The Analects

by Confucius

  [2.3], 2.23, 3.14, 3.21, [7.5], 8.20, 15.11, [16.2], 17.5, 18.11, 20.1

  Appendix 3

  CHINESE SCHOLARS AND THINKERS CITED IN THE COMMENTARIES

  Ban Gu (1613–1682)

  15.26, 15.29

  Bao Shenyan (Qing dynasty)

  13.12

  Bao Xian (6 BC–65)

  2.1, 2.8, 8.4

  Cheng Shude (1877–1944)

  5.7, 6.23

  Cheng Yaotian (1725–1814)

  3.22, 6.27, 13.18

  Cheng Yi (1033–1107)

  1.5, 4.7, 9.1, 12.10, 16.12

  Dai Zhen (1724–1777)

  3.8, 17.3

  Dong Zhongshu (195?–105? BC)

  3.26, 4.16, 6.17, 9.17, 15.15, 15.36

  Fan Zuyu (1041–1098)

  1.11

  Gu Yanwu (1613–1682)

  3.5

  He Yan (d. 249)

  7.17, 9.1, 9.28, 15.21

  Hu Anguo (1074–1138)

  2.23

  Huang Kan (488–545)

  1.1, 1.2, 1.16, 7.21, 8.17, 19.10

  Jiang Yong (1681–1762)

  Jiao Hong (1541–1620)

  10.3

  3.19

  Jiao Xun (1763–1820)

  1.1, 4.15, 4.16, 13.26, 17.9, 19.16

  Jin Lüxiang (1232–1303)

  18.6

  Kong Anguo (second century BC)

  1.11, 3.11, 5.26, 10.7, 10.14, 13.1

  Li Ao (772–841)

  1.13

  Liang Qichao (1873–1929)

  16.14

  Lin Xiyuan (1480–1560)

  19.10

  Liu Baonan (1791–1855)

  1.3, 1.10, 1.12, 2.15, 2.18, 2.21, 3.21, 3.23, 4.2, 4.3, 4.7–4.13, 5.27, 6.21, 6.27, 7.17, 7.22, 7.25, 7.26, 7.36, 8.5, 8.9, 8.13, 9.1, 9.28, 11.1, 11.12, 11.18, 12.7, 15.3, 15.37, 15.41, 16.13, 17.3, 17.8, 17.10, 17.15, 17.19, 19.11

  Liu Kai (1784–1824)

  4.21

  Liu Zongzhou (1578–1645)

  15.22 19.5

  Lu Longqi (1630–1693)

  12.6

  Ma Rong (79–166)

  2.6, 3.1, 14.20

  Mencius (Mengzi) (fourth century BC)

  1.1, 1.4, 1.11, 3.13, 3.23, 5.22, 6.26, 7.24, 8.11, 8.13, 9.17, 9.19, 9.29, 10.20, 11.12, 13.9, 13.29, 15.40, 16.7, 17.13, 18.2, 18.4, 19.8, 19.17, 20.3

  Qian Daxin (1728–1804)

  1.11, 9.10

  Qian Mu (1895–1990)

  4.12, 4.13, 4.25, 5.11, 6.4, 6.8, 7.36, 8.9, 8.11, 9.10, 10.27, 14.35, 15.3, 15.12, 15.37, 16.6, 17.2, 19.1, 19.2, 19.12

  Ruan Yuan (1764–1849)

  9.1

  Sima Guang (1019–1086)

  11.14

  Sima Qian (145?–85?)

  5.23, 6.28, 7.24, 15.2, 15.20, 18.1, 18.4

  Song Xiangfeng (1779–1860)

  2.1, 7.12, 13.2, 14.16

  Sun Qifeng (1585–1675)

  16.10

  Wang Bi (226–249)

  7.21, 18.8

  Wang Fuzhi (1616–1692)

  3.5, 6.30

  Wang Yangming (1472–1529)

  1.4, 11.26

  Wang Zhong (1745–1794)

  1.11

  Wu Jiabin (1803–1864)

  1.10, 14.34, 15.27, 15.40

  Xie Liangzuo (1050–c. 1120)

  9.18

  Xing Bing (932–1010)

  1.12

  Xu Gan (171–218)

  8.5, 15.8, 18.1

  Xunzi (third century BC)

  2.2, 2.17, 3.4, 4.12, 4.14, 5.9, 8.16, 10.20, 12.9, 13.6, 13.9, 13.17, 14.24, 14.35, 15.2, 16.6, 16.7, 17.14

  Yang Bojun (1909–1992)

  1.5

  Yang Shi (1053–1135)

