The Monkey's Voyage

Home > Science > The Monkey's Voyage > Page 46
The Monkey's Voyage Page 46

by Alan de Queiroz


  mindset essential for, 146, 147

  stagnant period in, 118

  unified theory of, 23–24

  See also Dispersalism; Historical biogeography; Vicariance biogeography

  Biogeography and Plate Tectonics (Briggs), 118

  Biogeography of the Southern End of the World (Darlington), 67–68

  Bioko, 178

  Biological Relationships Between Africa and South America (Goldblatt), 170

  Bipes worm lizard, 142–143 (box)

  Bird-croc branching point, 52 (fig.), 137, 138 (fig.), 144, 299

  Black Robin, 240, 241

  “Black swan” events, 220, 222–223

  Black Swan, The (Taleb), 220

  Black-and-white thinking, addressing, 90–92, 146

  Black-necked garter snake, 128

  Black-Necked Stilt, 75

  Blindsnakes, 206

  Boas, 244, 247, 251, 294

  Bolivia, 213

  Bolyeriidae boas, 244

  Boophis frogs, 184–185

  Borneo, 12, 28, 109, 110, 180, 189, 216

  Boston swordfern, 75

  Bourles, Bernard, 192, 193, 194

  Brachylophus iguanas, 215n

  Brazil, 37, 151, 203, 266, 303

  Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), 292 (fig.)

  Briggs, Derek, 298

  Briggs, John, 70, 117–118, 268, 274–275

  Bristletails. See Jumping bristletails

  British colonization of the Chatham Islands, 239

  British Isles, 37

  Brooks, Dan, 91–92

  Browne, Janet, 27

  Brundin, Lars, 48–49, 51–52, 53, 54, 62, 63, 64 (fig.), 65–67, 68, 70, 77, 83–84, 85, 91, 164–165, 171, 269

  Burgess Shale Formation, 297, 298, 299n, 301

  Buttercups, 18, 105, 162

  “Butterfly effect,” 301

  Caecilians, 176, 177, 180, 182, 189, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 251

  Calibration points

  defined, 135–136

  Gondwanan breakup events used as, problem with, 142–143 (box)

  and incorporating uncertainty, 137–138, 141

  multiple, use of, 138–139, 141

  See also Fossil calibrations; Molecular clock analyses

  California, 6, 52, 53, 208

  California Channel Islands, 200

  California Quail, 185, 186

  Camalotes (Amazon giant rafts), 193–194, 198

  Cambrian, 282, 297

  Cambrian Explosion, 298

  Cameroon Line, 178

  Campbell, Doug, 107

  Campbell Island, 97, 108

  Canadian Rockies, 297

  Capuchin monkey, 3, 223

  Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), 291, 292 (fig.), 303

  Carboniferous period, 37

  Caribbean islands, 72, 93, 157, 200, 279

  See also specific Caribbean islands

  Caribbean Sea, 13, 158, 214, 224

  Carl G. Washburne Memorial State Park, 305–306

  Catarrhini monkeys. See Old World monkeys

  Cause and effect, 116, 119, 297

  See also Contingency

  Caviomorph rodent, 219, 290, 291, 292 (fig.), 293, 294, 301, 302–303

  Celmisia daisies, 105, 162

  Cenozoic, 44, 102n, 156, 157, 240

  See also Eocene; Miocene; Oligocene; Paleocene; Pleistocene; Pliocene

  “Centers of Origin and Related Concepts” (Croizat, Nelson, & Rosen), 84–85

  Central America, 2, 265, 290

  See also Panamanian Isthmus

  Centrifugal force, 38, 40, 54

  Cerithideopsis snails, 224

  Cerro de la Neblina, 152–154

  Cetus, 120, 122, 124

  Chamberlin, R. Thomas, 41

  Chameleons, 247, 286

  Chance dispersal, defined, 10 (box)

  Changuu Island, 19

  Chatham Island Oystercatcher, 241

  Chatham Islands, 97, 225, 228 (fig.), 239–243, 246n, 251, 271, 281

  Chatham Island Warbler, 241

  Chatham Rise, 239–240

  Checkered garter snake, 128

  Chile, 25, 69 (fig.)

