The Tin Ticket: The Heroic Journey of Australia's Convict Women
Page 35
Chapter 8: The Yellow C
1 Conduct Record, Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.
2 Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly: Female Convicts, Sexuality and Gender in Colonial Australia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 109.
3 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 91.
4 Ibid.
5 Rebecca Kippen, “‘And the Mortality Frightful’: Infant and Child Mortality in the Convict Nurseries of Van Diemen’s Land,” paper for Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 4.
6 Kippen, “‘And the Mortality Frightful,’” 4.
7 Hobart Town Courier, “Rules and Regulations,” Saturday, 10 October 1829, 4.
8 Kippen, “‘And the Mortality Frightful,’” 5.
9 “Convict Maid,” Australian Folk Songs, from Butterss & Webby, Penguin Book of Australian Ballads, http://folkstream.com/026.html.
10 Hyland, Jeanette E., Maids, Masters and Magistrates (Blackmans Bay, Australia: Clan Hogarth Publishing, 2007), 18.
11 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 7 April 1846, 3.
12 James Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land (Melbourne, Australia: Black, 2009), 179.
13 Lt. Colonel Godfrey Charles Mundy, Our Antipodes: or, Residence and Rambles in the Australasian Colonies, with a Glimpse of the Goldfields (London: Richard Bentley, 1855), 501.
14 Hobart Town Courier, “Rules and Regulations.”
15 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 60.
16 Description List: Eliza Smith, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/12, 247.
17 Description List: Mary Devereux, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 511.
18 Description List: Frances Hutchinson, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 17.
19 David Kent, “Decorative Bodies: The Significance of Convicts’ Tattoos,” Journal of Australian Studies, No. 53 (1 June 1997), 79.
20 Conduct Record, Eliza Smith, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 14.
21 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 61.
22 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Calendar for the Ensuing Week,” Tuesday, 16 August 1842, 2.
23 Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 60.
24 Ibid., 61.
25 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “The Factory,” Tuesday, 1 February 1842, 2.
26 Ibid.
27 George Mackaness, Some Private Correspondence of Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin (Tasmania, 1837-1845), Part II (Sydney: D. S. Ford Printers, 1947), 51.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Kippen, “‘And the Mortality Frightful,’” 7.
31 Ludlow Tedder, Testimony before the Principal Superintendent, Tuesday, 14 June 1842, Archives of Tasmania, AC 480/1/1.
32 Description List: Eliza Morgan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 235.
33 Stefan Petrow, “Policing in a Penal Colony: Governor Arthur’s Police System in Van Die-men’s Land, 1826-1836,” Law and History Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Summer 2000), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/petrow.html (18 October 2009).
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Eleanor Conlin Casella, “To Watch or Restrain: Female Convict Prisons in 19th-Century Tasmania,” International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2001), 61.
37 Lucy Frost and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, Chain Letters: Narrating Convict Lives (Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 2001), 81.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., 82.
40 Hobart Court of Petty Sessions May-November 1842, Tuesday, 21 June 1842, Archives of Tasmania, LC 247/1/11, 154.
41 Hobart Town Courier, “Rules and Regulations,” Saturday, 10 October 1829, 4.
42 Conduct Record, Ludlow Tedder, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 113.
43 Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Women Transported: Life in Australia’s Convict Female Factories (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 65.
44 Ibid., 62.
45 Queen’s Asylum, Register of Children Admitted and Discharged from the Male and Female Orphan School, 1828-1863, SWD28, 13.
46 Ticket of Leave, Ludlow Tedder, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia, Convict Pardons 1834-1859, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1184.
Chapter 9: Flames of Love
1 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Rules and Regulations for Young Ladies,” Friday, 4 March 1831, 4.
2 Phil Cullen (Agnes McMillan’s great-grandson-in-law), Agnes McMillan family history.
3 Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 454.
4 Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 14 September 1838, 2.
5 Brad Williams, Heritage Project Officer, Southern Midlands Council, Oatlands Gaol Conservation Management Plan 2006, 17, http://www.southernmidlands.tas.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/OatlandsGaol_CMP_compressed.pdf.
6 Anna Gurnhill, “Oatlands Supreme Court House and Collections Access and Interpretation Plan,” People and Place, Vol. 2 (March 2007), 3, http://www.southernmidlands.tas.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/OatlandsCourt_House_Interps_Plan_Volume_2.pdf.
7 K. R. Von Stieglitz, A History of Oatlands and Jericho (Launceston, Australia: Telegraph Printery, 1960), 14.
8 Ibid., 71.
9 Bruce Hindmarsh, “Beer and Fighting: Some Aspects of Male Convict Leisure in Rural Van Diemen’s Land, 1820-40,” Journal of Australian Studies, Vol. 63 (1 December 1999), 153.