  15.21

  Yu Yue (1820–1907)

  Yu Zhengxie (1775–1840)

  17.26

  3.19

  Zhang Erqi (1612–1677)

  14.36

  Zhang Xuecheng (1738–1801)

  Zheng Xuan (127–200)

  2.12

  2.8, 2.18, 4.16, 4.18, 4.26, 5.7, 7.17, 7.18, 8.1, 9.4, 9.26, 9.28, 10.7, 13.14, 13.29

  Zhu Xi (1130–1200)

  1.6, 5.16, 5.25, 5.26, 3.8, 9.4, 9.17, 10.27, 11.21, 13.7, 15.27

  Zhuangzi (fourth century BC)

  6.2, 7.1, 9.28, 10.8, 13.26, 14.3, 14.25, 15.2, 18.5

  Notes

  The three commentaries on the Chunqiu (the Spring and Autumn Annals), Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyangzhuan, and Chunqiu Guliangzhuan, are cited as Zuozhuan, Gongyangzhuan, and Gulianzhuan. Liu Baonan’s Lunyu zhengyi (Collected commentaries on the Analects) is cited as Liu. Cheng Shude’s Lunyu jishi (Collected glosses on the Analects) is cited as Cheng. Qian Mu’s Lunyu xinjie (New explication of the Analects) is cited as Qian. Detailed information on items referenced in the notes may be found in the bibliography.

  PREFACE

  He refrained from: Analects 9.4.

  has “to knock at both sides”: Analects, 9.8.

  more and more scholars are giving up this theory: Beijing daxue cang XiHan zhushu (Peking University Collection of the Western Han Bamboo Manuscripts), vol. 1, pp. 224–225; Edward Shaughnessy, Rewriting Early Chinese Texts, pp. 49–61.

  BOOK ONE

  1.1: Cheng Shude, Lunyu jishi, pp. 2–4 (unless otherwise noted, all Cheng citations refer to this work); Zhu Xi, Lunyu jizhu in Sishu zhangju, p. 47; Mencius, 5B:1.

  1.2: Mencius, 3A:4 (slightly revised from Lau’s translation, p. 61); Liu Baonan, Lunyu zhengyi, pp. 4–5 (unless otherwise noted, all Liu citations refer to this work); Cheng, pp. 10–12.

  1.3: Cf. 5.5, 11.25, 16.4, 17.13; see also Liu, p. 5.

  1.4: Cf. 8.7, 11.18.

  1.5: Zuozhuan, Duke Zhao, 13th year (ed. Yang Bojun, p. 4); Liu, pp. 7–10; Zhu Xi, Lunyu jizhu in Sishu zhangju, p. 49.

  1.6: Liji xunzuan, Naize (“Rules in the Inner Quarters”), pp. 440–441; Zhu Xi, p. 49.

  1.7: Liu, pp. 11–12.

  1.8: Liu, pp. 12–13; Cheng, p. 33.

  1.9: Liji xunzuan, Jitong (“Basic Principles of Sacrifice”), p. 723; also quoted in Liu, p. 13.

  1.10: Liu, pp. 14–15.

  1.11: Liu, pp. 15–16; Mencius, 4A:19, 7B:36; Qian Daxin, Qianwen tang wen ji, quoted in Liu, p. 16.

  1.12: Liu, pp. 16–17; Qian Mu, Lunyu xinjie, pp. 17–18 (unless otherwise noted, all Qian citations refer to this work); Cheng, pp. 46–47. See, for instance, the Analects translations of Slingerland, Watson, and Huang.

  1.13: Liu, pp. 17–18; Cheng, p. 51; Zuozhuan, Duke Xi, 4th year.

  1.14: Cf. 6.11, 6.3, 9.11.

  1.15: Shijing zhuxi, Ode 55, Qiaoao, pp. 155–158 (see Arthur Waley’s translation, “Little Bay of Qi,” in The Book of Songs, p. 46). See also Annping Chin, The Authentic Confucius, pp. 69–74 (unless otherwise noted, all Chin citations refer to this work).

  1.16: Zhu Xi, p. 53; Liu, pp. 19–20; Cheng, 59.

  BOOK TWO

  2.1: Cf. 15.5; see also Liu, pp. 20–21.

  2.2: Shijing zhuxi, Ode 297, pp. 997–1001 (see Waley’s translation, “Stout,” in Book of Songs, pp. 308–309); Xunzi, chapter 27, Dalüe (27.92), quoted in Liu, p. 22. Cf. 3.20.

  2.4: Cf. 2.1, 2.2.

  2.5: Liu, pp. 25–26.

