mindset essential for, 146, 147
stagnant period in, 118
unified theory of, 23–24
See also Dispersalism; Historical biogeography; Vicariance biogeography
Biogeography and Plate Tectonics (Briggs), 118
Biogeography of the Southern End of the World (Darlington), 67–68
Bioko, 178
Biological Relationships Between Africa and South America (Goldblatt), 170
Bipes worm lizard, 142–143 (box)
Bird-croc branching point, 52 (fig.), 137, 138 (fig.), 144, 299
Black Robin, 240, 241
“Black swan” events, 220, 222–223
Black Swan, The (Taleb), 220
Black-and-white thinking, addressing, 90–92, 146
Black-necked garter snake, 128
Black-Necked Stilt, 75
Blindsnakes, 206
Boas, 244, 247, 251, 294
Bolivia, 213
Bolyeriidae boas, 244
Boophis frogs, 184–185
Borneo, 12, 28, 109, 110, 180, 189, 216
Boston swordfern, 75
Bourles, Bernard, 192, 193, 194
Brachylophus iguanas, 215n
Brazil, 37, 151, 203, 266, 303
Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), 292 (fig.)
Briggs, Derek, 298
Briggs, John, 70, 117–118, 268, 274–275
Bristletails. See Jumping bristletails
British colonization of the Chatham Islands, 239
British Isles, 37
Brooks, Dan, 91–92
Browne, Janet, 27
Brundin, Lars, 48–49, 51–52, 53, 54, 62, 63, 64 (fig.), 65–67, 68, 70, 77, 83–84, 85, 91, 164–165, 171, 269
Burgess Shale Formation, 297, 298, 299n, 301
Buttercups, 18, 105, 162
“Butterfly effect,” 301
Caecilians, 176, 177, 180, 182, 189, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 251
Calibration points
defined, 135–136
Gondwanan breakup events used as, problem with, 142–143 (box)
and incorporating uncertainty, 137–138, 141
multiple, use of, 138–139, 141
See also Fossil calibrations; Molecular clock analyses
California, 6, 52, 53, 208
California Channel Islands, 200
California Quail, 185, 186
Camalotes (Amazon giant rafts), 193–194, 198
Cambrian, 282, 297
Cambrian Explosion, 298
Cameroon Line, 178
Campbell, Doug, 107
Campbell Island, 97, 108
Canadian Rockies, 297
Capuchin monkey, 3, 223
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), 291, 292 (fig.), 303
Carboniferous period, 37
Caribbean islands, 72, 93, 157, 200, 279
See also specific Caribbean islands
Caribbean Sea, 13, 158, 214, 224
Carl G. Washburne Memorial State Park, 305–306
Catarrhini monkeys. See Old World monkeys
Cause and effect, 116, 119, 297
See also Contingency
Caviomorph rodent, 219, 290, 291, 292 (fig.), 293, 294, 301, 302–303
Celmisia daisies, 105, 162
Cenozoic, 44, 102n, 156, 157, 240
See also Eocene; Miocene; Oligocene; Paleocene; Pleistocene; Pliocene
“Centers of Origin and Related Concepts” (Croizat, Nelson, & Rosen), 84–85
Central America, 2, 265, 290
See also Panamanian Isthmus
Centrifugal force, 38, 40, 54
Cerithideopsis snails, 224
Cerro de la Neblina, 152–154
Cetus, 120, 122, 124
Chamberlin, R. Thomas, 41
Chameleons, 247, 286
Chance dispersal, defined, 10 (box)
Changuu Island, 19
Chatham Island Oystercatcher, 241
Chatham Islands, 97, 225, 228 (fig.), 239–243, 246n, 251, 271, 281
Chatham Island Warbler, 241
Chatham Rise, 239–240
Checkered garter snake, 128
Chile, 25, 69 (fig.)
