Age of Youth in Argentina

by Valeria Manzano

  ———. “Rock nacional: crónicas de la resistencia juvenil.” In Los nuevos movimientos sociales, vol. 1, edited by Elizabeth Jelin, 95–102. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1985.

  ———. “Rock Nacional: The Struggle for Meaning.” Latin American Music Review 10.1 (Spring–Summer 1989): 1–28.

  Waksman, Steve. Instruments of Desire: The Electric Guitar and the Shaping of Musical Experience. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.

  Walter, Richard. Student Politics in Argentina: The University Reform Movement and Its Effects. New York: Basic Books, 1968.

  Weeks, Jeffrey. Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800. London: Longman, 1989.

  Weissman, Patricia. Toxicomanías: Historia de las ideas psicopatológicas sobre el consumo de drogas en la Argentina. Mar del Plata: Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 2002.

  Whiteley, Sheila. Women and Popular Music: Sexuality, Identity, and Subjectivity. London: Routledge, 2000.

  ———, ed. Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. New York: Routledge, 1997.

  Wollman, Elizabeth. The Theater Will Rock: A History of the Rock Musical from Hair to Hedwig. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.

  Zanca, José. Los intelectuales católicos y el fin de la cristiandad (1955–1966). Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica—Universidad de San Andrés, 2006.

  Zarrabeitia, César. Militancia estudiantil: Desde los orígenes de la UNNE hasta finales de la década del sesenta. Corrientes: N.p., 2007.

  Zolov, Eric. “‘¡Cuba sí, yanquis no!’ The Sacking of the Instituto Cultural México-Americano in Morelia, Michocán, in 1961.” In In from the Cold: Latin America’s New Encounter with the Cold War, edited by Gilbert Joseph and Daniela Spenser, 214–50. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.

  ———. “Expanding Our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America.” A Contracorriente 5.2 (Winter 2008): 47–72.

  ———. Refried Elvis: The Rise of a Mexican Counterculture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

  Index

  1968: global revolts, 8, 10, 18, 149, 159–61, 169;

  reception in Argentina, 163, 167, 253

  Acción Católica Argentina (ACA, Argentine Catholic Action), 26, 111

  Adolescents: and autonomy, 111–12;

  and “crisis,” 30–31;

  and education, 22, 28, 46, 53;

  and leisure, 9–10, 75–76, 104;

  and poetry, 127;

  and politics, 182, 229;

  and sexuality, 207;

  surveys on, 39–40. See also Youth

  Adulthood: adult supervision and, 17, 25, 52, 103;

  legal, 17;

  transition to, 36, 89, 125, 128

  Advertising: agencies, 88, 90–91, 234;

  codes, 196, 198–99;

  for youth, 77, 88, 90, 92–93, 193, 196–98, 234–35

  Almendra, 138, 140–44, 241. See also Spinetta, Luis Alberto

  Alvarez, Jorge, 138, 153

  Antiauthoritarianism: and education, 182;

  in rock culture, 123–24, 127, 134, 139, 145, 154–56, 241

  Anti-imperialism: in New Left, 169–70, 177;

  in student movement, 60–62, 68

  Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio, 149, 167, 189

  Arco Iris, 147–48;

  and politics, 152, 154. See also Santaolalla, Gustavo

  Asaltos, 75

  Authoritarianism: and education, 46–51, 54, 67;

  and everyday life, 113–14, 126–27, 254;

  and politics, 10, 23, 158, 246;

  in psychological discourse, 21, 31, 43;

  and sociocultural modernization, 5, 44

  Authority: cultural, 4, 164;

  within family, 26–27, 31, 53, 67, 101;

  patriarchal, 21, 32–36, 97–98, 106, 112–14, 121;

  within Peronism, 23–24, 177, 189–92;

  and youth, 3

  Authority-reconstitution project: definition, 221–22;

  pre-dictatorship, 223–31;

  during last dictatorship, 233–38

  Barritas (mixed adolescent groups), 74, 103–4

  Beatles, 122, 134, 143

  Body: and consciousness, 12, 209–10, 218–19;

  definition of, 193–94;

  dichotomy of mind and, 72, 213;

  dieting practices and, 196–97;

  female, 9, 200–202, 231;

  male, 120;

  resilience, 210–12, 220;

  styles, 125–26. See also Fashion; New Left

  Borda, Guillermo, 199

  Brazil, 11, 33, 54–55, 79–80, 128, 163, 167, 200, 214

  Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, 226

  Cámpora, Héctor, 5, 124, 153, 178–79, 185, 188, 198, 204

  Cantilo, Miguel, 129–30, 148. See also Pedro y Pablo

  Careta, 242–44

  Catholics: conservative groups, 8, 16, 18, 223–24, 235–36;

  and education, 46–47, 68–69;

  and family, 35–38, 223–24;

  and Peronism, 25–29;

  and radicalization, 169, 172–73, 183;

  and sexuality, 115–18;

  and student movement, 45, 50, 58–60, 62–63, 161–64;

  and young women, 98, 100, 111–12;

  and youth leisure, 70–71. See also Acción Católica Argentina; League of Mothers; Moledo, Manuel

