Living Hell
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risks incurred by, 24–25
Oates, William C., 57, 70
Obama, Barack, 189
O’Brien, H. T., 32
officers: ailments suffered by, 51–55
alcohol abuse by, 112–13, 124
attitude toward deserters, 119–20
as casualties in war, 74–75
challenges faced by, 55–57
combat fatigue suffered by, 121–24
injuries suffered by, 74–75
in later wars, 76
leadership ethic of, 76–79
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 86
O’Malley, George, 175
101st New York, 116
102nd Pennsylvania, 165
103rd Illinois, 146
107th New York, 71
112th New York, 148
114th Pennsylvania, 98
115th Pennsylvania, 175
117th New York, 134
123rd Illinois, 51
123rd New York, 23, 46
128th New York, 41
145th Pennsylvania, 89–90
148th Pennsylvania, 100
154th New York, 86
157th Pennsylvania, 176
184th New York, 129–30
opium, 10, 59
as medical treatment, 24, 52, 90, 97
self-medication with, 53, 80, 150, 155, 156–57, 199
Osborn, Thomas, 138, 171, 184
Osterhaus, Peter J., 138
Outman, George, 202–3
Owen, Thomas, 154
Owsley, Frank, 196
Parkman, Mrs. Breck, 152
Parrott rifle, 62, 76
Parsons, H. C., 202
Partisan Rangers, 169–70
Patrick, Marsena Rudolph, 52, 113, 118, 119, 124, 129–30, 161–62, 171, 176
Patrick, Robert, 138
Patterson, Francis E., 124
Patterson, John, 199
Patton, George S., 76
Paul, Gabriel, 69, 74
Pelham, John, 127
Pemberton, John C., 162, 177
Pender, William Dorsey, 39, 74, 119–20
percussion muskets, 61, 62
Perkins, August, 154
Perrine, Thomas A., 91
Peter, Frances, 46
Peters, De Witt C., 26
Petersburg Crater, 34
Pettigrew, James Johnston, 74
Petty, Elijah P., 163
Phillipps, Charles, 66
Phillips, Wendell, 184, 193
photography: of battlefield scenes, 17, 153
of soldiers, 58
Pickett, George E., 53, 64, 76–77, 122–23
Pickett’s charge, 76–77, 213
Picton, Sir Thomas, 109
Pierson, R. A., 103
Pinckney, Darryl, 190
Pinkney, Will, 111
Pitcairn, Major, 198
Poague’s Battery (C.S.A.), 207
Polk, Leonidas, 76, 130
Pope, John, 94, 160, 162, 175
Porter, Horace, 110
Porter’s Tennessee Battery, 20–21
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 108–10. See also psychological trauma
Powell, Colin, 187
Pratt, Fletcher, 124
Preble, James, 20, 174
Preston, Buck, 156
Preston, Margaret, 214
Preston, Willie, 124
Pringle, Julius, 183
prisoners of war, 168–69
brutal treatment of, 177–80
prisons, women in, 144–45
Probst, John, 168
prostitution, 10–11, 21–22, 142–44
Proyer, Shephard, 58
psychological trauma: in anticipation of battle, 113–14
cardiac stress as result of, 114
and desertions, 110, 115
physiological response to, 120–21
suffered by civilians, 103–7
suffered by Civil War officers, 121–24
suffered by Civil War soldiers, 107, 108, 109–32
suffered by Civil War veterans, 200–201
Putnam, Sally, 105
Quantrill, William, 66
Quick, James, 70, 96
quinine, 40, 49, 50, 51, 136
race relations, after the Civil War, 184–89
racial discrimination, 6
after the Civil War, 184–90
experienced by soldiers, 13, 34–36, 145, 187–88
railroads, 38
rainstorms, following battle, 87
rape. See sexual assault
Reconstruction, 184–85
Reed’s Hospital, 95
Reid, Harvey, 172
Reid, Whitelaw, 112, 183
relief agencies, 134–35
religion: Mary Chesnut’s view of, 158
solace offered by, 126, 154–55
