See also Príncipe; São Tomé
Gulf of Mexico, 93
Gulf Stream, 112
Guppy, H. B., 201
Guyana, 151, 279
Guyot, Arnold, 56
Guyots, 56, 58
Hallam, Anthony, 117–118
Harrison, Rick, 124
Harvey, Janice (author’s mother-in-law), 16, 95
Hawaii (Big Island), 73, 261
Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands), 12 (box), 28, 42, 52, 53, 60, 73, 74–76, 79, 82, 89, 117, 169, 180, 189, 208, 236, 244, 257–260, 260–261, 262–263, 264–265, 266, 268, 277, 303, 306
Hawaiian Hotspot, 73, 74
Hayashi, Cheryl, 257, 258, 260, 266
Heads, Michael, 74, 75, 76, 89, 107, 119, 135, 143 (box), 168, 211, 274, 275
Hebe shrubs, 104–105, 162
Heibl, Christoph, 160
Heliocentrism, 272, 276
Hennig Society, 71
Hennig, Willi, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 66, 67, 71, 87
Hess, Harry, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62
Hillebrandia herb, 244
Himalayas, 4, 58
Historical biogeography
beginning of, as a new field, 28
core understanding needed for, 53
current direction of, 277
defined, 4
general paradigm established for, 273
iconic tale of, 4
importance of timing information for, 115–116
importance of tree diagrams to, 276
as part of evolutionary biology, 92
pendulum swings in, 268, 272–273
possibility of achieving a paradigm for, 278
pre-paradigm period in, 273–275
steps toward maturation of, 275–278
See also specific scientists and aspects of historical biogeography
Historical evidence, nature of, 146–147
“History of Ocean Basins” (Hess), 57, 59, 62
Hoary bat, 75
Hoberg, Eric, 133, 134
Hog-nosed snake, 294, 295
Holmes, Arthur, 54–55, 57, 58, 62
Holmes, Sherlock, 215
Hominids, 90
Homo floresiensis (“hobbit”), 209, 216
Homogenocene, 285
Honeycreepers, 75
Hooker, Joseph, 25, 26, 42, 45, 100
Houle, Alain, 216–217
Howler monkeys, 210, 223, 291
How-possibly arguments, 196–199, 216–217
Hull, David, 47–48
Human drifting incidents, 131
Human introductions, 27, 72, 179, 180, 200, 258, 291
impact of, 99, 282–285, 288
ruling out, 19, 75, 181, 184, 186
Humans (Homo sapiens ), 12 (box), 89–90, 116, 117, 126, 131, 135, 136, 185, 208, 210, 237, 288, 299
Hummingbirds, 136–137
Hutton, James, 28
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 31
Hyperoliidae frogs, 186–187
Hyposmocoma moth, 257
Hystricognath rodents, 3
Ice ages, 2, 9, 10 (box), 12–13, 37, 40n, 99, 135, 178, 188, 238, 239
See also Glaciation
Icebergs, 25, 26, 32, 82, 168, 227, 231n
Iguanas, 215n, 226, 253
Immobilism, 81
Inca, 283
India, 4, 33n, 37, 42, 43 (fig.), 58, 61 (fig.), 97, 161 (fig.), 165, 173, 180, 200, 221 (box), 230 (fig.), 247, 248, 251n, 284, 286
Indian Ocean, 19, 59, 80 (fig.), 81, 154, 165, 181, 186, 187, 206, 207
See also specific islands; specific landmasses bordering the ocean
Inferences, convergence of, persuasion through, 147
Ireland, 37, 283, 284
Isla Clarión, 76
Islas Malvinas. See Falkland Islands
“Island rule,” 173n
Islands-as-dead-ends rule, addressing, 263–264
Islands-as-stepping-stones explanations, 27, 74, 75n, 76, 212, 214, 217–218, 222 (box), 262, 290
Îsle Amsterdam, 76
Jamaica, 279
Japan, 200
Java, 12
Johnson, Donald, 173
Josephoartigasia monesi rodent, 291
Juan Fernandez Islands, 244
Jumping bristletails (Archaeognatha), 52, 258, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 264, 266, 306
Jurassic, 117, 229, 230 (fig.), 234, 250, 252, 301
Kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus), 242
Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), 100, 101 (fig.)
