The Story of Psychology

by Morton Hunt

43. Benjamin, 1988:434–435; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:318.

  44. Gonnezano and Coleman, 1985.

  45. Hothersall, 1984:394–395.

  46. Major biographical sources: Skinner, 1967, 1976, 1979, 1983.

  47. Skinner, 1979:117; Skinner, 1953:19–21; Cohen, 1977:279.

  48. Skinner, 1967:410.

  49. Quoted in Hothersall, 1984:395.

  50. Skinner, 1972:7.

  51. The first sentence: Skinner, 1972:12–13; the rest: Skinner, 1974:115.

  52. Cohen, 1977:283.

  53. Guttman, 1977.

  54. Cohen, 1977:273.

  55. Skinner, 1979:35.

  56. Hilgard, 1987:194–199.

  57. Fancher, 1979:364.

  58. Skinner, 1953:92.

  59. E. Hunt, 1982:59, citing Hintzman, 1978, and Levine, 1975.

  60. As, for instance, according to Science Citation Index for the period May–August 1990.

  61. Hintzman, 1978:194–196.

  62. Ayllon and Azrin, 1968; Kazdin, 1978.

  63. Bachrach et al., 1965.

  64. Early years: Kinkade, 1972; status in 2006: Twin Oaks Web page, and e-mail communiqué from Twin Oaks.

  65. Skinner, 1967:408.

  66. Skinner, 1956.

  67. Hintzman, 1978:180–181; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:315–316; Stephen Glickman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:766–768.

  68. Braginsky and Braginsky, 1974:48.

  69. Tolman, 1938.

  70. Tolman and Honzick, 1930.

  71. Tolman, 1948.

  72. Tolman, 1938; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:303–305.

  73. Guthrie, 1935:172.

  74. Tolman, 1932:3; Tolman, 1938; “Neobehaviorism,” in Benjamin, 1988:434–436.

  75. Kuhn, 1970.

  76. Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:313–314.

  77. Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:195.

  78. Ibid.:196.

  79. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:235.

  80. Bandura, 1997:324–325, 333–337.

  81. Shull and Grimes, 2006.

  CHAPTER 10

  1. Major sources of biographical details on Wertheimer: Luchins, 1987; Michael Wertheimer, 1980; Luchins and Luchins, 1986; Newman, 1944.

  2. Major sources of biographical details on Köhler: Ash, 1985; Mandler and Mandler, 1968; Zuckerman and Wallach, 1987. On Koffka: Ash, 1985; Harrower, 1983; Grace Heider, 1979.

  3. Wertheimer, 1961 [1912].

  4. Ibid.

  5. Mandler and Mandler, 1968:378.

  6. “Gestalt Psychology,” in Benjamin, 1988:517.

  7. Wertheimer, 1959 [1945]: chap.2.

  8. Wertheimer, 1955b [1912].

  9. Ash, 1985.

  10. “More than half”: Murray, 1988:284, referring to the period 1922–1928.

  11. Wertheimer, 1955a [1923].

  12. Helson, 1933.

  13. Hothersall, 1984:171.

  14. Zeigarnik, 1955 [1927].

  15. Both studies: Koffka, 1963 [1935]:88–89.

  16. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:161.

  17. Adapted from Kohler, 1948 [1917], chap.5.

  18. Wertheimer, 1955c [1925] and Wertheimer 1959 [1945].

  19. Kohler, 1988 [1967].

  20. Hothersall, 1984:180.

  21. Kohler, 1925a:190.

  22. Kohler, 1925b:14.

  23. Kohler, 1957 [1917]:150.

  24. Kohler, 1925b:127.

  25. Hothersall, 1984:180–181.

  26. Ibid.:181.

  27. Alpert, 1928.

  28. Dunker, 1945 [1935]:69–70.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Ibid.:2–3.

  31. Ibid.:86–88.

  32. Kohler, 1955 [1918].

  33. Asch 1969.

  34. Boring, 1950:613.

  35. Koffka; 1963 [1935]:355–356; R. Watson, 1978:481.

  36. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:628–647.

  37. Ibid.:52, 62–66; Hilgard, 1987:427.

  38. Lashley, Chow, and Semmes, 1951; Sperry and Miner, 1955.

  39. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:542.

  40. Ibid.:557–558.

  41. Boring, 1950:610.

  42. Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:535–536.

  43. Henle, 1986:121–123; Hilgard, 1987:139–145.

  44. Feldin, Goldman-Meadow, and Gleitman, 1978.

  45. Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:539.

  46. Heidbreder, 1933.

  47. Luchins and Luchins, 1978, vol. 2:505.

  48. David Navon, cited in Rock and Palmer, 1990.

  49. Ibid.

  50. Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999:319; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:266.