  2.6: Liu, p. 26.

  2.7: Liu, pp. 26–27; Zhu Xi, p. 56; Analects of Confucius, trans. Burton Watson, p. 21.

  2.8: Liu, pp. 27–28.

  2.9: Cf. 9.20, 11.4; see also Liu, pp. 28–29.

  2.10: Cf. 5.8, 5.9, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19; see also Liu, p. 29.

  2.11: Liu, pp. 29–30.

  2.12: Liu Baonan, pp. 30–31; Zhu Xi, p. 57; Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, juan 3, pp. 19–21.

  2.13: Cheng, p. 97; Liji xunzuan, Ziyi (“Black Robes”), pp. 815–816.

  2.14: Liu, p. 31.

  2.15: The first sentence: Mencius, 6A:15; Xunzi jijie, Quanxue (“Encouraging Learning”), pp. 12–13 (slightly revised from Watson’s translation in Basic Writings, p. 20). The second sentence: cf. 15.31; see also Liu, pp. 31–32.

  2.16: Liu, pp.
32–33; Cheng, pp. 104–110.

  2.17: Cf. 9.12, 9.27, 11.13, 11.23, 11.25, 11.26, 12.12; see also Cheng, p. 111–112; Liu, p. 33; Xunzi jijie, p. 140.

  2.18: Cf. 12.10, 12.20, 19.15; see also Liu, pp. 34–35.

  2.19: Liu, p. 35; Zhu Xi, p. 58.

  2.20: Cf. 6.8, 11.7, 11.17, 12.17, 12.18, 12.19; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year.

  2.21: Liu, pp. 36–37; Cheng, pp. 126–123; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year.

  2.22: Cheng, p. 127.

  2.23: The two readings: Liu, pp. 39–40; Cheng, pp. 129–130. The last sentence: see Gu Yanwu, Rizhilu, quoted in Cheng, p. 128.

  2.24: Liu, p. 41.

  BOOK THREE

  3.1: Cf. 11.17; see also Liu, pp. 43–44; Cheng, pp. 136–139; Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 11th year (ed. Yang), pp. 984–987, and Duke Ai, 11th year (ed. Yang), p. 1668.

  3.2: Chin, pp. 48–49.

  3.3: Liji xunzuan, Ruxing, p. 864; quoted in Liu, p. 44.

  3.4: Cf. 11.10; see also Xunzi jijie, chapter 17, Tianlun, p. 318 (cited in Liu, p. 44, but slightly different from the original); Liji xunzuan, Liyun, p. 355 (cited in Liu, p. 44).

  3.5: Zhu Xi, p. 62; Gu Yan Wu and Wang Fuzhi were quoted in Cheng, p. 150.

  3.6: Cf. 6.4, 6.12, 11.17, 11.24; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year, pp. 1657–1660; Liu, p. 46.

  3.7: Mencius, 7A:41, 2A:7; Cheng, p. 155.

  3.8: Dai Zhen, Mengzi ziyi shuzheng, section 37, 8a–b; Liu, pp. 48–49; Cheng, 157–160.

  3.9: Liu, pp. 49–50; Zheng Xuan, Lunyu Zhengshi zhu jishu, p. 312.

  3.10: Liu Baonan, Additional Comments on the Analects (Lunyu buzhu) (quoted in Cheng, p. 171); Liu, pp. 50–53.

  3.11: Liu, p. 53; Cheng, pp. 173–174.

  3.12: Liji xunzuan, Jiyi (“The Meaning of the Sacrifice”), p. 702.

  3.13: Cf. 6.28, 14.19; see also Mencius, 5A:8; Sima Qian, Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), 47:1920–1921; Liu, p. 56; Cheng, pp. 180–181.

  3.14: Liu, p. 56.

  3.15: Liu, pp. 56–57; Cheng, pp. 185–186.

  3.16: Liji Xunzuan, Sheyi (“The Meaning of Archery”), p. 897; Cheng, pp. 188–189.

  3.17: Cheng, pp. 191–195; Liu, pp. 59–62; Gongyangzhuan, Duke Wen, 6th and 16th years (SPPY), 13:8b–9a, 14:10a–11b.

  3.18: Liu, p. 62.

  3.19: Liu, p. 62; Cheng, p. 197.

  3.20: Cf. 16.13, 2.2; Shijing, Ode 1 (Owen’s translation in Stephen Owen, trans. and ed., An Anthology of Chinese Literature, pp. 30–31).

  3.21: Cf. 5.10, 6.26, 11.3, 17.21; see also Cheng, pp. 200–206; Liu, pp. 63–66; Chin, 65–66.

