The Analects

by Confucius

6.4: Cf. 7.34, 11.26; see also Liu, pp. 114–115; Qian Mu, p. 142; Liji xunzuan, Tangong, part 1, pp. 91–91.

  6.5: Cf. 14.1; see also Liu, pp. 115–116; Qian, p. 143.

  6.7: Qian, pp. 145–146.

  6.8: Cf. 2.20; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year, p. 1668; Chin, pp. 119–126.

  6.9: Cf. 11.3, 11.5, 11.14, 17.5; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Xi, 1st year, pp. 278–279; Chin, pp. 29–36; Liu, p. 119.

  6.10: Cf. 11.3, 11.9, 11.10, Liu, pp. 119–121; see also Zhu Xi, p. 87

  6.11: Cf. 9.11.

  6.12: Cf. 8.7, 19.7, 19.12; see also Liu, pp. 121–122; Chin, pp. 134–137.

  6.13: Liu, p. 122; Cheng, pp. 389–391.

  6.14: Liu, pp. 122–123; Zhu Xi, p. 88.

  6.15: Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th year, pp. 1657–1660.

  6.16: Qian, pp. 153–154; Liu, p. 124.

  6.17: Liu, pp. 124–125.

  6.18: Liu, p. 125.

  6.19: Liu, pp. 125–126.

  6.20: Liu, p. 126.

  6.21: Cf. 5.13, 9.11, 11.22, 19.3; see also Liu, p. 126.

  6.22: Liu, pp. 126–127; cf. 12.22; Qian, pp. 157–158; Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 596.

  6.23: Qian, pp. 158–159; Liu, pp. 127–128; Cheng, pp. 410–411; cf. Mencius, 7A:1; 7A:2.

  6.24: Liu, pp. 128–129.

  6.25: Cheng, pp. 412–415.

  6.26: Mencius, 5A:2.

  6.27: Liu, pp. 130–131; Cheng Yaotian, Lunxue xiaoji, essay 2, Bowen pian, in Tongyi lu; Cheng Shude, pp. 417–419.

  6.28: Cf. 3.13; see also Qian Mu, Kongzi zhuan, pp. 45–47; Chin, pp. 90–91; Sima Qian, Shiji, 47:1920–1921.

  6.29: Qian, pp. 163–164; Cheng, pp. 425–427.

  6.30: Cheng, pp. 427–430.

  BOOK SEVEN

  7.1: Liu, p. 135.

  7.2: Cf. 15.3; see also Liu, p. 136; Cheng, pp. 438–439; Xu Shen, Shuowen jiezi, 3A:10a; 3B:41a (pp. 91, 128).

  7.3: See Zheng Xuan’s comments quoted in Liu, p. 137.

  7.4: Qian, p. 169.

  7.5: Cf. 17.5; see also Chin, pp. 41–48.

  7.6: Liu, pp. 137–138.

  7.7: Liu, pp. 138–139.

  7.8: Chin, p. 144.

  7.9: Qian, p. 173; Liu, pp. 139–140.

  7.10: Qian, p. 173; Liu, pp. 139–140.

  7.11: See Laozi, chapters 15, 26; Mencius, 6B:15; see also Zeng Guofan, Zeng Wenzhenggong riji (The diary of Zeng Guofan) (Taipei: Laogu wenhua shiye gongsi, 1979), pp. 55–56.

  7.12: Cf. 9.6, 9.7; see also Liu, pp. 140–141; Cheng, pp. 454–455.

  7.13: Liji xunzuan, Jiyi (“The Meaning of Sacrifice”), p. 701; Chin, 162.

  7.14: Liu Xiang, Shuoyuan jiaozheng, “Refining Culture” (Xiuwen), p. 499; Chin, p. 153.

  7.15: Liu, pp. 142–143.

  7.16: Qian, pp. 178–179.

  7.17: Liu, p. 144; Qian, p. 180.

  7.18: Liu, pp. 145–146.