Chimpanzees, 12 (box), 88, 90, 116, 135, 136, 210, 288
China, 97, 284
Chionochloa pallens grass, 105
Chironomid midges, 48–49, 53–54, 63–65, 83, 89, 165, 171, 269
Chordates, 298, 299
Circular reasoning, 142 (box)
Clades, defined and described, 49–50
Cladistics, 50, 51–52, 53, 63, 64 (fig.), 66–67, 69, 70–71, 76, 83, 84, 87, 91, 165–166, 216, 267, 275, 276, 277
Cladistics (journal), 71
Cladograms, 50, 51, 52 (fig.), 53, 63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 84, 91, 100, 117, 118, 157, 170, 267, 270, 276
“Climate and Evolution” (Matthew), 43, 45
Climate change, 10 (box), 13, 99, 156, 157n, 158, 301n
See also Ice ages
Cobra bobo (Schistometopum thomense), 175, 176, 177, 181, 189, 191, 195, 199
Colobus monkey, 287
Colombia, 151
Colorado River, 28
Columbia University, 45
See also “New York School” dispersalists
Columbus, 115, 285
Comoros Archipelago, 182, 184, 199
Complexity vs. simplicity, addressing, 90–92, 146, 269–270
Congo Current, 191 (fig.), 194, 197
Congo, Ituri Province, 199
Congo River & Basin, 181, 191, 192–193, 194, 195, 197, 198
Continental crust, 36, 38, 55, 58, 108, 242, 266, 268
See also Plate tectonics
Continental drift, 4, 33–34, 35, 36–41, 42, 43, 45, 54–60, 61–62, 63, 65, 67–68, 71, 76, 106, 118, 142 (box), 163, 169–170, 172, 200, 226, 267, 268
See also Amalgamation of landmasses; Gondwanan breakup; Landmasses-as-life-rafts story; Plate tectonics
Continental fit, 36, 37, 60–61
Continental island, defined, 12 (box)
Continental position, early assumptions about, 33
See also Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in
Contingency
defined, 296–297
and unpredictability, 296, 297–299
Convection currents, theory involving, 55, 57, 62
Conway Morris, Simon, 298, 299n
Cook, Lyn, 166
Copernicus, 272, 276
Coprosma plant, 105
Corn, 286, 287
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), 285, 286–287
Coursetia legumes, 156
Cracraft, Joel, 69, 269
Creationism, 25, 31, 32, 179, 186, 197n, 207, 219
See also Religion, influence of
Cretaceous, 34, 57, 97, 100, 101, 102n, 104, 109, 214, 221–222 (box), 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 248, 249–250
Crick, Francis, 130
Crisp, Michael, 162n, 166
Crocodiles, 3, 4, 137, 138 (fig.), 144, 148, 219, 222 (box), 242, 249, 281, 286, 287, 299
Croizat, Léon, 23–24, 32, 45, 77–79, 80–81, 82, 83–84, 84–85, 85–86, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 165, 227, 233, 252, 269, 270, 274–275, 276, 303
Cuba, 72
Cucurbitaceae (cucumbers/squash), 160, 161 (fig.)
Cyprus, 173
Daisies, 105, 162
Dalbergioid legumes, 157
Darlington, Philip J., 45, 65, 67–68, 70, 100
Darwin, Charles, 3, 38, 72, 108, 170, 268, 288
addressing how-possibly questions, 197–198
on batrachians (amphibians), 178, 179, 180, 185
and the Beagle voyage, 27, 46, 226, 231n, 293
and construction of the argument for evolution, 147
on continents, 33, 43, 272
conversion to belief in evolution of, 120
Croizat’s criticism of, 23, 24, 77 (fig.), 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 91, 274
and disjunct distributions, 27–28, 32, 33
on the Falklands, 226–227, 231n, 233
on fossil records, 88
and how he constructed his argument for evolution, 147
hypothetical scenario involving question posed to, 266, 267–268
and land bridges, 42, 43, 275
on long-distance dispersal, 24–26, 32, 43–44, 45, 79, 81–82, 109, 154, 168, 169, 186, 219–220, 261, 273, 290
major theme of, 134
on New Zealand, 100
stock phrase of, 154
view of historical biogeography, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 273n
Darwinian dispersalism, 42, 86, 272
Darwinian Revolution, 30, 52, 273n
De Queiroz, Eiji (author’s son), 1, 305–306
De Queiroz, Hana (author’s daughter), 1, 207–208, 305
De Queiroz, Kevin (author’s brother), 52, 179
De Queiroz, Sean (author’s brother), 179
De Queiroz, Tara (author’s wife), 4–5, 7, 16, 95, 104, 162, 185, 187, 207–208, 240, 305
Desert locusts, 279, 280 (fig.)
