by Susan Ronald
19. CSP, Spain, 2:549–50.
Eighteen: God’s Outriders
1. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 55.
2. Robert Southwell was the third son of Richard Southwell, who was the natural elder son of Sir Richard Southwell, whom Mary Tudor had sent to ensure that John Rogers had been burnt at the stake as ordered.
3. Ibid., 57.
4. Ibid., 57–58. See also Philip Ayres ed., Anthony Munday: A Roman Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), 21–27.
5. Ibid., 62.
6. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:280.
7. Ibid., 281–82.
8. Stukeley presented himself to the court of the boy king, Sebastian of Portugal, and was sidetracked from his appointed mission to the invasion of Morocco against the “greater infidel” the Moors. Within the year, Stukeley, Sebastian, and the Moorish king all died at the Battle of Alcazar, which was later portrayed in a play in the 1590s by Thomas Kyd.
9. See Ronald, Pirate Queen, 59–60, 155–56.
10. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, 240.
11. Boncompagni was thought to be the natural son of the pope.
12. Ibid., 241.
13. ODNB, “Nicholas Sander.”
14. “Some Letters and Papers of Nicholas Sander, 1562–1580,” Miscellanea XIII, Catholic Record Society pub., 26 (London: CRS, 1926): 1–57.
15. CSP, Spain, 2:665–66.
16. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:365–66.
17. CW, 239.
18. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 67.
19. Victor Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England (Burlingame, VT: Ashgate, 2007), 2–3.
20. Persons’s name was often spelled “Parsons” by Protestants and posterity, though he always spelled it “Persons” himself.
21. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 80, 358. See also John Calvin’s An Admonicion against Astrology Iudiciall, 1561, 106.
22. Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England, 25. See also John E. Parish, Robert Persons and the English Counter-Reformation, Rice University Studies 52 (Houston, 1966), 13.
23. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, 244–47.
24. Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Campion (London: Longmans, 1961), 109.
25. It is thought that they may have sheltered at the home of Sir William Catesby, father of the Gunpowder Plotter Robert Catesby.
26. Ibid., 117.
27. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 83–84.
28. Waugh, Edmund Campion, 127.
29. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 86.
Nineteen: The Ungodly Witch Hunts
1. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, 249.
2. Ibid. See also Digges, The Compleat Ambassador, 373.
3. Ibid., 250.
4. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:368.
5. Knecht, French Civil Wars, 212–16.
6. John Bossy, Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 145–51.
7. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:298–299, 323.
8. Ibid., 308. ODNB, “Sir George Peckham.” There is some minor controversy over whether Walsingham was the initiator of the plan, or Peckham, as a result of a letter from Ambassador Mendoza to Philip II dated July 11, 1582. On balance, I believe that Peckham was the author of the move to create a new home for Catholics in America.
9. Bossy, Under the Molehill, 26.
10. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:313–22.
11. Bossy, Under the Molehill, 31–38.
12. In John Bossy’s earlier book, Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), he had believed Bruno to be “Henri Fagot.” He claims in Under the Molehill that “Fagot” was Feron. Bruno, a defrocked Dominican priest with court connections across Europe, was highly influential in literary circles and loathed by Catholics as a traitor. He eventually returned to Rome, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in front of a satisfied pope.
13. CSP, Scotland, 432.
14. A Discoverie of the Treasons Practised and attempted … by Francis Throckmorton (London, 1584), Harlian Miscellany, 3:192.
15. Apparently the correspondence didn’t hold any great secrets, as Mary knew not to trust him. He was imprisoned five times in the 1580s, and only returned to favor under the patronage of the Earl of Essex in 1595. Howard’s title was Earl of Northampton.
16. Bossy, Under the Molehill, 76; Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 2:395–96
17. Parker, Grand Strategy of Philip II, 171.
Twenty: Frustrating the Designs of Our Enemies
1. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:73.
2. Ibid., 76.
3. When Navarre, who had been forced to abjure his Protestant faith, escaped from his captivity in February 1576, he took on the mantle of the leader of the Protestant Huguenot faith and became a practicing Protestant once more.
4. Ibid., 94.
5. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 2:39. See also D’Ewes, A Compleat Journal of the Votes, Speeches and Debates, both of the House of Lords and House of Commons throughout the whole Reign of Queen Elizabeth, etc. (London: Jonathen Robinson, 1693), p. 340
6. Ibid., 52–53.
7. Ibid., 50.
8. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 291.
9. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:102.
10. CSP, Foreign, 19:572.
11. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:108–9
12. CSP, Foreign, 20:6.
13. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 279.
14. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, 310.