Kalanikupule, 258
Kamehameha I, 258
Kauai, 74, 261
Kauri trees, 16, 102, 109, 163
Keeling Atoll, 201
Kenya, 190
Kilauea, 73
Kirtland’s Warbler, 236
Kiwis, 3, 69, 80 (fig.), 100, 101, 102, 111, 225
Koolau Mountains, 257
Krause, David, 249–250
Kubitzki, Klaus, 170
Kuhn, Thomas, 42, 196, 272, 273, 275, 276
Kupukupu, 75
Lactoris shrub, 244
Lanai, 261
Land bridges, 2, 12 (box), 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 42–43, 45, 76, 100, 156, 158, 169, 172, 173, 214, 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 275, 277, 290
See also Panamanian Isthmus
Landmasses-as-life-rafts story, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 234, 251
See also Continental drift; Gondwanan breakup
Lavin, Matt, 155–159, 166–167, 187, 265, 271
Laws and Explanation in History (Dray), 196
Lawson, Robin, 7, 188, 190, 198
Legumes/beans, 156–158, 159, 162, 286
Leiopelmatid frogs, 246n, 251
Lemurs, 44, 198, 209, 214 (fig.), 215, 225, 247, 248, 249 (fig.)
Lesser Antilles, 56, 253
Lesser Sundas, 200, 216
Lifespan of species, 235
Line Islands, 74n
Lizard floating experiments, 72
Lizards, 79, 143 (box), 206–207, 219, 247, 251, 265, 299
See also specific type
Locust swarms, 279, 280 (fig.)
Lo’ihi, 73
Long-distance dispersal, defined, 10 (box)
See also Dispersalism; Oceanic dispersal
Lord Howe Island, 97, 108, 110, 161, 261
Lost World, The (Doyle), 152
Lyell, Charles, 28, 30
Mabuya skinks, 204–206, 293, 295 (fig.)
Macaques, 209, 216, 287
Macrofossil records, 103
Madagascar, 200
as a continental island, 12 (box)
and the Cretaceous, 248n, 249, 249–250
dinosaurs of, 221 (box)
evidence of dispersal origins for, 277
and extinction risk, 236
and Gondwanan breakup, 7, 143 (box), 247, 248
and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)
and land bridges, 42, 43 (fig.), 45
and the Miocene, 248
myth applied to, 252
as pivotal point in the vicariance-dispersal debate, 225
and the Pleistocene, 250
taxa involving, 3, 14, 44, 135, 143 (box), 157, 158, 161 (fig.), 165, 180, 182, 183 (fig.), 184, 186–187, 198, 199, 209, 225, 245, 247–250, 271, 286
tracks and, 80 (fig.)
Magnetic field, 59, 60
Mahajanga Basin, 249–250
Majungasaurus dinosaur, 250
Malagasy. See Madagascar
Malay Archipelago, 29, 33
Malta, 173
Maluku Islands (Moluccas), 198, 200
Mantidactylus frogs, 184–185
Mantle convec
tion theory, 55, 57, 62
See also Seafloor spreading
Manual of Phytogeography (Croizat), 78
Maori, 239
Marmosets, 210, 289, 291
Marquesas, 76, 264
Mascarene Plateau, 251
Mass extinctions, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246n, 250, 251, 252
Matthew, William Diller, 43–45, 67, 78–79, 100, 118, 267, 274
Matthews, Drummond, 39, 59–60, 62
Maui, 261
Maui Nui, 261n
Mauna Loa, 73
Mauritius, 76
Mayans, 287
Mayotte, 182, 184–185, 186
Mayr, Ernst, 45, 48, 50, 65, 67, 78, 79, 83, 87, 118, 147
McDiarmid, Roy, 152
McDowall, Robert, 86, 227–233, 238, 244, 252
McPhee, John, 28
Measey, John, 175, 176–178, 180, 181–182, 188, 189–191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 261
Mendel, Gregor, 39
Meredith, Robert, 140–141
Merrill, E. D., 78
Mesoamerica, 287
Mesosaurus reptile, 37
Mesozoic, 63, 88, 90, 96, 97, 215, 242, 243, 250, 268
See also Cretaceous; Jurassic; Triassic
Mexican black-bellied garter snake, 125–126
Mexico, 6, 7, 68, 76, 93, 97, 155, 156, 157
See also Baja California
Michigan, northern, 236
Miconia (Melastomataceae) plants, 296
Microfossil records, 103
See also Pollen
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 34, 56–57, 58, 216
Middle America, 68, 158, 269
See also Caribbean; Central America; Mexico