  Censorship, 9, 21, 58, 194;

  and advertising, 198–99;

  and the authority-reconstitution project, 223–24, 239–42;

  and media, 34–35, 43

  Centro Nacional de Reeducación Social (CENRESO, National Center of Social Reeducation), 227–28

  Cold War, 43, 63, 113, 221

  Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 73, 76, 123, 142

  Communist Party, 2, 27, 59, 64, 174, 177, 244

  Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT, Workers General Confederation), 62, 64–65, 110, 112, 163

  Confederación General del Trabajo de los Argentinos (CGTA, Workers General Confederation of Argentines), 162–64, 169–71

  Confederación General Universitaria (CGU, University General Confederation), 24

  Conscription, 125, 127–29;

  during last military dictatorship, 245–46

  Consejo Nacional de Protección de Menores (CNPM, National Council of Minors’ Protection), 33–34

  Cordobazo, 164, 166–68, 191

  Correas, Carlos, 58–59, 67

  Counterculture, 11, 14, 145–49, 252. See also Hippies; Rock culture

  Cristianismo y Revolución, 162–63, 173

  Cuban Revolution, 11;

  and New Left, 169, 174;

  and student movement, 60–61

  Curone, Marta, 28

  Desapariciones. See Runaways

  Detrás de un largo muro, 100

  Disappeared, 6, 233, 237–38, 245–46;

  and human rights, 248–49

  Dolce Vita: Federico Fellini movie and, 75, 97;

  and Penjerek case, 109–14

  Drugs: fears of, 111–13, 136–37, 222–24;

  legislation, 227–28;

  and New Left, 150, 228–29;

  as public problem, 224–27;

  youth consumption, 147–48

  Education: and modernization, 44, 52–54, 67–68, 236–37;

  and youth, 7–8. See also Secondary school; University

  Ejército Guerrillero del Pueblo (EGP, Guerrilla Army of the People), 40–41, 59

  Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo. See Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores–Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo

  El Club del Clan, 78–81;

  and fandom, 82–83;

  responses to, 83–85;

  and taste, 84–87, 95. See also Nueva ola; Ortega, Palito

  “Enemy within”: and repression, 221–23, 254;

  and sexuality, 112–13

  Eros, 204–5. See also Homosexuality

  Escala M
usical, 73, 76, 87

  Escardó, Florencio, 31, 35, 115–16, 197

  Expreso Imaginario, 241–43

  Family: and “adolescent crisis,” 31–33;

  and intergenerational conflict, 104–6;

  marriage, 105–6, 118–19;

  and modernization, 30–31, 41–43, 111–12;

  New Left and, 205, 215–16;

  Peronist family romance, 185–92;

  protection of, 34–36, 223–24;

  and youth leisure, 74–75, 79–82, 94–95. See also Authority: patriarchal; League of Mothers

  Fandom, 83–85

  Fashion, 69–70, 88–93;

  and eroticism, 195–97;

  and masculinity, 142–43;

  and politics, 199–201;

  unisex, 196–97

  Federación Argentina de Entidades Anticomunistas (FAEDA, Argentine Federation of Anticommunist Groups), 137

  Federación de Estudiantes Nacionales (FEN, Federation of National Students), 161–63, 166

  Federación Juvenil Comunista (FJC, Communist Youth Federation): and dictatorship, 244;

  and youth leisure, 39, 75–76, 78, 83. See also Federación Metropolitana de Estudiantes Secundarios

  Federación Metropolitana de Estudiantes Secundarios (FEMES, Metropolitan Federation of Secondary School Students), 50–52

  Federación Universitaria Argentina (FUA, Argentine University Federation), 45, 62

  Federación Universitaria de Buenos Aires (FUBA, University Federation of Buenos Aires), 45, 61

  Feminism, 202–3

  Firmenich, Mario, 188, 228

  Folklore, 77–79;

  and politics, 153–54, 174, 239

  Fraternity of long-haired boys: characteristics, 132–41 passim, 145;

  definition, 125–26. See also Hippies; Náufragos; Rock culture

  Frente de Liberación Homosexual (FLH, Homosexual Liberation Front), 204–6, 223

  Frondizi, Arturo: developmentalist politics, 4, 7, 21, 33, 38, 76;

  educational policies, 35, 45

  Frondizi, Risieri, 60–61

  Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas (FAP, Peronist Armed Forces), 173, 175, 218

  Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FAR, Revolutionary Armed Forces), 151, 175, 205

  Fugas. See Runaways

  García, Charly, 127. See also Sui Géneris

  Gender, 3, 7;

  metaphors, 85–86, 144;

  and New Left, 209–10, 213–16;

  and Right, 223–24, 231;

  and rock culture, 138–41, 156;

  secondary school students, 25–26, 46;

  and socio-cultural modernization, 13, 17, 97–99, 113–15, 250–52;

  and university students, 102–3;

  and youth consumption, 80–83. See also Masculinity; Sexuality; Young men; Young women

  Generation: first-generation students and, 53–55, 103;

  frustrated, 38–39, 43;

  intergenerational relations, 30–31, 41, 71, 107–8, 130–31, 138;

  intragenerational differences, 86–91, 242–43;

  military ideas on, 237–38, 245–46;

  “mufado,” 133–34;

  of 1960, 37–38, 75;

  Peronism and, 23–27, 159–60, 177–79, 187–92;

  and radicalization, 164, 176–77;

  and youth, 7–8

  Germani, Gino: and “crisis of our time,” 30–31;

  and modern family, 41;

  and modernizing narratives, 168–69, 174;

  in School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 55–56, 59

  Giberti, Eva, 3, 31, 33, 35–36;

  on long pants, 89;

  on moral panics, 112;

  on sexual education, 115–16, 119;

  on unisex fashion, 137

  Grinberg, Miguel, 133, 148–49;

  on premarital sex, 117

  Guerrillas, 5, 11–12, 18, 124, 149, 167, 228, 233;

  and young men, 128–29;

  and young women, 201–2, 214–15, 231;

  and youth, 40–41, 59, 151, 159, 175–78, 221–22

  Guevara, Ernesto Che: and Ejército Guerrillero del Pueblo, 59;

  as ideal, 10, 209, 212;

  rock lyrics dedicated to, 153;

  and travel practices, 172

  Hair, long in young men, 87, 130, 132, 134–35, 142, 145, 151, 197;

  Hair musical and, 145–46;

  reactions to, 126–27;

  young women and, 86, 92–93, 238

  Haley, Bill, 70;

  visit to Argentina, 73–74

  Hippies, 135–37;

  communal living, 148–50;

  “hippie princess” and, 140;

  New Left and, 150–51

  Homophobia, 137–38, 140, 217

  Homosexuality: as menace, 137–38;

  and New Left, 217–18;

  political activism, 204–5;

  representations of, 58, 89–90;

  repression of, 134, 202, 223. See also Frente de Liberación Homosexual; Sexuality

  Humanist League, 62, 161

  Human rights, 244–45, 248–49

  Illia, Arturo, 4, 11, 63–64;

  and youth, 93–94

  Integralistas, 62, 65–66, 161

  Instituto Di Tella (IDT, Di Tella Institute), 57, 133

  Ivanissevich, Oscar, 230

  Jeans, 10, 25, 69–70, 88–96, 196–200, 207, 220, 234

  Junta Militar, 222;

  and education, 236–37;

  and “subversion,” 232–33

  Juventud Peronista (JP, Peronist Youth), 8, 28, 217, 253;

  organization, 178–79, 184, 188;

  repression of 231, 243–44, 248;

  and rock culture, 150–53

  Juventud Universitaria Peronista (JUP, University Peronist Youth), 179–89 passim;

  repression of, 229–30, 237

  Knobel, Mauricio, 116

  Kuhn, Rodolfo: on Los jóvenes viejos, 37–38;

  on Pajarito Gómez, 83–84

  La fiaca, 131

  Laica o libre conflict (lay-or-free conflict), 45, 50–52. See also Students

  La noche de los lápices (The Night of the Pencils), 248–49

  Lanusse, Alejandro, 159–60

  La patota, 89

  League of Mothers, 14, 26, 223, 249–50;

  organization and ideas, 32–35;

  and rock dancing, 79;

  and youth fashion, 196

  Lernoud, Pipo, 133–34, 140;

  and Expreso Imaginario, 242–43

  López Rega, José, 178, 187;

  and drug policies, 226–27;

  and repressive legislation, 223–24

  Los Beatniks, 4, 123, 133. See also Moris

  Los de la mesa diez, 105

  Los Gatos, 132–33, 137–38, 144–45. See also Nebbia, Lito

  Los jóvenes viejos, 37–39

  Malvinas War, 244–45

  Manal, 132;

  disbanding, 144;

  and masculinity, 138–41;

  reunion, 241. See also Martínez, Javier

  Marchemos a las fronteras, 238–39