  Chimpanzees, 12 (box), 88, 90, 116, 135, 136, 210, 288

  China, 97, 284

  Chionochloa pallens grass, 105

  Chironomid midges, 48–49, 53–54, 63–65, 83, 89, 165, 171, 269

  Chordates, 298, 299

  Circular reasoning, 142 (box)

  Clades, defined and described, 49–50

  Cladistics, 50, 51–52, 53, 63, 64 (fig.), 66–67, 69, 70–71, 76, 83, 84, 87, 91, 165–166, 216, 267, 275, 276, 277

  Cladistics (journal), 71

  Cladograms, 50, 51, 52 (fig.), 53, 63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 84, 91, 100, 117, 118, 157, 170, 267, 270, 276

  “Climate and Evolution” (Matthew), 43, 45

  Climate change, 10 (box), 13, 99, 156, 157n, 158, 301n

  See also Ice ages

  Cobra bobo (Schistometopum thomense), 175, 176, 177, 181, 189, 191, 195, 199

  Colobus monkey, 287

  Colombia, 151

  Colorado River, 28

  Columbia University, 45

  See also “New York School” dispersalists

  Columbus, 115, 285

  Comoros Archipelago, 182, 184, 199

  Complexity vs. simplicity, addressing, 90–92, 146, 269–270

  Congo Current, 191 (fig.), 194, 197

  Congo, Ituri Province, 199

  Congo River & Basin, 181, 191, 192–193, 194, 195, 197, 198

  Continental crust, 36, 38, 55, 58, 108, 242, 266, 268

  See also Plate tectonics

  Continental drift, 4, 33–34, 35, 36–41, 42, 43, 45, 54–60, 61–62, 63, 65, 67–68, 71, 76, 106, 118, 142 (box), 163, 169–170, 172, 200, 226, 267, 268

  See also Amalgamation of landmasses; Gondwanan breakup; Landmasses-as-life-rafts story; Plate tectonics

  Continental fit, 36, 37, 60–61

  Continental island, defined, 12 (box)

  Continental position, early assumptions about, 33

  See also Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in

  Contingency

  defined, 296–297

  and unpredictability, 296, 297–299

  Convection currents, theory involving, 55, 57, 62

  Conway Morris, Simon, 298, 299n

  Cook, Lyn, 166

  Copernicus, 272, 276

  Coprosma plant, 105

  Corn, 286, 287

  Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), 285, 286–287

  Coursetia legumes, 156

  Cracraft, Joel, 69, 269

  Creationism, 25, 31, 32, 179, 186, 197n, 207, 219

  See also Religion, influence of

  Cretaceous, 34, 57, 97, 100, 101, 102n, 104, 109, 214, 221–222 (box), 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 248, 249–250

  Crick, Francis, 130

  Crisp, Michael, 162n, 166

  Crocodiles, 3, 4, 137, 138 (fig.), 144, 148, 219, 222 (box), 242, 249, 281, 286, 287, 299

  Croizat, Léon, 23–24, 32, 45, 77–79, 80–81, 82, 83–84, 84–85, 85–86, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 165, 227, 233, 252, 269, 270, 274–275, 276, 303

  Cuba, 72

  Cucurbitaceae (cucumbers/squash), 160, 161 (fig.)

  Cyprus, 173

  Daisies, 105, 162

  Dalbergioid legumes, 157

  Darlington, Philip J., 45, 65, 67–68, 70, 100

  Darwin, Charles, 3, 38, 72, 108, 170, 268, 288

  addressing how-possibly questions, 197–198

  on batrachians (amphibians), 178, 179, 180, 185

 
and the Beagle voyage, 27, 46, 226, 231n, 293

  and construction of the argument for evolution, 147

  on continents, 33, 43, 272

  conversion to belief in evolution of, 120

  Croizat’s criticism of, 23, 24, 77 (fig.), 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 91, 274

  and disjunct distributions, 27–28, 32, 33

  on the Falklands, 226–227, 231n, 233

  on fossil records, 88

  and how he constructed his argument for evolution, 147

  hypothetical scenario involving question posed to, 266, 267–268

  and land bridges, 42, 43, 275

  on long-distance dispersal, 24–26, 32, 43–44, 45, 79, 81–82, 109, 154, 168, 169, 186, 219–220, 261, 273, 290

  major theme of, 134

  on New Zealand, 100

  stock phrase of, 154

  view of historical biogeography, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 273n

  Darwinian dispersalism, 42, 86, 272

  Darwinian Revolution, 30, 52, 273n

  De Queiroz, Eiji (author’s son), 1, 305–306

  De Queiroz, Hana (author’s daughter), 1, 207–208, 305

  De Queiroz, Kevin (author’s brother), 52, 179

  De Queiroz, Sean (author’s brother), 179

  De Queiroz, Tara (author’s wife), 4–5, 7, 16, 95, 104, 162, 185, 187, 207–208, 240, 305

  Desert locusts, 279, 280 (fig.)