Midges. See Chironomid midges
Mildenhall, Dallas, 106–107, 109, 110, 117, 118
Miller, Stanley, 196–197
Miocene, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 161 (fig.), 238, 244, 248, 289 (fig.), 296
Mirroring, 293–294
Mississippi drainage, 287
Mite harvestmen, 246, 251
Mitochondrial DNA, 7, 124–125, 184, 189, 212–213, 224
Moas, 95, 101, 102, 245, 246
“Moa’s Ark” analogy, 163, 234, 246
Mobilism, 81
Mojave Desert, 235
Molecular clock analyses
bias in, addressing, 144, 145, 146
calibration alternatives for, extremism involving, 142–143 (box)
comeback of, 127–130
comparing fossil-based age estimates with estimates from, 144–145, 146
as a discarded idea, 126–127
early basis for, 119n
general agreement in massive survey of results from, 141
importance and potential of, 276–278
making the case in support of using, 146–147
and the pace of genetic change, 126, 139–140
problems with, addressing, 135–141
providing evidence of animal oceanic dispersal, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 148, 186–187, 206, 212, 213, 215, 219, 231n, 241–242, 243, 244, 245, 248–249, 286, 290, 295 (fig.)
providing evidence of plant oceanic dispersal, 75, 153–154, 157–160, 161–163, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 242, 244
reason for use of, 15
refining, 128
and the shift away from vicariance, 118, 271, 277–278
skepticism about, 88–89, 90, 91, 111, 130, 134–135, 146
strict, 88
and suitability for modeling, 128–129
upward trend in using, 118–119
use of, 133–134
See also DNA sequencing; Relaxed clock methods
Molecular dating. See Molecular clock analyses
Molecules, problem with, 135, 139
Molokai, 261
Monkeys, 3, 12, 13, 33, 44, 90, 209, 210–215, 216, 217–220, 223, 266, 267–268, 281, 287–288, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 299, 302–303, 304
Montgomery, Steve, 257–260, 264
Moose, 2
Moriori, 239
Morley, Lawrence, 60n
Morlière, Alain, 181, 182, 191
Morocco, 97
Morrone, Juan, 233n
Mount Ararat, 27, 28, 178, 234
Mozambique Channel, 44, 158, 165, 200, 248, 303
“Muddy” diagrams, 50, 51 (fig.), 71, 276
Muir, John, 198
Mullis, Kary, 120–122, 123, 124, 126, 130
“Multiple Overseas Dispersal in Amphibians” (Vences et al.), 187
Musicians Seamounts, 74n
Mutations, 129, 139, 302
Myths
power of, and attempt at breaking, 252
science and, Popper on, 1
See also Falsification
Nachlinger, Jan (author’s friend), 16, 95
National Geographic Society, 228
Natural crossings, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296
Natural selection, 23, 29, 30, 31, 40n, 85n, 103, 139, 169, 197, 208, 263
Nature (journal), 42, 59
Nazca Plate, 59
Nelson, Gareth (Gary), 47–48, 49, 50, 51–52, 53–54, 65–67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 83, 84–85, 86, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 100, 106, 110, 117, 118, 119, 135, 165, 192, 209, 212, 226, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275
Nematodes, 293–294
Nene Goose, 75
Neomachilellus bristletail, 261
Neomachilis bristletails, 52, 259 (fig.), 262–263, 264, 306
Neotropical Sunbittern, 242
New Caledonia, 4, 7, 69 (fig.), 82, 97, 98, 108, 152, 166, 171, 225, 242–244, 246n, 251, 252
New Guinea, 3, 69 (fig.), 80 (fig.), 82, 265, 286
New World
discovery of, 115, 285
and land bridges, 2n, 156
taxa involving, 27, 148, 156, 157, 206, 212, 213, 214–215, 216, 219, 223, 261, 262, 279, 286–287, 295 (fig.), 302–303
tracks and, 82
unnatural crossings involving, 282, 283–285
See also North America; South America
New World monkeys, 210–215, 216, 217–218, 223, 291, 293–294, 300
New York, 155