10 Ibid., 154-156.
11 Vera Fisher, Oatlands Heritage Walk One, Municipality of Oatlands, 8.
12 Description List: William Roberts, Archives of Tasmania, CON 18/1/21, 76.
13 Phil Cullen, Agnes McMillan family history.
14 Alan Villiers, Vanished Fleets (Oxford, UK: Scribner’s, 1974), 62.
15 Ken McGoogan, Lady Franklin’s Revenge (London: Bantam Books, 2007), 251.
16 James Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land (Melbourne, Australia: Black, 2009), 232.
17 Von Stieglitz, A History of Oatlands and Jericho, 71.
18 McGoogan, Lady Franklin’s Revenge, 233.
19 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 157.
20 Ibid.
21 Charles Darwin, A Naturalist’s Voyage: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Beagle’ Round the World (London: John Murray, 1889), 531.
22 Ibid., 534.
23 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 158.
24 John West, The History of Tasmania (London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1971; first published in 1852), 543.
25 Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow, A Walk in Old Launceston (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 26.
26 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 224-225.
27 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 23 April 1839, 1.
28 Phillip Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 1476.
29 Ibid.
30 Tony Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 126-127.
31 Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Women Transported: Life in Australia’s Convict Female Factories (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 61-62.
32 Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls, 1477.
33 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 25 September 1846, 4.
34 Richmond Primary School website, Department of Education, Tasmania, http://www.richmond.tased.edu.au/School/Principal/Principal.htm.
35 Michael Tatlow, Charles Wooley, and Peter Mercer, A Tour of Old Tasmania (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2008), 100.
36 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Great Demonstration—Jubilee—Cessation of Transportation,” Thursday, 11 August 1853, 2.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Great Demonstration.”
40 Ibid.
41 Ib
id.
42 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “The Jubilee,” Tuesday, 9 August 1853, 2.
43 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Abolition of Transportation—Free Institutions—Slanderous Despatches,” Tuesday, 25 December 1849, 2.
44 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 236.
45 Colonial Times, “Abolition of Transportation.”
46 Ibid.
47 Peter Bolger, Hobart Town (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 52.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid., 50.
50 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), “Jubilee—10th August,” Saturday, 6 August 1853, 2.
51 Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts, 186.
52 L. L. Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia (Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1965), 10.
53 Ballina Chronicle, “Condition of the Poor,” Mayo, Ireland, Wednesday, 6 June 1849.
54 John Williams, Ordered to the Island (Darlinghurst, Australia: Crossing Press, 1994), 14.
55 Ibid., 7.
56 Susanna Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 255.
57 Williams, Ordered to the Island, 8.
58 Trudy Mae Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks (Hobart, Australia: Research Tasmania, 2005), 105.
59 Ibid., 247.
60 Description List: Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9.
61 Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks, 99.
62 Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 (North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 73.
63 John Moody, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report Blackfriar,” ADM 101/12, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3189.
64 Conduct Record, Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30.
65 Description List: Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9,160.
66 Patrick Howard, To Hell or to Hobart (Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1993), 154.
67 Williams, Ordered to the Island, 113.
68 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 226.
69 Description List: John Wild, Archives of Tasmania, CON 18/1/30, 80.
70 Mary Binks (Bridget Mulligan’s great-granddaughter), Bridget Mulligan family history.
71 Conduct Record, Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30, 222.
72 Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land, 250.
Chapter 10: Bendigo’s Gold
1 Geoff Hocking, Gold: A Pictorial History of the Australian Goldrush (Rowville, Australia: Five Mile Press, 2006), 50.
2 Hocking, Gold, 34.
3 Ibid.
4 Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser (New South Wales, Australia), “Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field,” Saturday, 17 May 1851, 4.
5 Hocking, Gold, 45.
6 Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 May 1851, 3.
7 William Manley Chambers, “Licensee—Sailor’s Return,” Archives of Tasmania, Hobart Town Gazette, 5 August 1850, 29 September 1850, 30 September 1851.
8 Argus (Melbourne, Australia), “Shipping Intelligence,” Thursday, 27 May 1852, 4.
9 Judith O’Neill, Transported to Van Diemen’s Land (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 32.
10 Hocking, Gold, 76-77.
11 Ibid., 129.
12 Ellen Clacy, A Lady’s Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852 to 1853 (Kessinger Publishing), 8.
13 Hocking, Gold, 101-103.
14 Ibid., 120.
15 Clacy, A Lady’s Visit, 12.
16 Hocking, Gold, 114.
17 Ibid., 73.
18 Ibid., 85.
19 Frank Cusack, Bendigo: A History (Kangaroo Flat, Australia: Bendigo Modern Press, 2006), 32.
20 Clacy, A Lady’s Visit, 25.
21 Ibid., 33.
22 Ibid., 28.
23 Hocking, Gold, 122.
24 Laurel Johnson, Women of Eureka (Ballarat, Australia: Historic Montrose Cottage and Eureka Museum, 1995), 8.
25 Ibid., 6.
26 O’Neill, Transported to Van Diemen’s Land, 36.
27 Hocking, Gold, 132.
28 Ibid., 137.
29 Ibid., 136.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid., 142.
32 Cathryn Game, ed., We Swear by the Southern Cross: Investigations of Eureka and Its Legacy to Australia’s Democracy (Carlton, Australia: Curriculum Corporation, 2004), 57.
