The Story of Psychology

by Morton Hunt

  3. Lawrence Hall: Myers, 1986:486.

  4. Bringmann, Balance, and Evans, 1975:293.

  5. Quoted in Hilgard, 1987:44.

  6. Wundt, 1862, excerpted in Shipley, 1961:70–73.

  7. Quoted in Fancher, 1979:132–133.

  8. Blumenthal, 1975.

  9. On Wundt’s life up to Leipzig, the principal source drawn on is Bringmann, Balance, and Evans, 1975; for his life in general, Boring, 1950; Fancher, 1979; Robert Watson, 1978; and David Murray, 1988.

  10. Wolfgang G. Bringmann et al., in Benjamin, 1988:189–195.

  11. Wundt, 1977, as excerpted in History of Psychology 21(2):53–55 (1989).

  12. Quoted in Hothersall, 1984:97.

  13. Quoted in Fancher, 1979:128.

  14. Fancher, 1979:136.

  15. Kagan and Havemann, 1972:15.

  16. Wundt, Outlines of Psychology; 3rd ed. (1897), excerpted in Rand, 1966 [1912]:707–708.

  17. Ibid.:710.

  18. Wundt, Outlines of Psychology (1897), quoted in Mandler and Mandler, 1964:132–133.

  19. Ibid., Blumenthal, 1975.

  20. James, 1948 [1892]:125, 710.

  21. Ibid.:126.

  22. Boring, 1950:328.

  23. Quoted in Boring, 1950:346.

  24. Lowry, 1971:105; Blumenthal, 1975.

  25. David Murray, 1988:206.

  26. Blumenthal, 1975; Boring, 1950:332.

  27. Boring, 1950:335–337.

  28. Wundt, Outlines of Psychology, 3rd ed. (1907), excerpted in Rand, 1966 [1912]:697, 701.

  29. Robert Watson, 1978:287.

  30. Fancher, 1979:128.

  31. M. D. Boring and E. G. Boring, 1948.

  32. David Murray, 1988:212.

  33. Garrett, 1951:103–104.

  34. Slamecka, 1985; Anderson, 1985.

  35. Robert Watson, 1978:308.

  36. Ibid.:283.

  37. Mandler and Mandler, 1964:133.

  38. Boring, 1950:403–404; Mandler and Mandler, 1964, chap.4.

  39. David Murray, 1988:276–277; Mandler and Mandler, 1964, chap.4.

  40. Robert Watson, 1978:309–310.

  41. Ludy T. Benjamin, in Benjamin, 1988:180–181.

  42. Boring, 1950:343–345.

  CHAPTER 6

  1. Letter to Francis Child, 1878, quoted in Barzun, 1983:30.

  2. Quoted in Hothersall, 1984:260.

  3. James, 1948 [1892]:468. Omissions not indicated.

  4. Ibid.:468.

  5. Quoted in Barzun, 1983:265.

  6. James, 1890, vol. I,:296.

  7. Ibid.:421.

  8. Ibid.:169.

  9. Biographical details are largely from Gerald Myers, 1986, and Barzun, 1983, with some additions from Fancher, 1979, Hilgard, 1987, and Watson, 1978.

  10. Quoted in Fancher, 1979:149.

  11. James, 1902:150. Omissions not indicated.

  12. Barzun, 1983:26.

  13. James, 1920, vol. I:147–148. Omissions not indicated.

  14. “Hate”: quoted in Boring, 1950:511; “horror”: quoted in Perry, 1935, vol. II:195.

  15. James, 1890, vol. I: footnote to 666–667.

  16. Ibid.:244.

  17. Ibid.:185.

  18. Ibid.:185.

  19. Hilgard, 1987:50.

  20. Introduction to James, 1948 [1892].

  21. “I find myself”: James, 1911:198, quoted in Myers, 1986:10; “Theoretically”: quoted in Barzun, 1983:241.

  22. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods 7, no. 19 (1910):506, quoted in Myers, 1986:1. Omissions not indicated.

