The Monkey's Voyage

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The Monkey's Voyage Page 47

by Alan de Queiroz


  See also Príncipe; São Tomé

  Gulf of Mexico, 93

  Gulf Stream, 112

  Guppy, H. B., 201

  Guyana, 151, 279

  Guyot, Arnold, 56

  Guyots, 56, 58

  Hallam, Anthony, 117–118

  Harrison, Rick, 124

  Harvey, Janice (author’s mother-in-law), 16, 95

  Hawaii (Big Island), 73, 261

  Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands), 12 (box), 28, 42, 52, 53, 60, 73, 74–76, 79, 82, 89, 117, 169, 180, 189, 208, 236, 244, 257–260, 260–261, 262–263, 264–265, 266, 268, 277, 303, 306

  Hawaiian Hotspot, 73, 74

  Hayashi, Cheryl, 257, 258, 260, 266

  Heads, Michael, 74, 75, 76, 89, 107, 119, 135, 143 (box), 168, 211, 274, 275

  Hebe shrubs, 104–105, 162

  Heibl, Christoph, 160

  Heliocentrism, 272, 276

  Hennig Society, 71

  Hennig, Willi, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 66, 67, 71, 87

  Hess, Harry, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62

  Hillebrandia herb, 244

  Himalayas, 4, 58

  Historical biogeography

  beginning of, as a new field, 28

  core understanding needed for, 53

  current direction of, 277

  defined, 4

  general paradigm established for, 273

  iconic tale of, 4

  importance of timing information for, 115–116

  importance of tree diagrams to, 276

  as part of evolutionary biology, 92

  pendulum swings in, 268, 272–273

  possibility of achieving a paradigm for, 278

  pre-paradigm period in, 273–275

  steps toward maturation of, 275–278

  See also specific scientists and aspects of historical biogeography

  Historical evidence, nature of, 146–147

  “History of Ocean Basins” (Hess), 57, 59, 62

  Hoary bat, 75

  Hoberg, Eric, 133, 134

  Hog-nosed snake, 294, 295

  Holmes, Arthur, 54–55, 57, 58, 62

  Holmes, Sherlock, 215

  Hominids, 90

  Homo floresiensis (“hobbit”), 209, 216

  Homogenocene, 285

  Honeycreepers, 75

  Hooker, Joseph, 25, 26, 42, 45, 100

  Houle, Alain, 216–217

  Howler monkeys, 210, 223, 291

  How-possibly arguments, 196–199, 216–217

  Hull, David, 47–48

  Human drifting incidents, 131

  Human introductions, 27, 72, 179, 180, 200, 258, 291

  impact of, 99, 282–285, 288

  ruling out, 19, 75, 181, 184, 186

  Humans (Homo sapiens ), 12 (box), 89–90, 116, 117, 126, 131, 135, 136, 185, 208, 210, 237, 288, 299

  Hummingbirds, 136–137

  Hutton, James, 28

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 31

  Hyperoliidae frogs, 186–187

  Hyposmocoma moth, 257

  Hystricognath rodents, 3

  Ice ages, 2, 9, 10 (box), 12–13, 37, 40n, 99, 135, 178, 188, 238, 239

  See also Glaciation

  Icebergs, 25, 26, 32, 82, 168, 227, 231n

  Iguanas, 215n, 226, 253

  Immobilism, 81

  Inca, 283

  India, 4, 33n, 37, 42, 43 (fig.), 58, 61 (fig.), 97, 161 (fig.), 165, 173, 180, 200, 221 (box), 230 (fig.), 247, 248, 251n, 284, 286

  Indian Ocean, 19, 59, 80 (fig.), 81, 154, 165, 181, 186, 187, 206, 207

  See also specific islands; specific landmasses bordering the ocean

  Inferences, convergence of, persuasion through, 147

  Ireland, 37, 283, 284

  Isla Clarión, 76

  Islas Malvinas. See Falkland Islands

  “Island rule,” 173n

  Islands-as-dead-ends rule, addressing, 263–264

  Islands-as-stepping-stones explanations, 27, 74, 75n, 76, 212, 214, 217–218, 222 (box), 262, 290

  Îsle Amsterdam, 76

  Jamaica, 279

  Japan, 200

  Java, 12

  Johnson, Donald, 173

  Josephoartigasia monesi rodent, 291

  Juan Fernandez Islands, 244

  Jumping bristletails (Archaeognatha), 52, 258, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 264, 266, 306

  Jurassic, 117, 229, 230 (fig.), 234, 250, 252, 301

  Kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus), 242

  Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), 100, 101 (fig.)

