Day of Empire

by Amy Chua

  11. Ibid.; Levy, “Introduction,” pp. 73-74; Masters, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, pp. 7-8, 129, 141-44.

  12. Levy, “Introduction,” pp. 74-76, 79-86.

  13. On the Ottoman decline, see for example Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, ed., History of the Ottoman State, Society, and Civilization, vol. 1 (Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art, and Culture, 2001), pp. 4314, 53-57, 95- 100, 108; Charles Swallow, The Sick Man of Europe: Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic, 1789-1923 (London: Ernest Benn, 1973), pp. 5-6, 13-14. On the Armenian massacre, see Vahakn N. Dadrian, “Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and Its Contemporary Legal Ramifications,” Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 14 (1989), pp. 221, 24215, 262-64, 272.

  14. Valerie Hansen, The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 (New York: W W Norton, 2000), pp. 378-79; Kennedy, The Rise and Tall of the Great Powers, pp. 4-7; Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 45, 52, 63, 70; Philip Snow, The Star Raft: China's Encounter with Africa (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), pp. 21-23.

  15. Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 (New York: Pearson Education, 2007), pp. 1-38; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 371-83; Snow, The Star Raft, pp. 10, 21-22; see also Julie Wilensky, “The Magical Kumlun and ‘Devil Slaves': Chinese Perceptions of Dark-Skinned People and Africa Before 1500,” Sino-Platonic Papers, vol. 122 (July 2002).

  16. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 381-82; Snow, The Star Raft, pp. 21-22.

  17. Hansen, The Open Empire, p. 379; G. E Hudson, Europe and China (London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1931), pp. 195-96; Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America, p. 60; Snow, The Star Raft, pp. 29, 32.

  18. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 383-87; Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, pp. 7-9.

  19. See J. N. Datta, “Proportion of Muhammadans in India Through Centuries,” Modern Review, vol. 78 (Jan. 1948), pp. 31, 33. On the destruction of the mosque in Ayodhya in 1992 and the claims of Hindu nationalists, see Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian (London: Penguin, 2005), pp. 48, 209,287.

  20. My discussion of Babur and Humayun draws heavily on Abraham Eraly, The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), pp. 15, 22-27 (Battle of Khanua), 103-13 (Humayun); see also Richard C. Foltz, Mughal India and Central Asia (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. xv, 130; John E Richards, The Mughal Empire, The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 1-8, 12. For a discussion of the rise of Islam in India and the reign of the so-called Delhi sultanate, see Francis Watson, A Concise History of India (New York: Charles Scribner, 1975), pp. 87-104.

  21. Akbar's letter to Philip is reproduced in Pankaj Mishra, “The First Liberal Imperialist,” New Statesman, Mar. 24, 2003, available at www.newstatesman.com/200303240028.

  22. For a general account of Akbar's reign, see Eraly, The Mughal Throne, pp. 114-36. On his alliances with the Rajputs, see Richards, The Mughal Empire, pp. 19-26; Norman Ziegler, “Some Notes on Rajput Loyalties During the Mughal Period,” in Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds., The Mughal State, 1526-1750 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 168,174-75. On religious policy during Akbar's reign, see Harbans Mukhia, The Mughals of India (Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), pp. 23, 47, 99; Sen, The Argumentative Indian, pp. 16-21; Sri Ram Sharma, The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1972), pp. 36-52, 56-66.

  23. My discussion of Jahangir and Shah Jahan is based on Eraly, The Mughal Throne, pp. 238-43, 304-5, 308-30; Mukhia, The Mughals of India, p. 20; Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Agra, India: Balkrishna Book Co., 1965), p. 328. On the Peacock Throne, see K.R.N. Swamy, “As Priceless as the Peacock Throne,” The Tribune (India), Jan. 20, 2000, available at www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000130/spectrum/main7.htm.