  23. James, 1890, vol. I:138.

  24. Ibid.:185.

  25. Flanagan, 1984:40–41.

  26. James, 1890, vol. I:216ff.

  27. Ibid.:224–225. Omissions not indicated.

  28. Ibid.:144.

  29. Flanagan, 1984:35–36.

  30. James, 1890, vol. I:141.

  31. Ibid.:239.

  32. Ibid.:332.

  33. Ibid.:330.

  34. Hilgard, 1987:53.

  35. James, 1890, vol. I:330.

  36. Ibid.:334–336.

  37. Ibid.:344.

  38. James, 1948 [1892]:203.

  39. Gardner Murphy, for one, cited in Woodward, 1984:148.

  40. James, 1890, vol. II:486.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Ibid.:501, 522ff.

  43. Ibid.:524–525.

  44. Ibid.:561–562.

  45. Ibid.:572–576.

  46. Myers, 1988:197.

  47. James, 1890, vol. I:141–142, 144.

  48. Ibid., vol. II:547.

  49. Ibid.:496.

  50. Ibid.:520.

  51. Ibid., vol. I:201.

  52. Ibid.:206.

  53. Ibid.:206ff.

  54. Ibid., vol. II:614–615.

  55. Murray, 1988:252.

  56. Quoted in Hearnshaw, 1987:147.

  57. James, 1890, vol. II:449–450. He had advanced this idea years earlier; see James, 1884.

  58. James, 1890, vol. II:450.

  59. Hothersall, 1984:257–258.

  60. Cannon-Bard Theory and Cognitive Appraisal Theory, summarized in Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2005:400–401.

  61. Ekman, 1992.

  62. Allport, 1966:146.

  63. Allport, 1943.

  64. Hilgard, 1987:65.

  65. Fancher, 1979:168.

  66. Quoted in Barzun, 1983:298.

  CHAPTER 7

  1. Major sources of biographical material: Gay, 1988; Ronald Clark, 1980; Ernest Jones, 1953–1957; Freud, 1954 [letters to Fliess]; and autobiographical writings in S.E.

  2. Quoted in Roazen, 1976:537.

  3. “An Autobiographical Study” (1925), S.E. XX:70.

  4. Letter to Romain Rolland, May 13, 1926, in Ernest Freud, 1964:370.

  5. “Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious” (1905), S.E. VIII:31.

  6. Ibid.:61.

  7. “The Question of Lay Analysis” (1926), S.E. XX:253.

  8. Letter to Martha Bernays, January 16, 1884, in Ernst Freud, 1964:89.

  9. Details of the case: Studies on Hysteria, part II, case 1, S.E. II:21ff; “Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1910), S.E. XI:9–16.

  10. Letter of Freud to Stefan Zweig, June 2, 1932, quoted in Gay, 1988:67.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Karpe, 1961; Ellenberger, 1972.

  13. Letter to Fliess, December 28, 1887, in Freud, 1954:53.

  14. “On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena: Preliminary Communication” (1893), S.E. II:3–17.

  15. “Studies,” S.E. II:101–102.

  16. Ibid.:63.

  17. Ibid., part II, case 5, S.E. II:135–181.

  18. Ibid., part IV, S.E. II:270.

  19. James Strachey, note on p. 110, S.E. II.

  20. “Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria” (1905), S.E. VII:118.

  21. Ibid.:116–117.

  22. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), chap. VII, S.E. V:608.

  23. Ibid., chap. II, S.E. IV:125.

  24. Ibid.:118–119.

  25. “Further Remarks on the Neuro-Psychoses of Defence” (1896), S.E. III:164; see also note on that page by James Strachey, editor of S.E.

  26. S.E. III:191–221.

  27. Letter to Fliess, quoted in Gay, 1988:93.

  28. Letter to Fliess, September 21, 1897, in Freud, 1954:215–218.

  29. Letter to Fliess, June 12, 1897, in Freud, 1954:211, and see editor’s note, same p.; letter to Fliess, August 14, loc. cit.: 213.