Reynolds, John, 74, 76
rheumatism, 51, 52
Rhodes, Elisha Hunt, 45, 13, 104, 133
rifles, 61–62, 73
rights. See civil rights
human rights
states’ rights
riots: as response to conscription, 31–32
as response to food shortages, 141
Ripley, Edward, 73
Robber Barons, 194–95
Robinson, William, 152
Rockefeller, John D., 194
Roemer, Jacob, 114
Roosevelt, Theodore, 217–18
Ropes, Hannah, 99, 125
Rosenbaum, Betty, 198
Ross, Levi, 44
Rough Riders, 217
Rudasill, Henry, 179
Ruffin, Edmund, 21
sailors. See naval combat
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 187–88
Sanitary Commission, 24, 46, 86, 93–94, 135, 165, 188
sanitation and hygiene, 8–9, 24, 45–49
for prisoners of war, 178
Sapolsky, Robert, 120
Sassacus (ship), 81
Saxton, Rufus, 34
Scales, Alfred Moore, 74
Schiveley, David, 98
Schofield, John M., 35, 79
scurvy, 42–43, 79
Sea Islands Port Royal Experiment, 148
2nd Georgia, 85
2nd Michigan, 18, 22, 143
2nd New York Artillery, 18, 114
2nd Rhode Island, 45, 104
2nd Tennessee, 67
2nd United States Sharpshooters, 17
2nd Vermont, 22, 45, 114
2nd Virginia Cavalry, 45, 142
2nd Wisconsin, 70
self-mutilation, 129
Selfridge, Thomas O., 161
Semmes, Raphael, 3, 74
Seven Days Battles, 53–54, 67
7th Alabama, 53
7th Cavalry, 63
7th Connecticut, 48
7th Louisiana, 22
7th Maine, 66
7th Ohio, 100, 119
7th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 136
17th Maine, 41
71st New York, 22, 42, 68, 112, 143
71st Pennsylvania, 98
72nd Indiana, 174–75
73rd Ohio, 87
73rd Pennsylvania, 166
79th Pennsylvania, 116
sexual assault, 174–76
sexual behavior, 10–11
promiscuity, 21–22. See also prostitution
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 20, 57, 74, 88, 127
sharecropping, 185
Sharpsburg, Battle of. See Antietam, Battle of
sharpshooters, 62
Shaw, Robert Gould, 15, 154, 168, 187, 189
Shay, John, 167
Shelby, Joseph O., 88, 162
shell shock. See post-traumatic stress disorder
psychological trauma
Shenandoah Valley, Grant’s targeting of, 169
Sheridan, Philip H., 169, 217
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 4, 8, 65, 88, 131, 138, 164–65, 175, 217
as controversial figure, 170–71, 172
Shiloh, Battle of, 57, 66, 67, 73, 77, 88, 1
00, 115, 117
shoes, inadequacy of, 40, 56
shortages, 136
of food, 37, 40–43, 135, 136, 140–41, 143–44
of medicine, 136
of milk, 143
of money, 134
Shotwell, Randolph, 15, 71
Sibley, Henry H., 53
Sickles, Daniel, 74
Siegel, Franz, 101
Simmons, J. W., 33
Simpson, Dick, 26, 102
Simpson, Tally, 46, 58
16th Illinois, 126
16th Maine, 117, 177
16th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 98
16th U.S. Infantry, 19
6th Georgia, 67
6th Mississippi, 67
6th United States Colored Troops, 201
6th Wisconsin, 70
61st Ohio, 25
64th Michigan, 50
64th Ohio, 41
69th Pennsylvania, 97, 205
skulkers, 111–12, 115, 174
slavery, as precipitating factor in the war, 6, 7, 164. See also Emancipation Proclamation
slaves: living conditions of, 11
as runaways during the war, 146–47
stereotypes of, 163
Small, Abner, 117, 177
smallpox, 20, 59, 140
Smith, G. W., 124
Smith, Stephen, 32
smoothbore rifles, 61, 73
Sneden, Robert Knox, 30, 69, 85, 86
Social Darwinism, 194
soldiers, Civil War: alcohol abuse by, 20–21, 22, 53, 80, 129
African American, 13, 27–28, 31, 33–36, 94–95
