Anything That Burns You

by Terese Svoboda

  p. 74 In today’s money: davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php.

  p. 74 Ferrer Center’s first manager: Avrich 1995, 198.

  p. 74 “Long live the Modern School!”: Abbott 1910.

  p. 74 Prominent figures mourned: Avrich 2005, 31.

  p. 75 Response of the Church: Punkerslut.

  p. 75 Inspiration of his martyrdom: “The History of the Modern School Movement,” modeducation.blogspot.com.

  p. 75 Forty in Barcelona: Haught 1996, 223.

  p. 75 Ferrer center had no school in June 1910: Worden 2013.

  p. 75 Shared a founder but not dogma: “The Rand School, An Institution of Learning How,” New York Call 25 Jan. 1919: 6.

  p. 75 “And talk for hours on end”: Avrich 2005, 111, 124.

  p. 75 “Seething ocean of thought and activity”: Avrich 1995, 220.

  p. 75 “The longest period…”: Ridge to Loeb, 1 Feb. 1922.

  p. 75 “Her tireless energy”: Avrich 2005, 83.

  p. 75 “Had to fight hostile forces…”: ibid.

  p. 75 Together with a near aristocratic group: Weir 1997, 144.

  p. 76 Lawson fed the hungry: Avrich 1995, 199.

  p. 76 Lined up for bread: “Bread Line of Men on New York’s City’s Bowery 1910,” allposters.com.

  p. 76 Homeless men sleeping: “Homeless Men Sleeping on a Park Bench in New York City, 1910,” allposters.com.

  p. 76 Vagrancy had increased by fifty percent: “More Vagrancy Here than Ever Before,” New York Times 15 May 1911.

  p. 77 Henri’s free art lessons: Avrich 2005, 36, and Antliff 2007, 27.

  p. 77 “Personalities” in the slums: Antliff 2007, 15.

  p. 77 Arthur B. Davies: Adrian 2007, 223.

  p. 77 Leon Trotsky attended: Homer 1969, 174.

  p. 77 Art would “keep government straight”: Henri 2007/1923, 189.

  p. 77 Hide their identities from the state: “Robert Henri (1865-1929),” Museum of Nebraska Art, monet.unk.edu.

  p. 77 “Absolute freedom of consciousness”: “Sees Artists Hope in Anarchist Ideas,” New York Times 18 Mar. 1912.

  p. 77 “The Limitation of Offspring,” “The Syndicalism and Woman”: Avrich 2005, 230.

  p. 77 “Everybody except Schroeder”: Avrich 2005, 42.

  p. 77 Goldman lectured on literature and drama: ibid.

  p. 78 “Every symbol in religious history”: ibid., 167.

  p. 78 “The Man with the Hoe”: qtd. in Weimer 1960.

  p. 78 “Clergy made the poem their text”: Payne 1899.

  p. 78 “I am…of the ‘Hoemanry’”: Markham 1925.

  p. 78 Huntington offered $5,000: Nelson 2003, 15.

  p. 78 “Laureate of Labor”: Abbott 1902.

  p. 78 Working for the Poets Guild: Rubin 2010, 187.

  p. 79 “The Bird with the Woe”: Widdemer 1922.

  p. 79 Harry Kemp: Brevda 1986, 81; Buchan 2007, 65; and Alexander 2005, 39.

  p. 79 Kemp the son of a candy maker: “Harry Kemp,” poemhunter.com.

  p. 79 Crane’s father invented Lifesavers: Reed 2006, 110.

  p. 79 Absconded with Sinclair’s wife: ibid.

  p. 79 “Poet of the dunes”: Brooks 1980.

  p. 79 “Fancied wearing capes”: ibid.

  p. 79 “Yours for the Revolution”: Stansell 2009, 152.

  p. 79 Rooming with Bellows: Alexander 2005, 29.

  p. 79 O’Neill’s first poem: Frazer 1979; Avrich 1996, 490 fn 133.

  p. 79 Raids on Havel’s weekly: Alexander 2005, 30.

  p. 79 A character based on Havel: Levin 2009, 345; Avrich 1996, 490 fn 133; and Alexander 2005.

  p. 79 Havel worked on the scenery: Avrich 2005, 143.