15. D. C. Peck, “Government Suppression of Elizabethan Catholic Books: The Case of Leicester’s Commonwealth,” Library Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 1977), online reprint, www.dpeck.info/write/suppression/html (accessed January 12, 2012).
16. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 279.
17. Parker, Grand Strategy of Philip II, 179–80
18. Ibid., 181.
Twenty-One: The Long-Awaited Execution
1. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, 447–50.
2. Ibid., 450.
3. ODNB, “Thomas Morgan.”
4. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:2.
5. Ibid., p. 9.
6. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, 470.
7. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:13.
8. ODNB, “Anthony Babington.”
9. Ibid.
10. CSP, Foreign, 23:39; 19:415, April 17.
11. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:21–22.
12. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, 475.
13. Ibid., 476.
14. Ibid., 477.
15. Ibid., 478.
16. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:53.
17. Ibid., 55.
18. Ibid., 56.
19. Ibid., 63.
20. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 292.
Twenty-Two: God’s Obvious Design
1. Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (London: 2006), 17–53.
2. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 306.
3. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3:219.
4. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 297.
5. Ibid., 296.
6. Ibid., 302.
7. Ibid., 303.
8. Mattingly, Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 274–75.
Twenty-Three: The Norfolk Landing
1. CW, 326.
2. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 2:62, 112, 176.
3. Ibid., 58–72.
4. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 114–15.
5. Ibid.,
96.
6. Ibid., 118–19.
Twenty-Four: Marprelate, Puritans, Catholics, and Players
1. Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England, 47, 56–60.
2. ODNB, “Robert Southwell,” from The Poems of Robert Southwell, SJ: A Bibliographical Study, James H. McDonald, ed., (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), 41.
3. V. C. Gildersleeve, Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975), 55. See also Hazlitt, English Drama, 34–35.
4. E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), 1:277.
5. CSP, Foreign, 19:415, April 17; CSP, Foreign, 20:89–90; David Hohnen, Hamlet’s Castle and Shakespeare’s Elsinore (Elsinore, Denmark: Elsinore Castle Publications, 1982), 42.
6. David Riggs, The World of Christopher Marlowe (London: Faber & Faber, 2004), 334–35.
7. Joseph Black, “The Rhetoric of Reaction: The Marprelate Tracts (1588–1589), Anti-Martinism, and the Use of Print in Early Modern England,” Sixteenth Century Journal 28 (Autumn 1997): 713.
8. Ibid., 714.
9. Ibid.
10. Gildersleeve, Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama, 91–92.
11. Katherine S. Van Eerde, “Robert Waldegrave: The Printer as Agent and Link between Sixteenth Century England and Scotland,” Renaissance Quarterly 34, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 47.
12. Black, “Rhetoric of Reaction,” 711.
13. Chambers, Elizabethan Stage, 1: 294.
14. Ibid., 293.
15. Ibid., 295.
16. BL, Harleian MS 7368.
17. Gildersleeve, Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama, 92–93.
18. Salgãdo, Elizabethan Underworld, 37.
19. Ibid, 37–38.
20. Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England, 50.
21. Ibid., 54.
22. Alan Haynes, Robert Cecil: First Earl of Salisbury (London: Peter Owen, 1989), 21.
23. Riggs, World of Christopher Marlowe, 308.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 317.
26. Ibid, 322–23, title page.
27. Charles Nicholl, The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe (London: Vintage, 2002), 52–53.
28. The records remain silent as to who posted Marlowe’s bail.
Twenty-Five: Elizabeth’s Eminence Grise and the Final Battles for England
1. Ronald, Pirate Queen, 329–31.
2. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 264–65.
3. David Loades, The Cecils (London: National Archives, 2007), 202.
4. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 171.
5. Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England, 51.
6. ODNB, “Robert Southwell.”
7. BL, Harleian MS 9889.
8. This was not due to cowardice but rather to a realization that if he left court, Cecil’s influence would continue to grow, to his detriment.
9. Edmund Goldsmid, ed., The Secret Correspondence of Sir Robert Cecil with James VI King of Scotland (Edinburgh: Privately printed, 1887), 7–8.
10. Ibid., 7.
11. Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, 292.
Twenty-Six: Epilogue
1. CSP Domestic, 14/xix, p. 11
2. Ibid., 41.
3. Ibid., 45.
4. The plotters, Robert Catesby, Thomas Winter, Robert Winter, John Wright, Christopher Wright, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Sir Everard Digby, John Grant, and Ambrose Rookwood were all executed. See Alice Hogge’s fabulous book about the reasons for the plot, God’s Secret Agents (London: HarperCollins, 2004) as well as Lady Antonia Fraser’s excellent The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002).
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