  24. On Aurangzeb's struggle for the throne and intolerant policies, see Eraly, The Mughal Throne, pp. 334-36, 370, 391-92, 401; Mukhia, The Mughals of India, pp. 24-26, 34-36; Richards, The Mughal Empire, pp. 171-84; Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 159-60, 168.

  EIGHT: THE BRITISH EMPIRE: “REBEL BUGGERS’ AND THE “WHITE MAN'S BURDEN”

  Epigraphs: The Voltaire quote can be found in Ole Peter Grell and Roy Porter, “Toleration in Enlightenment Europe,” in Ole Peter Grell and Roy Porter, eds., Toleration in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 4. Kipling's quote can be found in Rudyard Kipling, Plain Tales from the Hills, H. R. Woudhuysen, ed. (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 162. Gandhi's quote can be found in Gandhi, Young India 1919-1922 (New York: B. W. Huebsch, Inc., 1924), p. 299.

  1. The comparison of Britons to “Cannibals” is from a 1648 English pamphlet, quoted in Jonathan Scott, “What the Dutch Taught Us: The Late Emergence of the Modern British State,” Times Literary Supplement, Mar. 16,2001, pp. 4-5. Excellent discussions of intolerance in pre-Enlightenment Britain in clude the scholarly essays in Ruth Whelan and Carol Baxter, eds., Toleration and Religious Identity: The Edict of Nantes and Its Implications in France, Britain and Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003), especially John Miller, “Pluralism, Persecution and Toleration in France and Britain in the Seven teenth Century,” pp. 166-78. It is often overlooked how much Britain's transformation and rise to global dominance after 1688 was influenced by the Dutch. On this topic, see Immanuel Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, vol. 2 of The Modern World-System (San Diego: Academic Press, 1980), pp. 67, 277-79, 285-86; Charles Wilson, The Dutch Republic and the Civilisation of the Seventeenth Century (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 24011; Scott, “What the Dutch Taught Us,” pp. 4,6.

  2. Diderot lamented that France had expatriated a “prodigious multitude of ex cellent people,” thereby “enriching neighboring Kingdoms.” Alan C. Kors, “The Enlightenment and Toleration,” in Toleration and Religious Identity, pp. 202-3. On the Bill of Rights and Act of Toleration, see Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 111-12; Justin Champion, “Toleration and Citizenship in Enlight enment England: John Toland and the Naturalization of the Jews, 1714— 1753,” in Toleration in Enlightenment Europe, p. 133. On the role of Jews in Great Britain, see Todd M. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 15-17, 19-21, 24-25, 28-29; Jonathan I. Israel, European]ewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 5, 57, 127-30.

  3. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 24-25; Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, pp. 245-46, 248.

  4. Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, pp. 123, 127-30, 132-34; Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, pp. 258,277-81,285; Scott, “What the Dutch Taught Us,” pp. 5-6.

  5. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000, pp. 4719, 66; Wilson, The Dutch Republic, p. 240; Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2003), pp. 36-38; Peter Spufford, “Access to Credit and Capital in the Commercial Centers of Europe,” in Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, eds., A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 328-29; Peter Spufford, “From Antwerp to London: The Decline of Financial Centres in Europe,” Ortelius Lecture, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, May 18, 2005, pp. 30-31. A good treatment of the Bank of England is John Giuseppi, The Bank of England: A History from Its Foundation in 1694 (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1996).

  6. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000, pp. 49, 66, 92-93; Spufford, “Access to Credit and Capital in the Commercial Centers of Europe,” pp. 328-29; Spufford, “From Antwerp to Lond
on,” pp. 30-31; Gedalia Yogev, Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1978), pp. 20-21. See also William J. Bernstein, The Birth of Plenty: How the Prosperity of the Modern World Was Created (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pp. 146-49, 154-60.

  7. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000, pp. 6, 4114, 73, 79, 93,153.