  30. Letter to Fliess, August 14, 1897, in Freud, 1954:213–214.

  31. Letter to Fliess, October 27, 1897, in Freud, 1954:225–227.

  32. Letter to Fliess, October 3, 1897, in Freud, 1954:218–221.

  33. Ernest Jones, 1953:265–267.

  34. “Project for a Scientific Psychology” [1895], S.E. I:295–343; Pyles, 1999; Gay, 1988:78–79, 123.

  35. Ernest Jones, 1953:383.

  36. Letter to Fliess, September 22, 1898, in Freud
, 1954:264–265.

  37. Bettelheim, 1983:69–78.

  38. Jones, 1953:365–368; Gay, 1988:119, 222.

  39. Major source: The Interpretation of Dreams, esp. chap. VII, S.E. V:509–621.

  40. Ernest Jones, 1953:397.

  41. “The Ego and the Id” (1923), S.E. XIX:50n.

  42. Major source: The Interpretation of Dreams, chap. VII, S.E. V:599–611.

  43. “Project,” S.E. I; The Interpretation of Dreams, S.E. V:598ff.

  44. Ernest Jones, 1953:400.

  45. Strachey note in S.E. II:63; Bettelheim, 1983:89–90.

  46. “Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning (1911): S.E. XII:223.

  47. The Interpretation of Dreams, S.E. IV:260–266.

  48. According to James Strachey (see S.E. IV:263n.), Freud’s first use of the term is in “The Psychology of Love” (II): S.E. XI:171.

  49. Major sources: Studies on Hysteria, S.E. II, passim, but esp. 268–269; The Interpretation of Dreams, passim, but esp. chap. VII, S.E. IV and V. The concept occurs throughout Freud’s writings.

  50. Major sources: “Project,” S.E. I; Studies on Hysteria, part III, S.E.:197; The Interpretation of Dreams, chap. VII, S.E. V:565n.

  51. Studies on Hysteria, part III, S.E.:197.

  52. Ibid.:202.

  53. “On Narcissism” (1914), S.E. XIV:85.

  54. Preface to 3rd ed., The Interpretation of Dreams, quoted by Strachey in S.E. IV:xx.

  55. Gay, 1988:154–156.

  56. Quoted in Gay, 1988:59, 163.

  57. Quoted in Karier, 1986:210.

  58. Roazen, 1976:45–46, 56.

  59. Everyday Life, S.E. VI:59.

  60. Ernest Jones, 1955:286.

  61. The data: Ernest Jones, 1955:286; Strachey, in S.E. VII:126.

  62. Ernest Jones, 1955:57.

  63. The anecdote, told by Franz Alexander, is quoted in Hilgard, 1987:641n.

  64. “The Question of Lay Analysis,” S.E. XX:252.

  65. “An Outline of Psycho-Analysis” (1940), S.E. XXIII:157n.

  66. Solms, 2004; Zaretsky, 2004:5 (italics are Zaretsky’s).

  67. January 24, 1925, quoted in Gay, 1988:454.

  68. “An Autobiographical Study,” S.E. XX:73.

  69. Ibid.:72.

  70. Roazen, 1976:133–134; Rieff, 1961:1, 11.

  71. “Psycho-Analysis” (1934), S.E. XX:266–267.

  72. “Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1916–1917), S.E. XV:26–27.

  73. Major sources: Three Essays on Sexuality (1905), part II, S.E. VII; lecture XXXIII in “New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1933), S.E. XXII.

  74. “Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1910), S.E. XI:42.

  75. Major sources: “On Narcissism” (1914), S:E. XIV; The Ego and the Id (1923), S.E. XIX.

  76. Gay, 1988:515.

  77. Major sources: Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), S.E. XVIII; “The Ego and the Id” (1923), S.E. XIX.

  78. “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes” (1925), S.E. XIX:257–258.

  79. Adapted from Kline, 1984:19.

  80. Major sources: Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), S.E. XVIII; “The Ego and the Id” (1923), S.E. XIX.