  Kalanikupule, 258

  Kamehameha I, 258

  Kauai, 74, 261

  Kauri trees, 16, 102, 109, 163

  Keeling Atoll, 201

  Kenya, 190

  Kilauea, 73

  Kirtland’s Warbler, 236

  Kiwis, 3, 69, 80 (fig.), 100, 101, 102, 111, 225

  Koolau Mountains, 257

  Krause, David, 249–250

  Kubitzki, Klaus, 170

  Kuhn, Thomas, 42, 196, 272, 273, 275, 276

  Kupukupu, 75

  Lactoris shrub, 244

  Lanai, 261

  Land bridges, 2, 12 (box), 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 42–43, 45, 76, 100, 156, 158, 169, 172, 173, 214, 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 275, 277, 290

  See also Panamanian Isthmus

  Landmasses-as-life-rafts story, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 234, 251

  See also Continental drift; Gondwanan breakup

  Lavin, Matt, 155–159, 166–167, 187, 265, 271

  Laws and Explanation in History (Dray), 196

  Lawson, Robin, 7, 188, 190, 198

  Legumes/beans, 156–158, 159, 162, 286

  Leiopelmatid frogs, 246n, 251

  Lemurs, 44, 198, 209, 214 (fig.), 215, 225, 247, 248, 249 (fig.)

  Lesser Antilles, 56, 253

  Lesser Sundas, 200, 216

  Lifespan of species, 235

  Line Islands, 74n

  Lizard floating experiments, 72

  Lizards, 79, 143 (box), 206–207, 219, 247, 251, 265, 299

  See also specific type

  Locust swarms, 279, 280 (fig.)

  Lo’ihi, 73

  Long-distance dispersal, defined, 10 (box)

  See also Dispersalism; Oceanic dispersal

  Lord Howe Island, 97, 108, 110, 161, 261

  Lost World, The (Doyle), 152

  Lyell, Charles, 28, 30

  Mabuya skinks, 204–206, 293, 295 (fig.)

  Macaques, 209, 216, 287

  Macrofossil records, 103

  Madagascar, 200

  as a continental island, 12 (box)

  and the Cretaceous, 248n, 249, 249–250

  dinosaurs of, 221 (box)

  evidence of dispersal origins for, 277

  and extinction risk, 236

  and Gondwanan breakup, 7, 143 (box), 247, 248

  and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)

  and land bridges, 42, 43 (fig.), 45

  and the Miocene, 248

  myth applied to, 252

  as pivotal point in the vicariance-dispersal debate, 225

  and the Pleistocene, 250

  taxa involving, 3, 14, 44, 135, 143 (box), 157, 158, 161 (fig.), 165, 180, 182, 183 (fig.), 184, 186–187, 198, 199, 209, 225, 245, 247–250, 271, 286

  tracks and, 80 (fig.)

  Magnetic field, 59, 60

  Mahajanga Basin, 249–250

  Majungasaurus dinosaur, 250

  Malagasy. See Madagascar

  Malay Archipelago, 29, 33

  Malta, 173

  Maluku Islands (Moluccas), 198, 200

  Mantidactylus frogs, 184–185

  Mantle convec
tion theory, 55, 57, 62

  See also Seafloor spreading

  Manual of Phytogeography (Croizat), 78

  Maori, 239

  Marmosets, 210, 289, 291

  Marquesas, 76, 264

  Mascarene Plateau, 251

  Mass extinctions, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246n, 250, 251, 252

  Matthew, William Diller, 43–45, 67, 78–79, 100, 118, 267, 274

  Matthews, Drummond, 39, 59–60, 62

  Maui, 261

  Maui Nui, 261n

  Mauna Loa, 73

  Mauritius, 76

  Mayans, 287

  Mayotte, 182, 184–185, 186

  Mayr, Ernst, 45, 48, 50, 65, 67, 78, 79, 83, 87, 118, 147

  McDiarmid, Roy, 152

  McDowall, Robert, 86, 227–233, 238, 244, 252

  McPhee, John, 28

  Measey, John, 175, 176–178, 180, 181–182, 188, 189–191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 261