  p. 79 O’Neill won the Pulitzer: “1920 Winners,” Pulitzer.org.

  p. 79 Reed shared his wife and wrote poetry: Als 2009.

  p. 79-80 “Paterson Strike Pageant”: Avrich 2005, 133.

  p. 80 The audience sang The Internationale: McLaughlin 2006; and Leo 1990.

  p. 80 Reed’s account of the Russian Revolution: Hamilton 2000.

  p. 80 Ridge repeatedly attempted Russia: Ridge to Kreymborg, [1921]; and Ridge to Dawson, [1921].

  p. 80 Crimes of Charity: “Konrad Bercovici on Spain in New York 1924,” spanishbenevolentsociety.com.

  p. 80 Bercovici’s multitudinous occupations: Bercovici 1941, 59, 93.

  p. 80 His children attended the Ferrer: Symes and Travers 1934, 278.

  p. 80 First stories in English and Yiddish: ibid., 51, 52.

  p. 80 “Orphans as Guinea Pigs”: Cooter 1992, 1852; and Bercovici 1921.

  p. 80 Friends with Hemingway, Chaplin: spanishbenevolentsociety.com.

  p. 80 Sued Chaplin: “Bercovici vs. Chaplin: 1947,” law.jrank.org.

  p. 80 Lawyer proved plagiarism: Nizer 2012, 9-10.

  p. 80 Ridge met London: Ridge to Austin, 31 Mar. 1930.

  p. 80 London was visiting the Ferrer: Haley 2011, 275-277.

  p. 80 Berkman did not use the introduction: Wichlan 2014.

  p. 80 London was burnt out: Hahn 1966, 117.

  p. 80 Manuel Komroff: Glassgold 2001, xix.

  p. 80 Wrote plays: Avrich 2005, 113.

  p. 80 Music appreciation: Avrich, 2005, 88.

  p. 80 Edited The Modern Library and fifty novels: Avrich 1995, 113.

  p. 80 Travels of Marco Polo: Manuel Komroff. Wikipedia.

  p. 81 Durant’s books began at the Center: Avrich 2005, 103.

  p. 81 Presidential Medal of Freedom: “Personalities,” themodernschools.wordpress.com.

  p. 81 Sympathetic to anarchism: Avrich 2005, 96.

  p. 81 “I looked for long whiskers”: Durant 1978, 188.

  p. 81 Hapgood was also part of the Center: Avrich 2005, 155.

  p. 81 “Everyone ends up kissing”: “An Anarchist Woman” in Wheeler 1909.

  p. 81 “Large eyes, dark and glowing”: Hapgood 1909, 1.

  p. 81 The Story of a Lover: “Hutchins Hapgood,” The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, 2004.

  p. 81 A series of provocative letters: Stansell 2009, 297.

  p. 81 Hapgood was on the bill: Kenton 2004, 93.

  p. 81 Values that would transcend society: “The History of the Modern School Movement,” modeducation.blogspot.com.

  p. 81 163 people attended a banquet: Avrich 2005, 81-82.

  p. 82 Lasted only a few weeks: ibid.

  p. 82 Lawson invited Durant to head the School: Avrich 2005, 81.

  p. 82 “Open-hearted Dawson”: Durant 1978, 184.

  p. 82 “I stood in amazement”: Durant 1978, 184.

  p. 82 Love at first sight: Avrich 2005, 83.

  p. 82 “To give a libertarian education”: Durant 1978, 185-186.

  p. 83 Almost converted to anarchism: Avrich 2005, 84.

  p. 83 “Try education by happiness”: Durant 1978, 183-187, 196.

  p. 83 “Bribes of bananas”: Avrich 2005, 86.

  p. 83 “Frying bananas and telling charming stories”: Bercovici 1932, 102.

  p. 83 Wrote a letter to his father: Liber, 486.

  p. 83 Jan. 1911 protests: Avrich 2005, 88.

  p. 83 Durant, lectures and marriage: Avrich 2005, 82.

  p. 83 Couldn’t sleep with her until she was sixteen: ibid., 100.

  p. 83 “No discussions on sex…no excitement”: Bercovici 1932, 103.

  p. 84 “Let men be free!”: Ridge 1911.

  p. 84 Six months after the Modern School opened: Perrone 2015.