  81. Bettelheim, 1983:103–104.

  82. Major sources: “Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1916–1917), S.E. XV, XVI; “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety” (1926), S.E. XX; “New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1933), S.E. XXII.

  83. “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety” (1926), S.E. XX:94–95.

  84. “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-old Boy” (1909), S.E. X:5–149.

  85. “New Introductory Lectures” (1933), S.E. XX:83–84.

  86. “On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement” (1914), S.E. XIV:16; “Repression” (1915), S.E. XIV:146–158, and James Strachey’s “Editor’s Note” to same, 143–144.

  87. “Introductory Lectures,” S.E. XVI; “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis” (1936), S.E. XXII:245; “Analysis, Terminable and Interminable” (1937), S.E. XXIII:235–236.

  88. Grünbaum, 1984:277.

  89. Ibid.:278.

  90. Fisher and Greenberg, 1977:393, 395–396.

  91. Kline, 1981:432, 437, 446.

  92. Zaretsky, 2004:334–335; Solms, 2004.

  93. Fisher & Greenberg, 1977:viii.

  94. Quoted in Rudolf M. Lowenstein, Freud: Man and Scientist (New York: International Universities Press, 1951):17.

  95. Hearnshaw, 1987:156–157.

  96. Fancher, 1979:248.

  97. Quoted in Adler, 2006.

  98. Zaretsky, 2004:343–344.

  99. Adler, 2006.

  100. Solms, 2004.

  101. Quoted in Solms, 2004.

  CHAPTER 8

  1. Forrest, 1974:181; Fancher, 1979:250–251.

  2. Galton, 1907 [1883]:19–21.

  3. Major biographical sources: Galton, 1908; Forrest, 1974.

  4. Galton, 1908:287–289.

  5. Quoted in Forrest, 1974:88.

  6. Hereditary Genius (Galton, 1891 [1869]), quoted in Forrest, 1974:89.

  7. Galton, 1891 [1869]:79.

  8. Ibid.:1.

  9. Galton, 1907 [1883]:17n.

  10. Article in Frazier’s magazine, quoted in Forrest, 1974:136.

  11. Galton, 1970 [1874]:12.

  12. Galton, 1907 [1883]:167.

  13. Boring, 1950:485–486.

  14. Galton, 1908:304; Forrest, 1974:192.

  15. Correlation of .47: Forrest, 1974:199.

  16. George Miller, 1962:145.

  17. Fancher, 1979:293–294.

  18. Boring, 1950:482.

  19. Angell, 1907; Robert Watson, 1979:424.

  20. Major source: Woodworth, 1944.

  21. Watson, 1979:408.

  22. Murray, 1988:379; Watson, 1979:409–410.

  23. Solomon Diamond, in Benjamin, 1988:265.

  24. Major biographical sources on Binet: Wolf, 1973; Hothersall, 1984; Robert Watson, 1978.

  25. Stephen Jay Gould, 1981:146, quoting Binet, 1898:294–295.

  26. Reprinted in Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:40.

  27. Ibid.:45–68.

  28. Ibid.:41.

  29. Ibid.:276 (adapted); for the three-year-old test: 184–195.

  30. Boring, 1950:574.

  31. Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:42.

  32. Ibid.:37.

  33. Ibid.:16–17, 101, 104, 257; Binet, cited in Gould, 1981:154.

  34. Goddard’s introduction to Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:6.

  35. Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:316.