Devil’s Hole pupfish, 235, 236
Devonian, 39n, 229, 260
Diamond, Jared, 16, 18
Dietz, R. S., 57n
Dinosaurs, 16, 50, 90, 97, 102, 143 (box), 152, 221–222 (box), 234, 236, 237, 240, 242, 249, 250, 252, 281
Diplodactylid geckos, 242–244
Dirac, Paul, 270n
Disjunct distribution, defined, 10–11 (box)
Dispersal, normal versus long-distance, defining, 10 (box)
Dispersalism
assumptions in, 227
back-and-forth debate involving, 273–274
height of, 45
long history of, 24
messiness of, 91, 270
pendulum swings involving, 268, 272–273
persistence of, 168, 169–170, 273
rejection and ridicule of, history of, 62, 85, 86, 192, 209
see also Oceanic dispersal
shift back toward, 118, 166, 270–272, 277–278
See also Historical biogeography
DNA sequencing, 27
availability of, 127–128, 140, 146, 209–210
changes to, 128–129, 139
database of, 127, 133
Heads’s rejection of, 76
and how-possibly arguments, 198
and an ideal clock, 135
as indirect evidence, 147
invention of methods for, 119, 121–126, 130, 271
and modeling of changes, 128–130
precision of, 128
revelations from, 153, 182, 187, 220, 271
and the shift away from vicariance, 118, 271
usage of, 7, 9 (fig.), 184–185, 189–190, 198, 205–206, 220, 224, 241, 262, 263, 265, 279
See also Molecular clock analyses
DNA-DNA hybridization, 128
Dominica, 279
Donoghue, Michael, 70, 71, 92, 118, 134–135, 277
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 152
Dragonflies, 172n, 201
Dray, William, 196
Drewes, Bob, 175, 176, 177 (fig.), 189–191, 193–195, 199
Drift signal, 172
Driftwood, 262, 305–306
Drosera (sundews), 105, 152–154, 155, 299
Drosophila melanogaster fly, 126
Drunkard’s walk (random fluctuations), 235–236, 238, 265
du Toit, Alexander, 39n, 42
Duck-feet experiments, 26, 27, 32, 198
Duke Lemur Center, 248
Dusicyon australis wolf, 231, 232 (fig.)
Earthquakes, 38
Easter Island, 76
Ecological effects, 293–294
Ediacaran fauna, 299
Eggeling, Tom, 229
Eggplant, 285, 286, 287
Egypt, 190
Elephant birds, 245, 247
Elephants, 173
Elk, 2
Emus, 3, 244–245
England, 97
Eocene, 104, 105, 136, 215, 216–217, 223, 238
Establishment requirement, 12 (box)
Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), 148
Eurasia, 2, 172, 221 (box), 245, 265
See also Asia; Europe
Europe, 34, 37, 39, 42, 61, 80 (fig.), 156, 283
See also specific parts of Europe
Event cost in biogeographic analysis, 165–166n
Evidence, following the, importance of, 268–269, 271–272, 277
See also Fossil records; Molecular clock analyses
Evolution
construction of the argument for, 147
versus creationism, 31–32, 178–179, 197n
great metaphor of, 235
and the landmasses-as-life-rafts story, 4
overarching theory of, 2
paradigm for, 273n
powerful argument for, 179
reality of, acceptance of, 40n
unpredictability of, 282
Evolutionary biology, as a science, approach of, 92
See also Historical biogeography
Evolutionary dead ends, islands as, rule of, addressing, 263–264
Evolutionary diagrams
clarity of, 51, 52 (fig.), 71, 276
muddiness of, 50–51, 71, 276
See also Cladograms
Evolutionary mirrors, 293–294
Extinctions, 44, 99, 104, 106, 164n, 172, 197, 203, 211 (fig.), 226, 231, 232 (fig.), 234, 235–236, 237, 238–239, 240, 242, 246n, 250, 251, 252, 291, 298, 302
Extraterrestrial event, 222 (box), 237, 238
Fabaceae plants, 156
See also Beans/legumes
Falkland Islands, 39n, 225, 226–227, 228–233, 234, 235, 238–239, 250–251, 252
Falkland Islands Freshwater Fishes (McDowall et al.), 229
False water cobras, 294
Falsification, 87, 91, 192, 215, 274
Fast-running clocks, 126, 139
Fernando de Noronha, 203–205, 206n, 223, 293