  p. 84 Ridge proposed to publish a magazine: Avrich 2005, 170.

  p. 84 6 St. Marks: “Ferrer School (1911-1953)” in Katz 2000.

  p. 84 East 12th…MODERN SCHOOL”: Ridge to Loeb. 1 Feb. 1922.

  p. 84 Lawson designed the cover: ibid., 170.

  p. 84 Durant looks dismayed: photograph in ibid., 92.

  p. 84 “One of the most beautiful cultural journals”: Avrich 2005, 170.

  p. 84 Gave Ridge her first experience as an editor: This is despite the fact that she is neither credited as edit
or nor mentioned in the table of contents.

  p. 84 Three died in explosion for Rockefeller: Chertoff 2013.

  p. 84 “Real danger lies in suppression”: Mother Earth July 1914.

  p. 84 Alden Freeman: Avrich, 2005, 208.

  p. 85 “One of the most radical experiments”: Avrich 1995, 256, 507.

  p. 85 The Center soon closed: Perrone 2015.

  p. 85 She and Lawson left New York to travel: Avrich 2005, 161.

  p. 85 “Something of the stern authoritarian in her”: Durant 1978, 190.

  p. 85 “I was no disciple”: Ridge, Diary, 9 June 1940.

  p. 85 Scott’s son: Scott to Lawson, 17 Mar. 1953.

  p. 85 “Each child requires individual attention”: Ridge 1914.

  p. 86 “We sent for her son”: qtd. in Avrich 1995, 198-199.

  Chapter 10 — “Small Towns Crawling Out of Their Green Shirts”

  p. 87 Keith was fourteen: Bill Shennum, personal communication. 10 Apr. 2013.

  p. 87 As Gladys Bernand-Wehner suggested: personal communication. Mar. 29, 2013.

  p. 88 “Child and Wind”: Ridge 1922.

  p. 88 “Small house on a side street”: Ridge, Diary, 22 Nov. 1940.

  p. 88 Traveled to upper NY, PA, OH, MO, TN: Leggott 2006, and Ridge to Lawson 7 Aug. 1931. Ridge writes, “Dear, such a city—you get trapped in it as we did in Knoxville Tennessee once…”

  p. 88 Goldman’s speaking engagements across the states: Falk 2012.

  p. 88 “When I was able to scrub”: Ridge to Lawson, 10 July 1935.

  p. 89 Tripling its population: Perlmutter, 8.

  p. 89 Musicians on steamers to island parks: Woodford 2012, 43-44.

  p. 89 Wide avenues, hotels and offices: “Bustling Detroit 1915,” shorpy.com.

  p. 89 $5 day: Perlmutter, 12.

  p. 89 One millionth car: Lewis 1987, 65.

  p. 89 “Fighting pacifist”: ibid., 78.

  p. 89 Ferrer at its height: Avrich 2005, 66.

  p. 89 Left Keith never to see him again: G. Bernand-Wehner, correspondence with Leggott. 31 Mar. 2013.

  p. 89 Avid reader: G. Bernand-Wehner, correspondence. 17 July 2015.

  p. 89 New York Electrical School location: EMF Electrical Year Book, 240.

  p. 89 Declarations of love: G. Bernand-Wehner, personal communication, 9 June 2015.

  p. 89 He was seventeen: ibid. G. Bernand-Wehner, correspondence with Leggott. 31 Mar. 2013.

  p. 89 Cass Tech High School: Austin. historicdetroit.org/building/cass-tech-high-school-old/2015.

  p. 89 “Staying with people I know”: Ridge to Dawson, [Feb. 1919].

  p. 90 “Too painful”: Ridge to Lawson, 1 Oct. 1935. Ridge writes, “No I would never go back to Los Angeles—too painful…or San Francisco either…”

  p. 90 “Recognize his mother in beauty”: Scott to Ridge, [Aug.] 1930.

  p. 90 “My dead boy”: Ridge to Lawson, 8 Mar. 1936.

  p. 91 “Frank Little at Calvary”: Ridge 1918, 49.

  p. 91 “Lullaby”: ibid., 71.

  p. 91 Forty-five electrocutions: “U.S. Executions: 1917,” deathpenaltyusa.org.