  Devil’s Hole pupfish, 235, 236

  Devonian, 39n, 229, 260

  Diamond, Jared, 16, 18

  Dietz, R. S., 57n

  Dinosaurs, 16, 50, 90, 97, 102, 143 (box), 152, 221–222 (box), 234, 236, 237, 240, 242, 249, 250, 252, 281

  Diplodactylid geckos, 242–244

  Dirac, Paul, 270n

  Disjunct distribution, defined, 10–11 (box)

  Dispersal, normal versus long-distance, defining, 10 (box)

  Dispersalism

  assumptions in, 227

  back-and-forth debate involving, 273–274

  height of, 45

  long history of, 24

  messiness of, 91, 270

  pendulum swings involving, 268, 272–273

  persistence of, 168, 169–170, 273

  rejection and ridicule of, history of, 62, 85, 86, 192, 209

  see also Oceanic dispersal

  shift back toward, 118, 166, 270–272, 277–278

  See also Historical biogeography

  DNA sequencing, 27

  availability of, 127–128, 140, 146, 209–210

  changes to, 128–129, 139

  database of, 127, 133

  Heads’s rejection of, 76

  and how-possibly arguments, 198

  and an ideal clock, 135

  as indirect evidence, 147

  invention of methods for, 119, 121–126, 130, 271

  and modeling of changes, 128–130

  precision of, 128

  revelations from, 153, 182, 187, 220, 271

  and the shift away from vicariance, 118, 271

  usage of, 7, 9 (fig.), 184–185, 189–190, 198, 205–206, 220, 224, 241, 262, 263, 265, 279

  See also Molecular clock analyses

  DNA-DNA hybridization, 128

  Dominica, 279

  Donoghue, Michael, 70, 71, 92, 118, 134–135, 277

  Doyle, Arthur Conan, 152

  Dragonflies, 172n, 201

  Dray, William, 196

  Drewes, Bob, 175, 176, 177 (fig.), 189–191, 193–195, 199

  Drift signal, 172

  Driftwood, 262, 305–306

  Drosera (sundews), 105, 152–154, 155, 299

  Drosophila melanogaster fly, 126

  Drunkard’s walk (random fluctuations), 235–236, 238, 265

  du Toit, Alexander, 39n, 42

  Duck-feet experiments, 26, 27, 32, 198

  Duke Lemur Center, 248

  Dusicyon australis wolf, 231, 232 (fig.)

  Earthquakes, 38

  Easter Island, 76

  Ecological effects, 293–294

  Ediacaran fauna, 299

  Eggeling, Tom, 229

  Eggplant, 285, 286, 287

  Egypt, 190

  Elephant birds, 245, 247

  Elephants, 173

  Elk, 2

  Emus, 3, 244–245

  England, 97

  Eocene, 104, 105, 136, 215, 216–217, 223, 238

  Establishment requirement, 12 (box)

  Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), 148

  Eurasia, 2, 172, 221 (box), 245, 265

  See also Asia; Europe

  Europe, 34, 37, 39, 42, 61, 80 (fig.), 156, 283

  See also specific parts of Europe

  Event cost in biogeographic analysis, 165–166n

  Evidence, following the, importance of, 268–269, 271–272, 277

  See also Fossil records; Molecular clock analyses

  Evolution

  construction of the argument for, 147

  versus creationism, 31–32, 178–179, 197n

  great metaphor of, 235

  and the landmasses-as-life-rafts story, 4

  overarching theory of, 2

  paradigm for, 273n

  powerful argument for, 179

  reality of, acceptance of, 40n

  unpredictability of, 282

  Evolutionary biology, as a science, approach of, 92

  See also Historical biogeography

  Evolutionary dead ends, islands as, rule of, addressing, 263–264

  Evolutionary diagrams

  clarity of, 51, 52 (fig.), 71, 276

  muddiness of, 50–51, 71, 276

  See also Cladograms

  Evolutionary mirrors, 293–294

  Extinctions, 44, 99, 104, 106, 164n, 172, 197, 203, 211 (fig.), 226, 231, 232 (fig.), 234, 235–236, 237, 238–239, 240, 242, 246n, 250, 251, 252, 291, 298, 302

  Extraterrestrial event, 222 (box), 237, 238

  Fabaceae plants, 156

  See also Beans/legumes

  Falkland Islands, 39n, 225, 226–227, 228–233, 234, 235, 238–239, 250–251, 252

  Falkland Islands Freshwater Fishes (McDowall et al.), 229

  False water cobras, 294

  Falsification, 87, 91, 192, 215, 274

  Fast-running clocks, 126, 139

  Fernando de Noronha, 203–205, 206n, 223, 293

  Fiji, 215n

  Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in, 33, 43, 54, 59, 65, 272, 276