33 Hocking, Gold, 146.
34 Argus (Melbourne, Australia), “To the Colonists of Victoria,” Tuesday, 10 April 1855, 7.
35 Hocking, Gold, 146.
36 Johnson, Women of Eureka, 22.
37 Ballina Beacon, “The Passing of a Pioneer: Mr. William Roberts,” Monday, 29 July 1935.
38 Hocking, Gold, 155.
39 Glenda Manwaring, At the Crossroads: The History of the Wilsons Ridges/Wollongbar/Alpha-dale Cemetery and St. Pauls Church (Daisy Hill, Australia: Glenda Manwaring, 1996).
40 Hocking, Gold, 13.
41 Cusack, Bendigo: A History, 71-73.
42 Bendigo Advertiser, Arabella Oliver, obituary, Tuesday, 3 September 1918.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
Argus (Melbourne, Australia). Wednesday, 26 May 1852, 4.
Argus (Melbourne, Australia). “Shipping Intelligence.” Thursday, 27 May 1852, 4.
Argus (Melbourne, Australia). “To the Colonists of Victoria.” Tuesday, 10 April 1855, 7.
Ballina Beacon. “The Passing of a Pioneer: Mr. William Roberts.” Monday, 29 July 1935.
Ballina Chronicle. “Condition of the Poor.” Mayo, Ireland. Wednesday, 6 June 1849.
Bendigo Advertiser. Arabella Oliver, obituary. Tuesday, 3 September 1918.
Binks, Mary (Bridget Mulligan’s great-granddaughter). Bridget Mulligan family history.
Bowan, John C., Surgeon Superintendent. “Surgeon’s Report Cadet.” ADM 101/15, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3191.
Buxton, Thomas Fowell. An Inquiry Whether Crime and Misery Are Produced or Prevented by Our Present System of Prison Discipline. London: John & Arthur Arch, 1818.
Chambers, William Manley. “Licensee—Sailor’s Return.” Archives of Tasmania, Hobart Town Gazette, 5 August 1850, 29 September 1850, 30 September 1851.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Rules and Regulations for Young Ladies.” Friday, 23 March 1827, 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Friday, 4 March 1831, 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Female Factory—Nursing Infants.” Tuesday, 20 March 1838. 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Friday, 30 March 1838, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Coroner’s Inquest: Inspection of the Female Factory.” Tuesday, 3 April 1838, 6.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Fatality of the Factory Nursery Repeated!” Tuesday, 29 May 1838, 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Tuesday, 23 April 1839, 1.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Female Factory—The Flash Mob!” Tuesday, 10 March 1840, 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Hobart Town Police Report.” Tuesday, 12 May 1840, 7.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 10 August 1841, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 31 August 1841, 3.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 23 November 1841, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “The Factory.” Tuesday, 1 February 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 8 February 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 15 February 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 1 March 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 8 M
arch 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 22 March 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Meteorological Observations.” Tuesday, 29 March 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Calendar for the Ensuing Week.” Tuesday, 16 August 1842, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Tuesday, 7 April 1846, 3.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Friday, 25 September 1846, 4.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “The Irish in 1749 and 1847.” Friday, 26 November 1847, 3.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Abolition of Transportation—Free Institutions—Slanderous Despatches.” Tuesday, 25 December 1849, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). Friday, 23 May 1851, 3.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Demonstration and Jubilee.” Thursday, 4 August 1853, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Jubilee—10th August.” Saturday, 6 August 1853, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “The Jubilee.” Tuesday, 9 August 1853, 2.
Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia). “Great Demonstration—Jubilee—Cessation of Transportation.” Thursday, 11 August 1853, 2.
Conduct Record, Anastasia Eustes. Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/4, 51.
Conduct Record, Mary Grady. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/4, 177.
Conduct Record, Janet Houston. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.
Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.
Conduct Record, Bridget Mulligan. Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30.
Conduct Record, Ann Price. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 141.
Conduct Record, Mary Rennicks. Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30, 222.
Conduct Record, Ellen Scott. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/9, 78.
Conduct Record, Ludlow Tedder. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 113.
Conduct Record, Amy Wilson. Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/10, 175.
Cullen, Phil (Agnes McMillan’s great-grandson-in-law). Agnes McMillan family history.
Darwin, Charles. A Naturalist’s Voyage: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Beagle’ Round the World. London: John Murray, 1889.
Description List: Mary Devereux. Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/13, 511.