“New York School” dispersalists, 45, 65, 66, 71, 78, 85, 87, 118, 169, 273
See also specific scientists
New Zealand
ark analogy involving, 163, 234, 246
and biota like an oceanic island, 251
and the Chatham Rise, 240
comparing past floras of Australia with, 107–108
as a continental island, 12 (box)
and the Cretaceous, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102n, 103–104, 109
and the Eocene, 104, 105
fading prominence of panbiogeographers in, 277
as a focal point of biogeography, 100–101, 110
fossil records of, 101–102, 102–104, 105–106, 109, 160, 246
and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 7, 17, 18, 99, 170
and the Gondwanan relict idea, 96–97, 99, 100–102, 110, 152, 160, 161
humans crossing to the Chathams from, 239
and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)
and the Mesozoic, 63
and the Miocene, 104, 106, 107
myth applied to, 252
and the Oligocene, 98–99, 104, 106
and the Paleocene, 102n, 104
as pivotal point in the vicariance-dispersal debate, 225
and the Pleistocene, 104
and the Pliocene, 104
taxa involving, 3, 14, 16, 17–18, 25, 49, 54, 63, 64 (fig.), 65, 69 (fig.), 86, 87 (fig.), 95–97, 99, 100, 103–109, 110, 111, 117, 160, 161, 162–163, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 225, 226, 227, 241–242, 244–246
tracks and, 80 (fig.), 82
See also Chatham Islands; Zealandia
“New Zealand Biogeography—A Paleontologist’s Approach” (Fleming), 107
New Zealand Geological Survey, 106
Newfoundland, 37
Newtonian physics, 91–92
Nicobar Islands, 209
Niger River, 192, 197
Noah’s Ark, 4, 27, 178, 234
Nonaerial animals, generalization about dispersal and, 262
Norfolk Island, 108, 110, 161
Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), 108, 109
Normal dispersal, defined, 10 (box)
Normark, Ben, 124
Norops sagrei (brown anole), 72
North America, 34, 39
and Australia, 200
Carboniferous and Permian period, 37
distance of Hawaiian Islands from, 73, 260
eastern seaboard of, 287
and the Eocene, 215
and the Great American Interchange, 289–290
Great Lakes of, 9, 287
and ice ages, 2, 238
and land bridges, 2, 42, 156, 172
and the Panamanian Isthmus, 288, 289–290
rock formations in, 61
taxa involving, 2, 29, 179, 200, 214, 215, 238, 245, 259 (fig.), 260–261, 262, 265, 267, 286, 289–290, 294, 295 (fig.)
treeline in mountains of, 17
North American Plate, 6, 60
North Equatorial Counter Current, 219
North Island, 99
North Island Robin, 241 (fig.)
Northern Channel Islands, 173
Northern Hemisphere, 79, 172
See also specific northern landmasses, islands, and bodies of water
Nothofagus trees/shrubs. See Southern beeches
Nowak, Mike, 248, 249, 250
Nuclear DNA, 125, 213
Nutmeg, 285, 286, 287
Nuuanu Pali Wayside Park, 258
Oahu, 257–261
Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. 2 (Guppy), 201
Ocean basins, early assumptions about, 33
See also Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in
Ocean crust, 36, 38, 55, 58, 242
Ocean floor, studies of, 55, 56–58, 59, 60
See also Plate tectonics; Seafloor spreading
Oceanic dispersal
envisioning, 18, 306
inevitability of, 304
invoking, facing constant disbelief when, 198
long-distance dispersal usually as, 11 (box)
molecular dating providing evidence of, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 75, 148, 153–154, 157–160, 161–163, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 186–187, 206, 212, 213, 215, 219, 231n, 241–242, 243, 244, 245, 248–249, 286, 290, 295 (fig.)
natural, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296
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