bonding among, 127–28, 209
body parts taken as trophies by, 166, 173
coping mechanisms of, 126–28
debilitation of, 55–56
depression suffered by, 25–27
desertions by, 27, 29, 31, 110, 115, 119–20, 128
exhaustion experienced by, 120–21, 124–25
fear and despair experienced by, 113–19
immigrants as, 15–16
lonely deaths of, 57–59, 86
and long-term care following injury, 95–99
malnutrition suffered by, 42–43
neurological damage inflicted on, 118–19
as prisoners of war, 177–80
psychological trauma suffered by, 107, 108, 109–32, 180–81
punishments inflicted on, 19–20, 130–32
self-mutilation of, 129
sexual assaults by, 174–76
shortages of, 27–28
suicides of, 59
uniforms of, 25
vices of, 20–22
wages of, 134
wounds and mutilation suffered by, 66–67, 68–74, 81, 86, 96, 104–5, 199–200. See also casualties, Civil War
corpses on the battlefield
medical treatment
military service
veterans, Civil War
Sorrel, Moxley G., 40, 121
South Mountain, Battle of, 77
South, the, challenges after the war in, 182–86, 196–97
Spain, Amy, 149
Spears, James G., 18
Spencer, Philip, 131
Sperry, Charles, 174
Squires, Charles, 119
Stanley, Henry Morton, 125
Stannard, George J., 74
Stanton, Edwin, 34
states’ rights, 191
as issue in the war, 6, 18
Steiner, Lewis H., 46
Steinwehr, Adolph von, 118
Stephens, Marcus, 44
Stephenson, Philip Daingerfield, 72, 111, 175
stereotypes, of Yankees and Southerners, 164–66
Stevens, Thaddeus, 204
Stevens, Thomas N., 42
Stewart, A. M., 102, 165
Stewart, William, 71
Stiles, Robert, 142
Stillé, Charles J., 86
Stillwell, Leander, 126
Stockwell, Elisha, 16
Stockwell, Henry, 70
Stone, Kate, 139, 149, 150, 162
Stoneman, George, 52
Stowe, Frederick William, 20, 118–19
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 8, 11, 20, 154, 158, 191
Stowe, Jonathan P., 87–88
stress hormones, 120
Strong, George Templeton, 11, 93–94, 134–35, 165
Strother, David Hunter, 100, 117, 169
Stuart, J. E. B. “Jeb,” 54, 115, 122, 127
Stuber, Johann, 92
Stuckenberg, John, 89–90
Studebaker, Clement, 194
Sturgis, Samuel D., 112
suicide, by soldiers, 59
Sultana (ship), 9
Sumner, Charles, 165
Sumner, Edwin V., 51
Sumner, William Graham, 198
supply failures, 39–41, 50–51
surgery: aftermath of, 93–96
anesthesia for, 91, 92–93
at field hospitals, 89–93
Sutherland, Daniel E., 170
Suttwell, William, 17
Swann, A. F., 98
syphilis, 21, 22. See also venereal disease
Tate, Allen, 196
Taylor, Susie King, 148, 188
Taylor, Tom, 39, 88–89
Taylor, W. B., 50
Taylor, W. H., 24
Taylor, William, 70
Taylor, Willy, 57
Tecumseh (ship), 82
telegraph, 9
10th Illinois, 207
10th Massachusetts Artillery, 42, 124
tetanus, 49
3rd Alabama, 71
3rd Arkansas, 51
3rd Maryland (U.S), 97
3rd North Carolina, 137
3rd South Carolina (U.S.), 35
3rd South Carolina, 26, 46, 102
13th Amendment, 183, 190
13th Arkansas (C.S.A.), 111, 175
13th New Jersey, 27, 42, 90, 113, 125
13th New York Independent Battery, 73, 176
31st Indiana, 24
31st Tennessee (C.S.A.), 177
33rd Alabama, 41, 59, 130
33rd Union Brigade, 116
34th Illinois, 116–17
34th New York Light Artillery, 106, 114
35th Alabama, 117
38th Tennessee, 115
Thomas, Ella, 14, 18, 99, 140, 162
Thomas, George H., 64–65
Thomas, Jefferson, 18
Thompson, David L., 120
