, 37
Araucariaceae (araucarians) trees, 158–159, 163, 240, 242, 299
Archaeognatha. See Jumping bristletails
Arctic Ocean, 56
Arctic region, 1, 9
Area cladograms, defined, 68
Argentina, 97, 156, 290, 303
Arizonasaurus fossil, 137, 138 (fig.)
Ark ideas, 4, 27, 163, 178, 234, 246
See also Landmasses-as-life-rafts story
Arnason, Ulfur, 212–213, 214
Arthropod eggs, 169
Arthur’s Pass, 104–105, 162
Ascension, 76, 266, 268
Asia, 2, 4, 33, 37, 58, 80 (fig.), 179, 200, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 222 (box), 262, 283, 287
See also specific parts of Asia
Asteraceae (sunflower), 18, 162–163
Atlantic Ocean, 3, 28, 33, 158
and continental fit, 60–61
continued deepening of, 217
continued spreading of, 216
crossings involving, 79, 148, 154, 166, 191, 205–206, 207, 209, 215, 216–217, 218, 219, 222 (box), 223, 261, 266, 279, 281, 287, 290, 293, 303
currents in, 219
and the Eocene, 216–217
formation of, 4, 97, 229
and frogs, 200
opening of, 116, 118, 135, 142 (box), 210, 215, 267, 288
possible island-hopping across, 217–218
ridges in, 56–57, 58, 59, 216
tracks across, 80 (fig.)
width of, 216
See also specific isla
nds; specific landmasses bordering the ocean
Atlantis, 27
Attrition, 235, 236, 238, 239
See also Extinctions
Australia, 248
Carboniferous and Permian period, 37
and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 11 (box), 61 (fig.), 170
and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)
and land bridges, 42
and the Mesozoic, 63
taxa involving, 2, 3, 15, 25, 49, 54, 63, 64 (fig.), 65, 69 (fig.), 86, 87 (fig.), 107–108, 109, 111, 117, 135, 153–154, 161 (fig.), 162, 165, 166, 170–171, 200, 243 (fig.), 265
tracks and, 80 (fig.), 81, 82
Wallace’s Line and, 33
See also Antarctica/Australia
Australian Plate, 99
Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), 249 (fig.)
Azores, 76, 261
Aztecs, 287
Baboons, 210, 214 (fig.), 287
Baconian view, 80
Bacteria, 121, 122, 125, 302n
Bahamas, 72
Bair, Janet, 185
Baja California, 4–8, 9 (fig.), 14, 188, 190
Bald-headed uakaris, 223
Banda Islands, 286
Bandoni de Oliveira, Felipe, 217–218
Baobab trees, 3, 15, 80–81, 135, 248
Barbuda, 253
Bats, 75, 219–220
Beach strawberry, 75
Beagle voyage, 27, 46, 226, 231n, 293
Bealor, Matthew, 7
Beans/legumes, 156–158, 159, 162, 286
BEAST program, 134, 138n
Belgium, 37, 283–284
Bering Land Bridge, 2, 214
Beyer, G. E., 93
Bible/God. See Religion, influence of
Big Bang Theory, 115, 116
Big Five extinctions, 237, 238
Biogeography
beginnings of, 27
conundrums of, 3, 161, 281
critical studies for, 130
defined, 2
definitions of common terms and concepts, 10–12 (box)
father of, 33
focal point of, 100, 110
fundamental fact of, 2
history of debate within, 273–274
The Monkey's Voyage Page 45