  8. Ibid., pp. 8-9, 35-38, 79, 101-7, 127, 164, 173.

  9. My discussion of the Huguenots, France's religious wars, and the Edict of Nantes and its Revocation draws heavily on R. J. Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), pp. 308-11, 322-25, 351138, 542-47, 572-77; G. A. Rothrock, The Huguenots: A Biography of a Minority (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), pp. 74-75, 94-95, 97-99, chaps. 7-11; Warren C. Scoville, The Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680-1720 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960), pp. 7-21, chaps. 4 and 5; and the various essays in Raymond A. Mentzer and Andrew Spicer, eds., Society and Culture in the Huguenot World, 1559-1685 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), especially at pp. 1, 10, 213-18, 224-37. See also the following Web sites: the National Huguenot Society, huguenot.net nation.com/general/huguenot.htm; and the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, www.huguenotsociety.org.uk/history/.

  10. See Carlo M. Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (London: Collins, 1967), pp. 65-75; Scoville, The Persecution of Huguenots, pp. 210-52; Raymond A. Mentzer and Andrew Spicer, “Epilogue,” in Society and Culture in the Huguenot World, pp. 224-37. For suggestions that the economic effect of the Revocation on France has been overestimated, see Rothrock, The Huguenots, pp. 183-86; Scoville, The Persecution of Huguenots, pp. 4347.

  11. See Alice C. Carter, “The Huguenot Contribution to the Early Years of the Funded Debt, 1694-1714,” and Alice C. Carter, “Financial Activities of the Huguenots in London and Amsterdam in the Mid-Eighteenth Century,” both in Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London, 1952-1958, vol. 19 (Frome, U.K.: Butler and Tanner, 1959), pp. 21-41 and 313-33, especially pp. 21-29, 37, 4CM11, 313-14, 333; Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, pp. 278-80; Wilson, The Dutch Republic, pp. 237-40. See also the BBC's “Immigration and Emigration: The Huguenots, “www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/london/article_l.shtml.

  12. My discussion of the Darien venture and the 1707 Act of Union is based largely on Arthur Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything in It (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001), pp. 32-37, 39-40, 42, 48-49, 53-55; and John Prebble, The Darien Disaster (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1968), pp. 11-14, 51-52, 56-60, 90-91, 113-18, 184-85,216,268-69.

  13. Giuseppi, The Bank of England, pp. 1-26; Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World, pp. 32-37, 39-40, 42, 48-49, 53-55; Prebble, The Darien Disaster, pp. 113-17, 184-85, 216, 314-15.

  14. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 13, 116-18, 130.

  15. See Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 39, 119-20, 124-32, 294-95; Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World, pp. 38, 54, 59-61, 162-65, 34417, 357-58. On the idea of the “Scottish Empire,” see Duncan A. Bruce, The Mark of the Scots (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1996), pp. 59-60 and chap. 6; and Michael Fry's recent book, The Scottish Empire (Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press, 2001).

  16. Bruce, TheMark of the Scots, pp. 102-5,117,192-94; Colley, Britons: Torging the Nation, pp. 130-32; Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World, pp. 22-27, 62-65, 165, 291-92, 310, 320-24, 337-78.

  17. My discussion of Victoria and the heyday of the British Empire relies heavily on David Cannadine, The Pleasures of the Past (London: William Collins Sons & Co., 1989), pp. 23, 26; Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 164-66, 240-45; Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), pp. 151-56.

  18. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s, vol. 3 of The Modern World-System (San Diego: Academic Press, 1989), pp. 23,122; Wilson, The Dutch Republic, pp. 237-38. The Bank of England quote is from Giuseppi, The Bank of England, p.l.

  19. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 166.

  20. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 155-64. See also, more generally, the following exceptional books by David Cannadine: Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New York: Vintage Books, 1999).

  21. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 354, 358-59.

  22. See generally ibid.

  23. Ibid., pp. 19-23; Colin Haydon, Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth-Century England c. 1714-80 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 22, 76. On John Locke and toleration, see Grell and Porter, Toleration in Enlightenment Europe, pp. 5-8.