  3.22: Liu, pp. 68–70; Cheng Yaotian, Lunxue xiaoji (Informal discussions about learning), quoted in Liu Baonan, p. 67.

  3.23 playing of “metal instruments”: Liu, pp. 70–71; Zheng Xuan, p. 22, also quoted in Liu, pp. 70–71. Mencius on Confucius and music: Mencius, 5B.1; Cheng, pp. 216–217.

  3.24: Yang Bojun’s commentary to Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 14th year, pp. 1017–1018; Liu, pp. 72–73.

  3.25: Cf. 7.14; see also Sun Xingyan, Shangshu jinguwen zhushu, Gaoyaomo, part 3, pp. 123–133; Chin, 152–153.

  3.26: Dong Zhongshu, Chunqiu fanlu yizheng, Renyifa (“Models of Humaneness and Rightness”), pp. 226–227; quoted in Liu, p. 74.

  BOOK FOUR

  4.1: Liu, pp. 74–75; Cheng, pp. 227–228; Mencius, 2A:7.

  4.2: Liji xunzuan, Fangji, p. 758, and Biaoji, p. 784; Liu, p. 75.

  4.3: Liu, p. 75.

  4.4: Dong, Chunqiu fanlu yizheng, Yuying, p. 78; quoted in Liu, 75–76.

  4.5: Liu, 76–77.

  4.6: The second sentence: Liu, pp. 77–78; Zhu Xi, p. 70.

  4.7: Zhu Xi, p. 71; Liu, p. 78.

  4.8: Liu, p. 78.

  4.9 Liu Baonan says: Liu, p. 78.

  4.10: Hou Hanshu, “Biography of Liu Liang,” quoted in Liu Baonan, p. 79; see also Cheng, pp. 247–249; Qian Mu, pp. 93–94.

  4.11: On xiaoren: see Liu, pp. 79–80. On junzi: see Qian Mu, pp. 94–95; Cheng, p. 251.

  4.12: Qian Mu, p. 95; Liu, p. 80; Xunzi jijie, p. 502.

  4.13: Liu, p. 80; Qian, p. 96.

  4.14: Xunzi, chapter 6; quoted in Liu, pp. 80–81.

  4.15: On zhong and shu: Jiao Xun, Diaogulou ji (Collected essays from the Diaogu Pavilion), cited in Cheng Shude, pp. 259–260, and Liu Baonan, p. 81; see also Mencius, 2A:8 and 3A:4. On zhong (the middle): cf. 20.1; see also Baoxun (“Treasured Instructions”), in the Qinghua daxue cang zhanguo zhujian (Tsinghua University Collection of the Warring States Bamboo Texts), p. 143.

  4.16: Dong is quoted in Qian Mu, p. 100; see also Liu, 82–83; Cheng, 267–268; Xunzi, section 9.

  4.17: Xunzi jijie, Xiushen, pp. 20–21, quoted in Liu, p. 83.

  4.18 Scholars in their commentaries: Tangong chapter and Jiyi chapter of Liji Zhengzhu (The Book of Rites with Zheng Xuan’s commentary), quoted in Liu, pp. 83–84.

  4.21: Cheng, p. 275.

  4.22: Liji xunzuan, Ziyi, p. 815 (quoted in Liu, p. 85); Liji xunzuan, Biaoji, pp. 798–799.

  4.23: Liu, p. 85; Liji xunzuan, Biaoji, pp. 787–788 (partially quoted in Liu).

  4.25: Liu, pp. 85–86; Qian Mu, p. 106.

  4.26: Cf. 2.7; see also Liu, p. 86; Qian Mu, p. 107; Zheng Xuan, Lunyu Zhengshi zhu jishu, p. 378.

  BOOK FIVE

  5.1: Cheng, pp. 285–286; Liu, p. 87. Xunzi on disgrace: Xunzi jijie, chapter 18, Zhenglun (see John Knoblock’s translation, vol. 3, pp. 46–47).

  5.2: Liu, pp. 87–88; Cheng, pp. 287–289; Sima Qian, Shiji, 47: 1907–1908; Kongzi jiayu, pp. 522–525; Ode 256, Yang (“Admiration”), Shijing zhuxi, pp. 559–560.

  5.3: Liu Xiang, Shuoyuan jiaozheng, Zhengli (“Principles of Government”), pp. 158–159; Lüshi chunqiu, Chaxian (“Oberving the Worthy”), 21:277–278; Cheng, pp. 290–292.

  5.4: Zhu Xi, p. 76; Herbert Fingarette, Confucius, pp. 71–76; Qian, p. 111.