Thompson, Joseph Dimmit, 115
Thomson, William, 14
Thoreau, Henry David, 9
tobacco use, 9, 113, 204
Torbet, Alfred A., 121
torpedoes, 82
transportation: forms of, 9
as used in war effort, 38–39. See also ambulances
Trowbridge, John Townsend, 183
Tuckerman, Henry, 17–18
Twain, Mark, 196, 217
Tweed, Boss, 196
12th Connecticut, 114, 150
12th New York, 20, 78
12th Ohio, 102, 126
20th Georgia, 128
20th Massachusetts, 69
21st Mississippi, 166
21st Virginia, 56, 73, 126
22nd Wisconsin, 172
23rd North Carolina, 63
25th Georgia, 16
25th Wisconsin, 168
26th Indiana Light Artillery, 119
27th Michigan, 31
28th Wisconsin, 42
Twichell, Joseph H., 42, 68, 89, 112, 215
typhoid fever, 44, 59, 55
typhus, 9, 25, 59, 80
unemployment, after the Civil War, 192–93
uniforms, 25
poor quality of, 40
Union army, black soldiers recruited for, 13
Union Hospital, 99
Valium, 10
Vallandigham, Clement L., 161
Van Alstyne, Lawrence, 41
Vaught, Billy, 114
venereal disease, 10, 21–22
veterans, Civil War: artificial limbs
needed by, 199–200, 205
disfigurement of, 200
drug use by, 199, 202
homelessness among, 201
impact of the war on, 197–201
psychological trauma experienced by, 201
stigma attached to, 207
violent crime associated with, 197, 198–99
Vicksburg campaign, 39
Villard, Henry, 117
Vincent, Strong, 74
Virginia (ship), 81
voting rights: for African Americans, 186
for women, 190–91
Wainwright, Charles S., 46, 121, 123
Walker, George, 70
Walker, Mary, 192
Walker, Susan, 147, 148
Walker, William, 35
Walkley, S., 48
Wallenus, Francois, 176
Walthall, Edward, 33
war: America’s appetite for, 216–18
comparative casualties suffered in, 11–12, 22
fictional renderings of, 212–13
fiscal costs of, 204–5
romanticization of, 208, 210–11
Sherman’s description of, 4. See also Civil War
post-traumatic stress disorder
Ward, William, 124
Warner, Charles Dudley, 196
war psychosis, 166–68
Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, 74, 123
Warren, Robert Penn, 196
Washington Artillery, 68, 114, 116, 119
water: contamination of, 106
lack of, 43–44, 56–57, 89, 93
poor quality of, 44–46, 79–80
waterways, as transportation mode, 38–39
Watkins, Sam, 48, 125–26
weaponry: developments in, 61–63
in naval combat, 80–82
range of, 61, 62–63. See also cannons
minnie balls
rifles
Webb, Alexander S., 74
Wecter, Dixon, 143
Weed, Stephen H., 74
Weehawken (ship), 80
Weekes, Nick, 71
Weeks, James, 152
Wellington, Duke of, 85, 109
Wells, Heber, 125
West, Orin, 142
Wheeler, Joseph, 216
Wheeler, William, 73
White, William, 69
white militias, 189
Whitman, Walt, 4–5, 33, 86, 92, 95, 131, 149, 153, 180, 186, 195–96, 203, 208, 209–10
Whoriskey, Peter, 190
Wickham, Williams C., 18
Wightman, Edward, 111, 120
Wilcox, Orlando B., 112
Wilkeson, Frank, 19, 69, 112, 115, 137
Willard, Frances, 150–51
Williams, Alpheus T., 17, 39, 40, 67, 89, 166
Williams, George R., 188
Williams, John F., 21
Williams, John S., 40, 63
Williams, John Sharp, 188
Williams, Thomas, 160
Willits, Jeremiah, 145
Wills, Charles Wright, 47, 50, 146
Wilson, Edmund, 171
Winter, William, 151
Winthrop, Theodore, 14
women: after the Civil War, 190–92
exploitation of, 142–45
in government jobs, 191–92
in prisons, 144–45
rights of, 190–91
sexual assaults on, 174–76
vulnerability of, 162–63