  7.19: See Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 2nd and 4th years, about the history of She (pp. 1618, 1625–1628), and also Duke Ding, 5th year, and Duke Ai, 16th year, about the character of the Governor of She (p. 1552; pp. 1700–1704).

  7.21: Liu, p. 146.

  7.22: Liu, pp. 146–147.

  7.23: Zuozhuan, Ding, 10th year (p. 1582); Mencius, 5A:8; Sima Qian, Shiji, 47:1921; Chin, pp. 100–102.

  7.24: Cf. 7.8, 9.11, 17.19; see also Liu, p. 147.

  7.25: Liu, p. 147.

  7.26: Liu, p. 148.

  7.27: Cf. Mencius 3B:1 (Lau’s translation, p. 63); Xunzi, Wangzhi (“Regulations of a King”), Watson’s translation, pp. 46–47; Liu, pp. 148–149.

  7.29: Liu, pp. 149–150.

  7.31: Liu, pp. 150–151.

  7.33: Liu, p. 152; Qian, p. 194.

  7.35: Liu, pp. 152–153; Qian, pp. 195–196; cf. 7.17.

  7.36: Liu, p. 153; Qian, p. 197.

  BOOK EIGHT

  8.1: Liu, pp. 154–155; Qian, pp. 199–200.

  8.2: Liu, pp. 155–156; Cheng, pp. 514–516.

  8.3: Liu, pp. 156–157.

  8.4: Liu, pp. 157–158.

  8.5: Liu, pp. 158–159; Xu Gan, Xu Dao (“The Way of Humility”), in Balanced Discourses (Zhonglun) (revised from John Makeham’s translation, pp. 50–53).

  8.6: Liu, p. 159.

  8.8: Chin, pp. 163–164.

  8.9: Liu, pp. 162–163; Qian, p. 208.

  8.10: For these scholars’ commentaries, see Liu, p. 162.

  8.11: Liu, p. 162; Qian, pp. 209–210; Mencius, 6B:13.

  8.13: Cf. 14.1, 17.5, 17.7; see also Mencius, 7A:1, 7A:2; Liu, pp. 163–164; Chin, pp. 23–40.

  8.14: Mencius, 5B:5 (Lau’s translation, p. 117); Liu, p. 164.

  8.15: Liu, pp. 164–165.

  8.16: Xunzi jijie, chapter 3, Bugou, pp. 42–44, quoted in Liu, p. 165; Waley, trans., Analects, p. 135.

  8.17: Liu, p. 165.

  8.18: Qian, p. 215; Liu, pp. 165–166.

  8.19: Laozi (Lau’s translation, p. 82); Xunzi jijie, chapter 3, p. 46.

  8.20: Liu, pp. 167–168; Qian, pp. 216–218.

  BOOK NINE

  9.1: Liu, p. 172; Zhu Xi, p. 109.

  9.2: Cf. 8.19; see also Liu, pp. 172–173; Waley, trans., Analects, pp. 138, 244.

  9.3: Liu, pp. 173–174.

  9.4: Zhu Xi, pp. 109–110; Lunyu Zhengshi zhu jishu, pp. 128–129.

  9.5: Cf. 17.1; see also Liu, pp. 176–177; Zuozhuan, Duke Ding, 6th year, pp. 1556–1557; Hanshi waizhuan, 6:21 (11b–12a); Chin, pp. 102–104.

  9.6: Liu, pp. 177–178.

  9.7: Cheng, pp. 583–584.

  9.8: Cheng, p. 591; Qian, pp. 227–228.

  9.9: Liu, pp. 179–180.

  9.10: Cheng, p. 591; Qian, pp. 229–230.

  9.11: Cf. 2.9, 5.9, 6.3; see also Chin, pp. 73–74.

  9.12: Liu, p. 184; Qian, pp. 232–234; Chin, pp. 76–77.

  9.13: Liu, pp. 184–185; Cheng, pp. 601–604.