  Mendel, Gregor, 39

  Meredith, Robert, 140–141

  Merrill, E. D., 78

  Mesoamerica, 287

  Mesosaurus reptile, 37

  Mesozoic, 63, 88, 90, 96, 97, 215, 242, 243, 250, 268

  See also Cretaceous; Jurassic; Triassic

  Mexican black-bellied garter snake, 125–126

  Mexico, 6, 7, 68, 76, 93, 97, 155, 156, 157

  See also Baja California

  Michigan, northern, 236

  Miconia (Melastomataceae) plants, 296

  Microfossil records, 103

  See also Pollen

  Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 34, 56–57, 58, 216

  Middle America, 68, 158, 269

  See also Caribbean; Central America; Mexico

  Midges. See Chironomid midges

  Mildenhall, Dallas, 106–107, 109, 110, 117, 118

  Miller, Stanley, 196–197

  Miocene, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 161 (fig.), 238, 244, 248, 289 (fig.), 296

  Mirroring, 293–294

  Mississippi drainage, 287

  Mite harvestmen, 246, 251

  Mitochondrial DNA, 7, 124–125, 184, 189, 212–213, 224

  Moas, 95, 101, 102, 245, 246

  “Moa’s Ark” analogy, 163, 234, 246

  Mobilism, 81

  Mojave Desert, 235

  Molecular clock analyses

  bias in, addressing, 144, 145, 146

  calibration alternatives for, extremism involving, 142–143 (box)

  comeback of, 127–130

  comparing fossil-based age estimates with estimates from, 144–145, 146

  as a discarded idea, 126–127

  early basis for, 119n

  general agreement in massive survey of results from, 141

  importance and potential of, 276–278

  making the case in support of using, 146–147

  and the pace of genetic change, 126, 139–140

  problems with, addressing, 135–141

  providing evidence of animal oceanic dispersal, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 148, 186–187, 206, 212, 213, 215, 219, 231n, 241–242, 243, 244, 245, 248–249, 286, 290, 295 (fig.)

  providing evidence of plant oceanic dispersal, 75, 153–154, 157–160, 161–163, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 242, 244

  reason for use of, 15

  refining, 128

  and the shift away from vicariance, 118, 271, 277–278

  skepticism about, 88–89, 90, 91, 111, 130, 134–135, 146

  strict, 88

  and suitability for modeling, 128–129

  upward trend in using, 118–119

  use of, 133–134

  See also DNA sequencing; Relaxed clock methods

  Molecular dating. See Molecular clock analyses

  Molecules, problem with, 135, 139

  Molokai, 261

  Monkeys, 3, 12, 13, 33, 44, 90, 209, 210–215, 216, 217–220, 223, 266, 267–268, 281, 287–288, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 299, 302–303, 304

  Montgomery, Steve, 257–260, 264

  Moose, 2

  Moriori, 239

  Morley, Lawrence, 60n

  Morlière, Alain, 181, 182, 191

  Morocco, 97

  Morrone, Juan, 233n

  Mount Ararat, 27, 28, 178, 234

  Mozambique Channel, 44, 158, 165, 200, 248, 303

  “Muddy” diagrams, 50, 51 (fig.), 71, 276

  Muir, John, 198

  Mullis, Kary, 120–122, 123, 124, 126, 130

  “Multiple Overseas Dispersal in Amphibians” (Vences et al.), 187

  Musicians Seamounts, 74n

  Mutations, 129, 139, 302

  Myths

  power of, and attempt at breaking, 252

  science and, Popper on, 1

  See also Falsification

  Nachlinger, Jan (author’s friend), 16, 95

  National Geographic Society, 228

  Natural crossings, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296

  Natural selection, 23, 29, 30, 31, 40n, 85n, 103, 139, 169, 197, 208, 263

  Nature (journal), 42, 59

  Nazca Plate, 59

  Nelson, Gareth (Gary), 47–48, 49, 50, 51–52, 53–54, 65–67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 83, 84–85, 86, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 100, 106, 110, 117, 118, 119, 135, 165, 192, 209, 212, 226, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275

  Nematodes, 293–294

  Nene Goose, 75

  Neomachilellus bristletail, 261

  Neomachilis bristletails, 52, 259 (fig.), 262–263, 264, 306

  Neotropical Sunbittern, 242

  New Caledonia, 4, 7, 69 (fig.), 82, 97, 98, 108, 152, 166, 171, 225, 242–244, 246n, 251, 252