  24. See Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 19, 22-25, 35-36, 321-24. For two excellent discussions of the Gordon Riots, see Haydon, Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth-Century England, pp. 20414 (the quote from the eyewitness is on p. 214); and Nicholas Rogers, “Crowd and People in the Gordon Riots,” in Eckhart Hellmuth, ed., The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 39-55.

  25. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, pp. 35-36, 322-34; Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 62-64, 323-25; James Lydon, The Making of Ireland (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 217, 290-91, 301-2, 33612, 353-55.

  26. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 29-31, 42-48, 50, 56, 180; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 21-36, 39-67, 70; Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (London: Little, Brown and Company, 1997), pp. 5-6, 9-10, 22-24, 4213, 63, 71, 77, 79; Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), chaps. 12-14; David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London: Macmillan Press, 1994), pp. 1-7, 52, 62, 94-95; Heather Streets, “The Rebellion of 1857: Origins, Consequences, and Themes,” Teaching South Asia, vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter 2000). For India population figures, see Wolpert, p. 231.

  27. On India's military heritage, see Heathcote, The Military in British India, chap. 1. As to British strategic tolerance and the religious and ethnic diversity of the Indian army under the Raj, see Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 136-38, 146, 173-74, 184-89; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 178, 223, 227; Douglas M. Peers, Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in Early Nineteenth Century India (London: I. B. Tauris, 1995), pp. 84-89, 93,255,258.

  28. C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, vol. 2, sec. 1, The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 4-10, 43, 56-58, 61, 63, 68; Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 29-31, 42-44, 188-89.

  29. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 45-47, 137-38, 144-45; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 207, 224-28. On the “fishing fleet” and the role of British women in India generally, see Pat Barr, The Memsahibs: The Women of Victorian England (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1976); Pran Neville, “Memsahibs and the Indian Marriage Bazaar,” The Tribune (India), Jan. 19, 2003.

  30. My discussion of the Indian Mutiny draws significantly on Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 146-54; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 233-40, 251-52, 262, 286; Wolpert, A New History of India, pp. 226-37.

  31. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 191-203, 209, 213; Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj, vol. 3, sec. 4, The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 8-9, 31, 39-40, 45, 48, 59-64, 114-22, 153-54, 199-200, 211.

&n
bsp; 32. See Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj, pp. 87-90, 93-102.

  33. John R. McClane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), p. 4. Naoroji's famous essay “The Benefits of British Rule in India” is reprinted in Dadabhai Naoroji, Essays, Speeches, Addresses and Writings (Bombay: Caxton Printing Works, 1887), pp. 131-36.

  34. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 196-203; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 349-51; Maria Misra, Business, Race, and Politics in British India c. 1850-1960 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 41-42; Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, 1885-1947 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), p. 22; Wolpert, A New History of India, pp. 242-43, 253-54.

  35. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 204-15, 3021; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 343, 352, 359-63, 43910, 456-58; Wolpert, A New History of India, pp. 248-51, 255, 265-66, 270-73, 289-91.

  36. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 326-28; James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, pp. 459-63, 471-73; Misra, Business, Race, and Politics in British India, pp. 86, 123-24, 14517; Wolpert, A New History of India, pp. 297-302.

  37. On the increasingly inclusive policies of the government of India, see Misra, Business, Race, and Politics in British India, pp. 55, 123-24, 142-47, 163, 168-69, and on the contrasting intolerance of the Anglo-Indian business community, see pp. 5, 7-11, 123-29, 210-14.

  38. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 112-13, 348; Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, pp. 367-68, 423-24.

  39. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, pp. 354-55.

  PART THREE: THE FUTURE OF WORLD DOMINANCE

  NINE: THE AMERICAN HYPERPOWER: TOLERANCE AND THE MICROCHIP

  Epigraphs: Jefferson's quote can be found in Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, William Peden, ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), p. 159. The quote about the ENIAC computer is from Popular Mechanics, Mar. 1949, p. 258.