  51. Murray, 1988:295; R. Watson, 1978:604–605.

  52. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:21.

  53. Boring, 1950:600. Omissions not indicated.

  54. Rock and Palmer, 1990. Omissions not indicated.

  FISSION AND FUSION

  1. Heidbreder, 1933.

  2. Sanford, 1963:577.

  3. Kessen and Cahan, 1986.

  4. Gazzaniga, 2006.

  CHAPTER 11

  1. Historia Animalium, bk. I, viii, 891b.

  2. McReynolds and Ludwig, 1984.

  3. Pervin, 1985:85.

  4. Cattell, 1974:65.

  5. Woodworth, 1919; Loevinger, 1987:107.

  6. Allport, 1965:424.

  7. Ibid.:436; Loevinger, 1987:107.

  8. Mischel and Peake, 1983:237.

  9. Hartshorne and May, 1928:385.

  10. Main source of biographical details: Allport, 1967.

  11. Allport, 1968:383–384.

  12. Allport, quoted in Evans, 1976:200–201.

  13. Allport and Allport, 1928.

  14. Allport, 1965:341–342, 347.

  15. Ibid.:386–387.

  16. Allport and Vernon, 1933.

  17. Lawrence A. Pervin, cited in Buss and Cantor, 1989:33; Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999, ch. 16.

  18. Allport, 1965:353–355; the original source is Allport and Odbert, 1936.

  19. Caspi and Roberts, 2001, cited in Harris, 2006.

  20. Singer, 1984:148–150; Kline, 1983:26–27.

  21. Kline, 1983:27.

  22. Ibid.:28–29.

  23. Singer, 1984:154–155.

  24. American Psychologist 20:990 (1965), quoted in Singer, 1984:154.

  25. Gough, 1988a; Singer, 1984:156; Aiken, 1979:256–257; Gough, 1988b. On versions in use ca. 1993: Gough, personal communication. On ranking today: various issues of Mental Measurements Yearbook from 1972 on, and Gough, personal communication.

  26. Taken from Mischel, 1976:132.

  27. Kline, 1983:35; Mischel, 1981:87.

  28. Aiken, 1979:261.

  29. “Leading topic”: Hilgard, 1987:516. Pro-Rorschach: Singer, 1984:161. Anti-Rorschach: Aiken, 1976:263.

  30. Murray, 1967.

  31. Kazin, 1993; “Christiana Morgan” in Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed., 2001.

  32. Murray et al., 1938:144–145.

  33. Ibid.:537–538.

  34. Ibid.:531, 545.

  35. McAdams and Valliant, 1982.

  36. Aiken, 1979:260.

  37. OSS, 1948:8.

  38. Kline, 1983:37, 71.

  39. Allport, 1958.

  40. Eysenck, 1970 [1953]:19.

  41. Eysenck and Rachman, 1965.

  42. Most biographical details from Cattell, 1974.

  43. Ibid.:64.

  44. Cattell, 1969 [1946]:294–299.

  45. Cattell and Stice, 1957, quoted in Singer, 1984:156.

  46. Skinner, 1953:202–203, 285.

  47. Dollard and Miller, 1950.

  48. Rotter, 1954:102–103.

  49. Rotter, personal communication.

  50. Rotter, 1966.

  51. Rotter, personal communication; Singer, 1984:247; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:466–467.

  52. The examples are cited in Singer, 1984:247–248; Mischel, 1990:125; and Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:484–486.

  53. Singer, 1
984:248; Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:486. Heider quote: Edward E. Jones, 1990b:ix.

  54. Kelly, 1955.

  55. Jones and Berglas; 1978.

  56. Seligman, 1991:19–21.

  57. Overmier and Seligman, 1967.

  58. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale, 1978.

  59. Ibid.; Seligman, 1991:32–43, 66–67.

  60. Cited in Krebs and Blackman, 1988:701–702.

  61. Seligman, personal communication.

  62. Sutterfield, 2001; Seligman et al., 2005.; www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/.

  63. Terman and Miles, 1936, quoted in Garrett, 1961:192–193.

  64. Fearful: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:184–189. Nurturance: ibid.:220. Compassion: Staub, 1978a:254; Piliavin, Dovidio, et al., 1981:199–202.

  65. Aggressiveness: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:241–247; Maccoby and Jacklin, 1980; Deaux, 1985. Verbal ability: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:2–3 and chap.7. Nonverbal cues: Deaux, 1985. The recent review of brain studies: Hines, 2004:211. The thorough survey: Hines, 2004:11–13.

  66. Deaux, 1985.

  67. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:472–474; omissions not indicated; sources omitted.