Fiji, 215n
Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in, 33, 43, 54, 59, 65, 272, 276
Fleming, Charles, 106, 107, 109, 110
Flightless birds. See Ratites
Floating islands, 112, 193–195, 197, 198, 206–207, 216, 222 (box)
Flores, 173, 209
Forbes, Edward, 31
Fork-Tailed Flycatcher, 154–155
Fossil calibrations, 135–139, 141, 142–143 (box), 157, 163, 212–213
See also Molecular clock analyses
Fossil records
comparing molecular age estimates with estimates based on, 144–145, 146
criticism of, 89, 136, 273, 277
data collection for building up, 236–237
and how-possibly arguments, 198
incompleteness of, 88, 89, 90, 117, 136, 137, 142 (box), 197, 213, 215, 250, 267, 277
oldest of, 88
strong interest in, 117–118
use of, 29, 34, 37, 39, 44, 57, 91, 101–102, 102–104, 105–106, 109, 110, 143 (box), 147, 148, 153, 160, 169, 170, 173, 198, 211–212, 218, 220, 222 (box), 236, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249–250, 268, 272, 286, 287, 290, 297–298
Fossils, problem with, 135, 136, 146
France, 283
Frank, Phil, 7
&nbs
p; Frogs, 12, 13, 32, 79, 101, 172, 177, 178, 179–180, 181, 182, 183 (fig.), 184–185, 186–187, 188, 189–194, 195, 197, 198, 199–200, 246n, 251, 271
Fruit flies, 52, 264–265
Fundamental tracks, 81, 82–83, 84, 85
Funk, Vicki, 152
Galápagos, 12 (box), 19, 25, 28, 44, 76, 175, 176, 226, 236, 293
Galaxiod fishes, 227, 228, 229, 231, 244
Ganges River, 173
Garter snakes (Thamnophis), 5–6, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 29, 124, 125–126, 128, 188, 190, 198
Gatesy, John, 92, 141, 257, 258, 260, 266
Geckos, 101, 200, 206, 219, 225, 242–244, 281, 295 (fig.)
GenBank, 127, 133
Generalizations, issue of, addressing, 14, 92, 165, 261, 262
Genetic evidence. See DNA sequencing; Molecular clock analyses; Phylogenetics
Geographic structure, defined, 153
Geological Society of America, 41
Germany, 9, 284
Gibbons, 88, 288
Glaciation, 9, 38, 104, 231n
See also Ice ages
Gladwell, Malcolm, 47
Glossopteris flora, 37, 272
God/Bible. See Religion, influence of
Gondwana, 3, 229, 230 (fig.)
Gondwanaland, 33n, 67, 102
Gondwanan breakup, 3–4, 6, 7, 11 (box), 13, 14, 17, 18, 61 (fig.), 63, 65, 69, 80 (fig.), 82, 86, 97, 99, 102, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 142–143 (box), 151, 158, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 210, 226, 229, 234, 241, 245, 247, 250, 252, 269, 270, 278, 288, 294
Gondwanan islands. See Chatham Islands; Falkland Islands; Madagascar; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Seychelles
Gondwanan landmasses. See Africa; Antarctica; Australia; India; South America; Zealandia
Gondwanan relicts, 96–97, 99, 100, 101–102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 152, 154, 160, 161–163, 166, 182, 225–226, 232–233, 240, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 281
Goose barnacles, 19
Gorillas, 210, 288
“Gossamer Spider,” 46
Gould, Stephen Jay, 85, 147, 223, 237, 297–299
Grand Canyon, 28
Gravity measurements, 36
Great American Interchange, 289–290
“Great Dying,” 237
Great Famine, 284
Greater Antilles, 156, 209
Green iguanas (Iguana iguana), 253
Green web, 155, 167
Greene, Brian, 270n
Greenland, 35, 41, 54
Greenwood, Humphry, 66–67
Grenada, 279
Grey Warbler, 241
Griqualand mountains, 37
Guadeloupe, 253, 279
Guinea pigs, 3, 127, 219, 286, 287, 290, 291
Gulf Coast, 93
Gulf of Guinea, 175, 178, 181, 190, 192, 192–193, 194–195, 197
Gulf of Guinea islands, 175, 178, 181, 189, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200
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