  36. Fancher, 1987.

  37. Hothersall, 1984:308–309.

  38. Terman, 1916:xi.

  39. Goddard, 1914:571.

  40. Goddard, 1912:65–66.

  41. Goddard, 1914:561.

  42. Gould, 1981:164–168, citing Goddard, 1917.

  43. Encyclopaedia Britannica (1935 edition): “Migration,” vol. 15:468.

  44. Terman, 1916:19–20:

  45. Terman biographical details from Hilgard, 1987:465–466, and Hothersall, 1984:267–268.

  46. Terman, 1916:51, 127.

  47. Ibid.:21.

  48. Ibid.:6–7.

  49. Gould, 1981:175, and 175n.

  50. Hothersall, 1984:323–324; Gould, 1981:194.

  51. Gould, 1981:194–195; Garrett, 1951:244.

  52. Advertisement from Terman et al., 1923, reproduced in Gould, 1981:178; 7,000,000: Hothersall, 1984:324.

  53. Gould, 1981:293; Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin, 1984:87.

  54. Hothersall, 1984:323–324; Block and Dworkin, 1876:2–3.

  55. Terman, 1916:91–92.

  56. Lippmann, quoted in Block and Dworkin, 1976:19.

  57. Gould, 1981:199–200.

  58. Ibid.:196.

  59. Hunt, 1999:94. See also Jensen, 1991:179; Snyderman and Rothman, 1998: 140–141, 250.

  60. Benson, 2003.

  61. Loeh
lin, 1985; Plomin and Daniels, 1987; Hilgard, 1987:484–489; Bouchard, 1986.

  62. Grigorenko, 2000; Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin and Petrill, 1997.

  63. Flynn, James, 1984, 1999.

  64. Neisser, Ulric, et al., 1996.

  65. Sternberg, 1985, 1999.

  66. Gardner, 1983, 1999.

  67. Benson, 2003.

  68. Ibid.

  69. Giles, Jim, 2006. “Scans suggest IQ scores reflect brain structure,” Nature 440, March 30:588.

  CHAPTER 9

  1. Lloyd Morgan’s work, mentioned in Hothersall, 1984:291.

  2. Thorndike, 1898.

  3. Pavlov’s work described by Gregory A. Kimble in Koch and Leary, 1985:287–288.

  4. Morgan, 1909 [1894]:53.

  5. Loeb, 1900, chap. 15, excerpted in Herrnstein and Boring, 1966:468–472.

  6. Major biographical sources: Thorndike, 1936; Joncich, 1968.

  7. Thorndike, 1936:165.

  8. Thorndike, 1911:64.

  9. Ibid.:287.

  10. Major biographical sources: Babkin, 1949; Asratyan, 1953.

  11. Pavlov, 1927, lecture I, in Shipley, 1961:789.

  12. R. Watson, 1978:441; Lashley, 1929.

  13. Pavlov, 1927, lecture 1, in Shipley, 1961:789.

  14. Pavlov, 1960 [1927]:291.

  15. Yerkes and Morgulis, 1909.

  16. J. Watson, Encyclopaedia Britannica article on behaviorism (ca. 1928), quoted in Skinner, 1981.

  17. Coleman, 1988:104.

  18. Garrett, 1951:17. Skinner, 1981, gives a more modest appraisal of Pavlov’s influence.

  19. Major biographical sources: John B. Watson, 1961; Hannush, 1987; David Cohen, 1979; Buckley, 1989.

  20. Hannush, 1987.

  21. J. Watson, 1961:276.

  22. Ibid.

  23. J. Watson, 1913.

  24. Samelson, 1981.

  25. J. Watson, 1916.

  26. J. Watson, 1919:200–201.

  27. Ibid.:214.

  28. J. Watson and Rayner, 1920.

  29. J. Watson, 1924:104.

  30. Fancher, 1979:337.

  31. J. Watson, 1930:18.

  32. Bowers, 1973:316.

  33. Bakan, 1966.

  34. Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:316.

  35. Sigmund Koch, in Koch and Leary, 1985:931.

  36. The examples are drawn from Bugelski 1975; Hintzman, 1978; and Levine, 1975, in all of which the original sources are cited.

  37. J. Watson, 1919:14.

  38. Quoted in Kitchener, 1977:19.

  39. Ibid.:27.

  40. Hull, 1967.

  41. Boring, 1950:652. On details of Hull’s system: Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:300–301; Murray, 1988:326–327.

  42. Hull, 1943:119.