  9.14: Cheng, pp. 604–606; Liu, pp. 185–186.

  9.15: Liu, pp. 186–188.

  9.16: Cheng, pp. 609–610.

  9.17: Mencius, 4B.18; Dong Zhongshu, chapter 73, “Hymn to Mountains and Rivers” (the Mencius and Dong are quoted in Liu, p. 188); Cheng, pp. 610–611.

  9.18: Liu, pp. 188–189; Zhu Xi, Lunyu jizhu, Sishu zhangju jizhu, p. 114.

  9.19: Mencius, 7A:29 (Lau’s translation); Liu, p. 189.

  9.20: Liu, p. 189.

  9.21: Cf. 9.11, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11.

  9.22: Liu, p. 190.

  9.23: Liu, p. 190; Cheng, pp. 616–617.

  9.24: Liu, pp. 190–191.

  9.26: Zheng Xuan, quoted in Liu, p. 191; Chin, p. 49; Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 11th year, pp. 984–987.

  9.27: Liu, pp. 192–193; Chin, pp. 79–81; see Ode 33.

  9.28: Lunyu Zhengshi, zhu jishu, p. 417; Liu, p. 193; Zhuangzi, Rangwang (“Giving Away a Throne”) (revised from Watson’s translation, p. 319).

  9.29: Liu, p. 193; cf. Analects, 4.1, 4.2; Mencius, 2A:2 (D. C. Lau’s translation, pp. 31–32).

  9.30: Chin, pp. 169–170.

  9.31: Liu, pp. 193–195.

  BOOK TEN

  10.2: Liu, pp. 197–198; Chin, p. 177.

  10.3: Liu, p. 198; Chin, p. 177.

  10.4: Liu, pp. 201–205; Qian, pp. 251–253.

  10.5: Qian, pp. 253–255; Liu, pp. 205–208.

  10.6: Liu, pp. 209–218; Qian, pp. 255–257; Chin, pp. 175–176.

  10.7: Liu, pp. 218–220; Chin, p. 179; Liji xunzuan, Jiyi, pp. 702–703.

  10.8: Liu, pp. 219–223; Cheng, pp. 692–693; Zhuangzi, chapter 3 (Watson’s translation, pp. 50–51).

  10.9: Liu, pp. 223–224.

  10.11: Liu, pp. 225–226.

  10.13: Liu, pp. 225–226; Liji xunzuan, Xiangyinjiu yi, pp. 883–887, and Zaji chapter, pp. 650–651.

  10.14: Liu, pp. 226–227; Cheng, p. 709; Qian, p. 262.

  10.15: Liu, p. 227.

  10.17: Liu, p. 228.

  10.18: Liu, pp. 228–230; Qian, pp. 264–265; Liji xunzuan, Sangfu xiaoji (“Record of Smaller Matters in the Dress of Mourning”),
pp. 450–451.

  10.19: Liu, pp. 230–231.

  10.20: Liu, p. 231; Mencius, 5B:7; Xunzi, chapter 27, Dalue (“Great Compendium”).

  10.22: Liu, pp. 231–232; Qian, p. 266; translation of passage 10.22 in Chin, pp. 178–179; Liji xunzuan, Tankong, part 1, p. 114.

  10.23: Liu, p. 232.

  10.24: Liu, p. 232.

  10.25: Xie and ban: Liu, pp. 232–233; Qian, pp. 267–268. A change of expression: cf. 7.21; see also Chin, pp. 179–180.

  10.26: Liu, pp. 234–235; Chin, p. 179.

  10.27: Qian, pp. 269–271; Liu, pp. 235–236; Mencius, 5B.1.

  BOOK ELEVEN

  11.1 “Before” and “after”: Cf. 7.7, 9.6, 9.7; see also Liu, pp. 236–237; Qian, pp. 275–276. Yeren and junzi: Liu, pp. 236–237; Zhu Xi, p. 123; Qian Mu, pp. 275–276; Chin, p. 77.