  New Guinea, 3, 69 (fig.), 80 (fig.), 82, 265, 286

  New World

  discovery of, 115, 285

  and land bridges, 2n, 156

  taxa involving, 27, 148, 156, 157, 206, 212, 213, 214–215, 216, 219, 223, 261, 262, 279, 286–287, 295 (fig.), 302–303

  tracks and, 82

  unnatural crossings involving, 282, 283–285

  See also North America; South America

  New World monkeys, 210–215, 216, 217–218, 223, 291, 293–294, 300

  New York, 155

  “New York School” dispersalists, 45, 65, 66, 71, 78, 85, 87, 118, 169, 273

  See also specific scientists

  New Zealand

  ark analogy involving, 163, 234, 246

  and biota like an oceanic island, 251

  and the Chatham Rise, 240

  comparing past floras of Australia with, 107–108

  as a continental island, 12 (box)

  and the Cretaceous, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102n, 103–104, 109

  and the Eocene, 104, 105

  fading prominence of panbiogeographers in, 277

  as a focal point of biogeography, 100–101, 110

  fossil records of, 101–102, 102–104, 105–106, 109, 160, 246

  and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 7, 17, 18, 99, 170

  and the Gondwanan relict idea, 96–97, 99, 100–102, 110, 152, 160, 161

  humans crossing to the Chathams from, 239

  and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)

  and the Mesozoic, 63

  and the Miocene, 104, 106, 107

  myth applied to, 252

  and the Oligocene, 98–99, 104, 106

  and the Paleocene, 102n, 104

  as pivotal point in the vicariance-dispersal debate, 225

  and the Pleistocene, 104

  and the Pliocene, 104

  taxa involving, 3, 14, 16, 17–18, 25, 49, 54, 63, 64 (fig.), 65, 69 (fig.), 86, 87 (fig.), 95–97, 99, 100, 103–109, 110, 111, 117, 160, 161, 162–163, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 225, 226, 227, 241–242, 244–246


  tracks and, 80 (fig.), 82

  See also Chatham Islands; Zealandia

  “New Zealand Biogeography—A Paleontologist’s Approach” (Fleming), 107

  New Zealand Geological Survey, 106

  Newfoundland, 37

  Newtonian physics, 91–92

  Nicobar Islands, 209

  Niger River, 192, 197

  Noah’s Ark, 4, 27, 178, 234

  Nonaerial animals, generalization about dispersal and, 262

  Norfolk Island, 108, 110, 161

  Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), 108, 109

  Normal dispersal, defined, 10 (box)

  Normark, Ben, 124

  Norops sagrei (brown anole), 72

  North America, 34, 39

  and Australia, 200

  Carboniferous and Permian period, 37

  distance of Hawaiian Islands from, 73, 260

  eastern seaboard of, 287

  and the Eocene, 215

  and the Great American Interchange, 289–290

  Great Lakes of, 9, 287

  and ice ages, 2, 238

  and land bridges, 2, 42, 156, 172

  and the Panamanian Isthmus, 288, 289–290

  rock formations in, 61

  taxa involving, 2, 29, 179, 200, 214, 215, 238, 245, 259 (fig.), 260–261, 262, 265, 267, 286, 289–290, 294, 295 (fig.)

  treeline in mountains of, 17

  North American Plate, 6, 60

  North Equatorial Counter Current, 219

  North Island, 99

  North Island Robin, 241 (fig.)

  Northern Channel Islands, 173

  Northern Hemisphere, 79, 172

  See also specific northern landmasses, islands, and bodies of water

  Nothofagus trees/shrubs. See Southern beeches

  Nowak, Mike, 248, 249, 250

  Nuclear DNA, 125, 213

  Nutmeg, 285, 286, 287

  Nuuanu Pali Wayside Park, 258

  Oahu, 257–261

  Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. 2 (Guppy), 201

  Ocean basins, early assumptions about, 33

  See also Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in

  Ocean crust, 36, 38, 55, 58, 242

  Ocean floor, studies of, 55, 56–58, 59, 60

  See also Plate tectonics; Seafloor spreading

  Oceanic dispersal

  envisioning, 18, 306

  inevitability of, 304

  invoking, facing constant disbelief when, 198

  long-distance dispersal usually as, 11 (box)

  molecular dating providing evidence of, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 75, 148, 153–154, 157–160, 161–163, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 186–187, 206, 212, 213, 215, 219, 231n, 241–242, 243, 244, 245, 248–249, 286, 290, 295 (fig.)

  natural, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296

 

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