  68. Kretschmer, 1925.

  69. Hilgard, 1987:495.

  70. Sheldon and Stevens, 1942; Sheldon, Stevens, and Tucker, 1940.

  71. Gardner Lindzey, in Lindzey and Hall, 1965:348.

  72. Ibid.:348–349.

  73. McConnell, 1974:652.

  74. Berger, 1980:91–92, citing Thomas, Chess, and Birch, 1963.

  75. Chess and Thomas, 1986, appendix B.

  76. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:50.

  77. Ibid.:51.

  78. Powledge, 1983:26; Time, January 12, 1987:63.

  79. Tellegen, Lykken, et al., 1988; Bouchard, Lykken, et al., 1990.

  80. Loehlin, 1986.

  81. Scarr, Webber, et al., 1981.

  82. Bouchard and McGue, 2003.

  83. Costa and McCrae, 1984.

  84. The two studies: Rosenman, et al., 1975; Haynes, Feinleib, et al., 1980. Later studies: Carson, 1989.

  85. Peterson, Seligman, and Vailliant, 1988; Seligman, 1991; Seligman et al., 2005; www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/.

  86. Eysenck, 1989.

  87. Digman, 1990; McCrae, 1989; Costa et al., 1991.

  88. Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:439–440.

  89. Mischel, 1990:131.

  90. Roberts et al., 2006.

  CHAPTER 12

  1. Sources of the following vignettes: Greenough, Black, and Wallace, 1987:549; Kisilievsky et al., 2003; Colombo and Richman, 2002; Hunt, 1982b:197, from personal observation; Piaget, 1948:13; Hunt, 1990:50, based on videotape seen at NIMH and on Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979:321; Osherson and Markman, 1974–1975; Rest, 1986:22–23.

  2. White, 1983.

  3. Gelman, 1978:327.

  4. The Organisation of Thought, quoted in Merton, 1968:1.

  5. Skinner, 1953:59, 156.

  6. In British Journal of Psychology, May 1982:1.

  7. Kagan, 1989:91.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Major sources of biographical material: Piaget, 1952a; Evans, 1973; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Cohen, 1983.

  10. Piaget, 1952b:42–43, 407–419.

  11. Piaget, 1969.

  12. The details: Flavell, 1963; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979; and Cohen, 1983. All give references to Piaget’s own writings (which are relatively inaccessible due to his special terminology).

  13. Piaget, 1952b:337–338.

  14. Piaget, 1951, quoted in Berger, 1980:54.

  15. Quoted in Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:173.

  16. Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:90.

  17. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:176.

  18. Piaget, 1958:70–71.

  19. Piaget and Inhelder, 1969:132.

  20. Kagan, 1989:193–194.

  21. Papousek, 1959.

  22. Sullivan, Rowe-Collier, and Tynes, 1979.

  23. Kagan, 1989:189.

  24. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:351–352.

  25. Eleanor Gibson, 1988.

  26. Kagan, 1989:229–30.

  27. Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:85, 171–172.

  28. Bruner, 1964.

  29. Kuenne, 1946.

  30. Gagne and Smith, 1964.

  31. Clark and E. Clark, 1977:266.

  32. Moskowitz, 1978.

  33. Bickerton, 1998.

  34. Cohen, 1983:100–101.

  35. Gelman, 1978.

  36. On theory of mind: Somerville and Woodword, 2005; Gergely and Csiba, 2003; Baldwin and Baird, 2001. The fMRI-based study: R. Saxe and Powell, 2006.

  37. Morton Hunt, 1982:180–182, citing work of Merry Bullock and Rochel Gelman.

  38. Rogoff, 2003; Lourenço and Machado, 1996.

  39. Fish, 2000.

  40. Serpell, 2000; Rogoff, 1990.

  41. Schlitz, 1997.

  42. Various sources cited by Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:259–260, 305, 306, 329–330, 336, 460.

  43. Farah et al. (in press).

  44. Snibbe, 2003.

  45. Buss, 2004:xix.

  46. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:18.

  47. Ibid.:19, citing Brown, 1991.

  48. Buss, 2004:47.

  49. Ibid.:59.

  50. Ohman, Flykt, and Esteves, 2001.

  51. Buss, 2004:93.

  52. Ibid., xix, 373.

  53. Pinker, 2002:135.

  54. de Villiers and de Villiers, 1978:90.

  55. McGraw, 1935

  56. “Science and the Citizen: Growing Up,” Scientific American, July 1987:30–32.

  57. Dennis, 1935; Dennis, 1938.

  58. Lorenz, 1937.

  59. Hess, 1959.

  60. Macfarlane, 1977; Kennell, Jerauld, et al., 1974.

  61. Fantz, 1961.

  62. Haaf, 1977; Aslin and Smith, 1988; Clarke-Stewart, Friedman, and Koch, 1985.

  63. Nyengaard et al., 2001.

  64. Siegler, 1989c:358–359; Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2005:436–437.

  65. Greenough et al., 1987

  66. Bowlby, 1980, cited in Kagan, 1989:80; Bretherton, 1985:4; Peter Evans, 1977.

  67. Gewirtz, 1965.

  68. Bretherton, 1985:15; Ainsworth, Blehar, et al., 1978; Kagan, 1984:44; Sroufe and Cooper, 1988:221–223.

  69. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:222; Kagan, 1984:44–45.