  11.2: Qian, pp. 276–277; Mencius, 7B:18; Liu, p. 238.

  11.3: Liu, pp. 238–239; Qian, p. 277.

  11.5: Liu, pp. 239–240; Ban Gu, Hanshu, biography of Du Ye, 85:3447; Hanshi waizhuan, 2:5 (4a).

  11.6: Cf. 5.2.

  11.8: Chin, pp. 74–76.

  11.9: Chin, pp. 74–76.

  11.10: Chin, pp. 74–76.

  11.11: Chin, pp. 74–76.

  11.12: Liu, p. 243; Mencius, 7A:2; Qian, pp. 285–286.

  11.13: Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 15th year, pp. 1694–1696; Liu, pp. 243–244; Chin, pp. 81–82.

  11.14: Liu, pp. 244–245; Zuozhuan, Duke Zhao, 25th year, pp. 1456–1466; Chin, pp. 58–62.

  11.15: Cf. 9.29, 12.12; see also Liu, p. 245; Cheng, pp. 770–772; Liu Xiang, Shuoyuan jiaozheng, chapter 19, Xiuwen, pp. 508–510; Chin, p. 80.

  11.16: Liu, pp. 245–246; Liji xunzuan, p. 745; p. 773; Chin, pp. 131–136.

  11.17: Liu, pp. 246–247; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 12th year; Gongyangzhuan, Duke Xuan, 12th year (SPPY), 16:8a–b; Guliangzhuan, Duke Xuan, 12th year (SPPY), 12:15a; Mencius, 3A:3; Chin, pp. 123–126.

  11.18: Cf. 5.22, 7.15, 11.16, 13.21; see also Mencius, 7B:37; Liu, p. 247; Zhu Xi, p. 127; Zuo Commentary, Duke Ai, 15th year, pp. 1694–95; Kongzi jiayu, chapter 12, Dizixing (“Conduct of the Disciples”).

  11.19: Cf. 5.9, 6.11, 9.11, 11.6, 12.8 14.29.

  11.20: Liu, p. 249.

  11.21: Cf. 4.22, 4.24, 5.5, 12.20, 17.13; see also Cheng, pp. 786–787; Zhu Xi, p. 128.

  11.22: Cf. 3.6, 5.7, 6.4, 6.12, 7.11, 11.17; see also Chin, pp. 77–83.

  11.23: Cf. 7.11, 9.5; see aso Liu, p. 250.

  11.24: Cheng, p. 792; Liu, pp. 250–251.

  11.25: Cf. 5.5, 6.9, 11.18.

  11.26: Chin, pp. 139–140; Wang Yangming, Wang Yangming quanshu, 1:12.

  BOOK TWELVE

  12.1: “If for one day . . .”: Qian, p. 303; Cheng, pp. 817–821. “It is up to the self . . .”: Cf. 17.11; see also Chin, pp. 167–168.

  12.2: Chin, pp. 168–169.

  12.3: Cf. 7.23; see also Mencius, 5A:8; Liu, pp. 263–264; Zuozhuan, Duke Ding, 10th year (p. 1582), and Duke Ai, 14th year (pp. 1686–1688); Chin, pp. 100–101.

  12.4: Liu, p. 264; Qian, p. 307.

  12.5: Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 14th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1687–1688); Liu, pp. 264–265.

  12.6: Lu Longqi, Songyang jiangyi, quoted in Cheng, p. 835.

  12.7: Liu, pp. 266–267; Qian, pp. 310–311.

  12.8: Chin, pp. 70–71.

  12.9: Liu, pp. 268–270; Xunzi jijie, chapter 10, pp. 194–195; Gongyangzhuan, Duke Xuan, 15th year (SPPY), 16:8a–b; Guliangzhuan, Duke Xuan, 15th year (SPPY), 12:15a; Zuozhuan, Duke Xuan, 15th year, (ed. Yang, p. 766); cf. Mencus, 3A:3.