  p. 91 “Electrocution”: Ridge 1927, 65.

  p. 92 Mooney began serving, 1917: Mora 2007.

  p. 92 Ridge’s poem helped free him: “Stone Face,” The Nation 14 Sept. 1932, 235.

  p. 92 50,000 lumber workers, 40,000 copper miners: Flynn 1973, 230.

  p. 92 “Disloyal, profane, scurrilous…”: U.S. Sedition Act of 1918, Sec. 3.

  p. 92 Goldman and Berkman spoke against the draft: Antliff 2007, 155.

  p. 92 Bottles, bricks, and catcalls, fighting broke out: ibid.

  p. 92-93 “I am an Anarchist”: “Meeting of the No-Conscription League,” Emma Goldman Papers, microfilm roll 48, frames 17-22, University of California, Berkeley.

  p. 93 “Induce persons not to register”: ibid.

  p. 93 Tarred, feathered, and beaten: Flynn 1973, 229.

  p. 93 German farmers: Symes and Travers, 301.

  p. 93 “Almost suicidal”: ibid.

  p. 93 Ridge returned alone: Sproat to Burke, 31 Jan. 1978.

  p. 93 Lawson returned in Dec.: Leggott 2013.

  PART III:

  MODERNISM IN NEW YORK,

  1918-1928

  Chapter 11 — The Ghetto and Other Poems

  p. 97 Monroe began publishing modernists: “A Brief Guide to Imagism,” poets.org.

  p. 97 “Rockets of poetry”: Oppenheim 1930, 156-157.

  p. 97 Settled with Lawson in Manhattan: Ridge to Harriet Monroe, 20 Apr. 1918.

  p. 97 Esta Verez: “Martin Lewis,” britishmuseum.org/research.

  p. 97 Son of a rabbi: “B. W. Huebsch, Prominent American Publisher, Dead; Was Son of Rabbi,” The Global Jewish News Service 10 Aug. 1964.

  p. 97 “Appealed personally”: Munson 1985, 143.

  p. 97 Crane wanted to be published by him: ibid.

  p. 97-98 Francis Hackett: “Francis Hackett – Introduction,” University of Illinois at Chicago, tigger.uic.edu.

  p. 98 Hackett made the connection, manuscript accepted: Ridge to Hackett [1918]; Huebsch to Ridge, 4 May 1918.

  p. 98 “Refused to degrade literature”: Turner 2003, 4.

  p. 98 Brought out The Ghetto: Ridge to Monroe, 2 July 1918.

  p. 98 Advertised alongside H.G. Wells: The New Republic 16 Nov. 1918.

  p. 98 “Most vivid and sensitive and lovely”: Hackett 1918.

  p. 98: Left-handed compliment of masculine: Aiken, 1919.

  p. 98 Evoked the masculine in praise: Topliss 1996, 16.

  p. 99 “Cramped ova”: Ridge 1918, 26.

  p. 99 “Concern of being powerful”: Aiken 1919.

  p. 99 “Throb of unrelenting engines”: Deutsch 1919.

  p. 99 Discovery of the year: Untermeyer 1919.

  p. 99 “Nothing is forced or artificialized,” “unusual sense of perspective,” “thin steel spring”: ibid.

  p. 99 “She really is a poet”: Goldman to Stella Ballantine, 15 Aug. 1919.

  p. 99 “Prototype of the artist rebels”: Kreymborg 1918/1919.

  p. 100 “Reminded of something”: Ridge to Lawson, 13 Aug. 1929.

  p. 100 Hester Street: “Hester Street,” Community Service Society Photographs, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, item 230, photograph 323.

  p. 100 “Pig Market”: “The Lower East Side: Polish/Russian,” Immigration, Library of Congress, loc.gov; “Jewtown” in Riis 1890.

  p. 100 Roaches and garbage: “New York Tenement Life,” thehistorybox.com.

  p. 100 Raw oysters and rented dinner plates: “Dish Lender’s Shops,” New York Daily Tribune 5 Nov. 1905.

  p. 100 Noisy streets: Medina 2013.

  p. 100 Children to fend for themselves: ibid.

  p. 100 Portrayed as victims or subhuman: James 1946/1907, 77.