  70. Kagan, 1984:60–61.

  71. Ibid.:61.

  72. Lewis, Feiring, et al., 1984

  73. Lewis, et al., 1989; Izard, Huebner, et al., 1980; Hyson and Izard, 1985.

  74. Morton Hunt, 1990:49–50; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979. Brain scans: Decety and Jackson, 2006.

  75. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:302.

  76. Lewis, et al., 1989b.

  77. Staub, 1979; Martin Hoffinan, 1971b.

  78. Gray and Steinberg, 1999; Maccoby and Martin, 1983; Maccoby, 1980; Shaffer, 1985.

  79. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:206–211; Hetherington and Morris, 1978; Bryan and Walbeck, 1970.

  80. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:114–115; Parke, 1990.

  81. Bowers, 1973; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:227–228.

  82. Mueller and Lucas, 1975.

  83. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385.

  84. Berger, 1980:343–344.

  85. Collins and Gunnar, 1990.

  86. Darley and Shultz, 1990.

  87. Lewis, et al., 1989a.

  88. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385–387; Connolly and Doyle, 1984.

  89. Broughton, 1978.

  90. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:467; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:305; Berndt, 1979.

  91. Anne Peterson, 1988.

  92. Kling et al., 1999.

  93. Morton Hunt, 1990, passim.

  94. Four-stage: Hoffman, 1982. Five-stage: Eisenberg, 1986:135–145. Six-stage: Krebs and Van Hesteren, 1994.

  95. Piaget, 1948 [1932]; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:99–109.

  96.
Main biographical sources: Who Was Who in America; “Memorial Minute,” Harvard Gazette, December 15, 1989; Boston Herald, January 30, 1987; Boston Globe, April 8, 1987; and memorabilia contributed by Mrs. Lucille Kohlberg.

  97. Kohlberg, 1984:640–641.

  98. Ibid.:624–639; Kohlberg, 1969:379. The typical responses are adapted from Rest, 1968, in Kohlberg, 1984:49–55.

  99. Kurtines and Gewirtz, 1984; David Cohen, 1983:125; Krebs, Denton, and Higgins, 1988.

  100. Gilligan, 1977.

  101. Gielen, 1996:313; Lind, 2003.

  102. Denton and Krebs, 1990.

  103. Krebs, in submission.

  104. Main biographical sources: Snarey, 1987; Hilgard, 1987; Goleman, 1988a.

  105. Adapted from Erikson, 1950:247–274.

  106. Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980.

  107. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2005, chap. 11; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004, chap.12.

  108. Peterson, 1988.

  109. Silbereisen and Noack, 1988.

  110. Offer and Schonert-Reichl, 1992.

  111. “Thrive or muddle through”: sociologist Michael Farrell and social psychologist Stanley Rosenberg, cited in Rosenfeld and Stark, 1987; “can adapt sufficiently”: Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:419; “do cope”: Rowe and Kahn, 1998.

  112. The reanalysis: Havighurst et al., 1968; the Duke Longitudinal Study reports: Morton Hunt, 1985:70–71; Baltes et al., 1992; Freund and Baltes, 1998.

  CHAPTER 13

  1. The first definition: K. Shaver, 1987:2. The second one: Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:541.

  2. Brown, 1965:xx.

  3. Asch, 1951, 1955.

  4. Luce and Raiffa, 1957:95; M. Deutsch, 1985:121–124.

  5. Freedman and Fraser, 1966, Guadagno et al., 2001.

  6. Rosenhan, 1973; Slater, 2004; Jaffe, 2006.

  7. Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979; recent studies: Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:711.

  8. Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:3, unchanged from the 1954 edition.

  9. Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1968, vol. I:2–5.

  10. Triplett, 1897.

  11. Sherif, 1935, 1936.

  12. Aarts and Dijksterhuis, 2003.

  13. Marrow, 1969:ix.

  14. Main sources of biographical details: Marrow, 1969; Allport, 1968, chap. 19; Hothersall, 1984.

  15. M. Deutsch, 1968.

  16. Lewin, Lippitt, and White, 1939.

  17. Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980:238–239.

  18. Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985:57.

  19. Biographical details: Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980; Aron and Aron, 1989; D. Cohen, 1977.

  20. Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter, 1964 [1956]:3.

  21. Leon Festinger, “A Personal Memory,” in Grunberg, Nisbett, et al., 1987:5.