  5.5: Cheng, pp. 294–295. On the initial consonant of ren and ning, see Zhang Taiyan, Guogu lunheng, pp. 25–28.

  5.6: Cf. 18.6; see also Liu, p. 90; Cheng, pp. 296–297.

  5.7: Liu, pp. 91–92; Cheng, pp. 299–302.

  5.9: Cf. 1:15, 2.9, 9.11; see also Xunzi jijie, chapter 8, Xiaoru, pp. 139–141.

  5.10: Cf. 3.21, 6.26, 11.3, 17.21; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 14th year, pp. 1683–1685.

  5.11: Qian Mu, p. 120; Liu, p. 97; Cheng, p. 316.

  5.12: Qian Mu, pp. 121–122; Liu, pp. 97–98. For other English translations, see those by Slingerland, p. 44; Watson, p. 17; and Legge, p. 177.

  5.13: Cf. 7.1, 9.11; see also Cheng, pp. 318–323; Liu, pp. 98–100.

  5.14: Cf. 5.7, 7.11, 11.22, 12.12.

  5.15: Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year (pp. 1665–1667), and Duke Zhao, 5th year (p. 1163); Cheng, pp. 325–326; Liu, p. 100; Chin, pp. 119–121.

  5.16: Zichan: Zuozhuan, Xianggong, 30th year, and Zhaogong, 20th year; Liu, p. 101; Chin, pp. 56–57. Zhu Xi on Zichan: Zhu Xi, p. 79; Zuozhuan, Xiang, 30th year, p. 1181.

  5.17: Qian, p. 125; Liu, p. 101.

  5.18: Cheng, pp. 328–331; Liu, pp. 102–103; Zuozhuan, Duke Wen, 2nd year, pp. 525–526.

  5.19: Liu, pp. 103–104; Cheng, pp. 331–335; Qian, p. 127; Ziwen: Zuozhuan, Xuan, 4th year, pp. 679–683; Zhuang, 30th year, p. 247; Xi, 23rd year, p. 402. Cuizi and Chen Wenzi: Zuozhuan, Xiang, 19th year, pp. 1048–1050, and Xiang, 25th year, pp. 1096–1099; see also Liu, pp. 104–105; Cheng, pp. 335–337. Cuizi (Cui Zhu) and historians of Qi: Zuozhuan, Xiang, 25th year, p. 1099; see also Xinxu jiaoshi, Jieshi (“Men of Integrity”), pp. 903–908.

  5.20: Zuozhuan, Cheng, 16th year, p. 894; Xiang, 5th year, pp. 944–945; and Wen, 18th year, pp. 631–632. See also Cheng, pp. 337–340; Liu, p. 105.

  5.21: Cheng, pp. 340–343; Qian, pp. 129–130; Liu, p. 106; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Wen, 4th year, where Ning Wuzi showed knowledge and wisdom on a visit to the court of Lu (pp. 535–536).

  5.22: Cf. 6.18, 13.21; see also Mencius, 7B:37; Liu, pp. 402–406.

  5.23: Qian, pp. 132–133; Cheng, pp. 345–346
. Sima Qian on Bo Yi and Shu Qi: Shiji, 61:2127, 2123 (Watson’s translation, Ssu-ma Ch’ien Grand Historian of China, p. 188).

  5.24: Cheng, pp. 346–348; Liu, p. 108.

  5.25: Liji xunzuan, Biaoji (“Records of Exemplary Conduct”), p. 781; Cheng, p. 348; Liu, pp. 108–109. Identity of Zuoqiu Ming: see Cheng Shude’s discussion, pp. 348–352.

  5.26: Liu, pp. 109–110.

  5.27: Liu, pp. 110–111.

  5.28: Cf. 7.18, 7.32; see also Liu, p. 110; Cheng, pp. 358–359.

  BOOK SIX

  6.1: Xunzi, “Contra Twelve Philosophers” (Fei shi’erzi) in Xunzi jijie, pp. 60–66; Shanghai Bowuguan cang Zhanguo Chu zhushu, vol. 3, pp. 261–283; Liu Baonan, pp. 111–112.

  6.2: Liu, 112–113; Zhuangzi jishi, “The Great and Venerable Teacher” (Dazongshi), “The Mountain Tree” (Shanmu), pp.44–45, pp. 125–126; Chuci duben (Songs of Chu), “Crossing the River” (Shejiang), p. 99; Shuoyuan jiaozheng, “Refining Culture” (Xiuwen), pp. 498–499.

  6.3: Cf. 11.8; see also Liu, pp. 113–114; Qian, pp. 140–141.