  Fleming, Charles, 106, 107, 109, 110

  Flightless birds. See Ratites

  Floating islands, 112, 193–195, 197, 198, 206–207, 216, 222 (box)

  Flores, 173, 209

  Forbes, Edward, 31

  Fork-Tailed Flycatcher, 154–155

  Fossil calibrations, 135–139, 141, 142–143 (box), 157, 163, 212–213

  See also Molecular clock analyses

  Fossil records

  comparing molecular age estimates with estimates based on, 144–145, 146

  criticism of, 89, 136, 273, 277

  data collection for building up, 236–237

  and how-possibly arguments, 198

  incompleteness of, 88, 89, 90, 117, 136, 137, 142 (box), 197, 213, 215, 250, 267, 277

  oldest of, 88

  strong interest in, 117–118

  use of, 29, 34, 37, 39, 44, 57, 91, 101–102, 102–104, 105–106, 109, 110, 143 (box), 147, 148, 153, 160, 169, 170, 173, 198, 211–212, 218, 220, 222 (box), 236, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249–250, 268, 272, 286, 287, 290, 297–298

  Fossils, problem with, 135, 136, 146

  France, 283

  Frank, Phil, 7

&nbs
p; Frogs, 12, 13, 32, 79, 101, 172, 177, 178, 179–180, 181, 182, 183 (fig.), 184–185, 186–187, 188, 189–194, 195, 197, 198, 199–200, 246n, 251, 271

  Fruit flies, 52, 264–265

  Fundamental tracks, 81, 82–83, 84, 85

  Funk, Vicki, 152

  Galápagos, 12 (box), 19, 25, 28, 44, 76, 175, 176, 226, 236, 293

  Galaxiod fishes, 227, 228, 229, 231, 244

  Ganges River, 173

  Garter snakes (Thamnophis), 5–6, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 29, 124, 125–126, 128, 188, 190, 198

  Gatesy, John, 92, 141, 257, 258, 260, 266

  Geckos, 101, 200, 206, 219, 225, 242–244, 281, 295 (fig.)

  GenBank, 127, 133

  Generalizations, issue of, addressing, 14, 92, 165, 261, 262

  Genetic evidence. See DNA sequencing; Molecular clock analyses; Phylogenetics

  Geographic structure, defined, 153

  Geological Society of America, 41

  Germany, 9, 284

  Gibbons, 88, 288

  Glaciation, 9, 38, 104, 231n

  See also Ice ages

  Gladwell, Malcolm, 47

  Glossopteris flora, 37, 272

  God/Bible. See Religion, influence of

  Gondwana, 3, 229, 230 (fig.)

  Gondwanaland, 33n, 67, 102

  Gondwanan breakup, 3–4, 6, 7, 11 (box), 13, 14, 17, 18, 61 (fig.), 63, 65, 69, 80 (fig.), 82, 86, 97, 99, 102, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 142–143 (box), 151, 158, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 210, 226, 229, 234, 241, 245, 247, 250, 252, 269, 270, 278, 288, 294

  Gondwanan islands. See Chatham Islands; Falkland Islands; Madagascar; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Seychelles

  Gondwanan landmasses. See Africa; Antarctica; Australia; India; South America; Zealandia

  Gondwanan relicts, 96–97, 99, 100, 101–102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 152, 154, 160, 161–163, 166, 182, 225–226, 232–233, 240, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 281

  Goose barnacles, 19

  Gorillas, 210, 288

  “Gossamer Spider,” 46

  Gould, Stephen Jay, 85, 147, 223, 237, 297–299

  Grand Canyon, 28

  Gravity measurements, 36

  Great American Interchange, 289–290

  “Great Dying,” 237

  Great Famine, 284

  Greater Antilles, 156, 209

  Green iguanas (Iguana iguana), 253

  Green web, 155, 167

  Greene, Brian, 270n

  Greenland, 35, 41, 54

  Greenwood, Humphry, 66–67

  Grenada, 279

  Grey Warbler, 241

  Griqualand mountains, 37

  Guadeloupe, 253, 279

  Guinea pigs, 3, 127, 219, 286, 287, 290, 291

  Gulf Coast, 93

  Gulf of Guinea, 175, 178, 181, 190, 192, 192–193, 194–195, 197

  Gulf of Guinea islands, 175, 178, 181, 189, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200

 

‹ Prev