  p. 101 “Five by seven room”: “Miss Ridge to the Rescue,” interview by John Nicholas Beffel, Mitchell Dawson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, box 26 Fl 791a.

  p. 101 Saw Jews only in 1911, according to Lawson: Avrich 1995, 199.

  p. 101 Rough working terms: Lifflander 2011.

  p. 101 “Announced to the world…”: Cott 1989, 24.

  p. 101 “A lot of cattle”: qtd. in Stein 1962, 26-28.

  p. 102 Two survivors, forty bodies: ibid., 19.

  p. 102 Fined $20: Hoenig 2005.

  p. 102 “That’s a great play”: qtd. in Szuberla 1995.

  p. 102 “My self is destroyed”: “Morris Rosenfeld’s Sweatshop Songs,” The Assimilator, forward.com.

  p. 102 “An attempt made by a ‘Gentile’”: Hapgood 1902, preface.

  p. 102 “Turbulent love for man and nature”: ibid., 312.

  p. 103 Lazarus: Lefer 116.

  p. 104 “I hear his lifted praise…”: Ridge 1918, 11.

  p. 104 “Brilliant and cutting…”: ibid, 12.

  p. 104 “Appeal of a folk song”: ibid., 13.

  p. 104 “Vorwaerts”: ibid., v, 17.
/>   p. 104 Popular radical paper in Europe: Capper et al. 2008, 18.

  p. 104 “Immigration to the metropolis”: Williams 2007, 45.

  p. 104 “Anything that burns you”: qtd. in Tante 1935, 341.

  p. 105 Swore she saw his ghost: Cluck 1941.

  p. 105 One of the six books: Callard 1986, 13.

  p. 105 “Euclid alone”: Berke 2001, 19.

  p. 105 Enthusiastic free love: “Percy Bysshe Shelley,” adnax.com/biogs/pbs.htm.

  p. 106 “The best America has produced”: Pound 1971, 50.

  p. 106 “Resist much, obey little”: “Caution.” Whitman 1900.

  p. 106 “Treasure even its memory”: Donaldson 1896, 209, and “Died in Bowery Lodgings: Sad Endings of the Career of George G. Clapp,” New York Times 10 Apr. 1893, 3.

  p. 106 “Nursed controversies”: Zweig 1984, 310.

  p. 107 Clapp published Whitman: “Clapp, Henry Jr.,” The Vault at Pfaff’s, Lehigh University, pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu.

  p. 107 “Songs of insurrection also”: Whitman 1900.

  p. 107 Whitman’s editors convicted: Avrich 1995, 15.

  p. 107 “Poet-Anarchist”: “Poet-Anarchist Whitman,” New York Times 21 July 1907.

  p. 107 “Uncouth, elemental, Anarchistic”: Avrich 2005, 149.

  p. 107 “Personalities”: de Cleyre et al 1914, 340.

  p. 107 Goldman at the Brevoort: Avrich 2005, 140.

  p. 107 Dreiser’s speech: ibid., 138.

  p. 107 Traubel’s contributions: ibid., 149.

  p. 107 Hartmann lunched: Hartmann 1895.

  p. 107 Hartmann’s accomplishments: Avrich 2005, 487. Avrich (1995) writes that Manuel Komroff described Sadakichi “toothless except for two tusks.” “He [Sadakichi] played the (Chinese Magician) main thief in Douglas Fairbanks Senior’s The Thief of Baghdad, but disappeared near the end of the filming, then demanded more money to finish” (202).

  p. 107 Giovannitti: “Arthur Giovannitti, The Bard of Freedom” italyheritage 2015.

  p. 107 A fearsome orator: ibid.

  p. 108 “The Walker”: Giovannitti 1914, 21.

  p. 108 Keller’s introduction: ibid, 9.

  p. 108 Keller’s interest in socialism: Nielsen 2004, 32, 44.

  p. 108 Workers paid to hear Giovannitti’s book: Lombardo 2004, 142.

  p. 108 Looked like Pound: Giovannitti’s obituary, New York Times 1 Jan. 1960.

  p. 108 Spent weeks in a cage: Giovannitti. 1941.

  p. 109 “The Cage”: Giovannitti 1914, 44.

  p. 109 “And so was a fanatic the Saviour”: Ettor and Giovannitti.