  12.10: Cheng, pp. 853–855; Waley’s translation, Book of Songs, p. 161.

  12.11: Cf. 14.21, 16.12; Liu, pp. 271–272; Zuozhuan, Duke Zhao, 25th and 26th years; Duke Ai, 5th and 14th years.

  12.12: Liu, pp. 272–273; Qian, pp. 315–316.

  12.13: Cf. 2:3; see also Liu, p. 273.

  12.14: Liu, p. 274; Cheng, p. 268.

  12.16: Dadai Liji, chapter 49, Zengzilishi (“Master Zeng’s Teachings”), p. 432.

  12.17: Cf. 2.20, 12.18, 12.19, 13.13.

  12.18: Cf. 12.19.

  12.19: Liu, pp. 275–276; Qian, pp. 319–320.

  12.20: Cf. 17.3; see also Liu, pp. 276–277.

  12.21: The second sentence in Confucius’ response: cf. 4.3, 12.6, 12.10; reason for this conversation: cf. 12.10; Liu, p. 277; Lau translation of Analects, p. 116; Gongyangzhuan, Duke Zhao, 25th year (SPPY), 24:4a; Qian, pp. 322–323.

  12.22: Cf. 6.22; see also Liu, pp. 278–279; Qian, pp. 324–325.

  12.24: Qian, p. 326.

  BOOK THIRTEEN

  13.1: Liu, pp. 279–280; DaDai Liji, chapter 65, Zhangzi wen ruguan (“Master Zhang Asked About How to Enter Government Service”), p. 802.

  13.2: Liu, p. 280; Lüshi chunqiu, 17:198; I Ching, Lynn’s translation, p. 206.

  13.3: Liu, pp. 283–284; Xunzi jijie, chapter 22, p. 422.

  13.4: Liu, pp. 284–285; Mencius, 3A:4 (slightly revised from Lau’s translation, pp. 59–60).

  13.5: Cf. 2.2, 3.20; see also Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 29th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1161–1166); and see David Schaberg’s discussion of Prince Jizha’s performance in A Patterned Past, pp. 85–95.

  13.6: Liu, p. 286; Qian, pp. 332–333; Xunzi, chapters 3 and 22.

  13.7: Cf. 14.18, 15.7; see also Liu, p. 286; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 14th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1685–1686); Chin, pp. 87–89.

  13.8: Cf. 3.4; 11.8, 11.11; see also Liu, pp. 286–287; Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 29th year (ed. Yang, p. 1166).

  13.9: Liu, p. 287; Mencius, 1A:7 (revised from D. C. Lau’s translation, p. 13); Xunzijijie, Dalue (“Great Compendium”), pp. 498–499.

  13.10: Liu, pp. 287–288.

  13.11: Liu, p. 288.

  13.12: Liu, pp. 288–289; Cheng, p. 911.

  13.14: Cf. 3.6, 6.12, 11.17; see also Liu, p. 289; Cheng, pp. 913–914; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 11th and 12th years (ed. Yang, p. 1658).

  13.15: Liu, p. 290; Shijing, zhuxi, Daming, pp. 452–453 (Waley’s translation in Book of Songs, p. 229); Sun Xingyan, Shangshu jinguwen zhushu, Junshi, p. 448; Hanshi waizhuan, 10:4 (3a–b) (see Hightower’s translation, Han Shih Wai Chuan, pp. 321–322); Guoyu, Wuyu, vol. 2, p. 602.

  13.16: Chin, p. 110; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 2nd and 4th years for the history of She (Fuhan) (ed. Yang, pp. 1618, 1625–1627); Zuochuan, Duke Ai, 16th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1700–1704) for Governor She’s role in the court politics of Chu; see also Qian Mu’s discussion of the history of She in his Kongzi zhuan (Life of Confucius), pp. 54–55, and in his Xianqin zhuzi xinian, pp. 55–56.

  13.17: Xunzi jijie, chapter 14, p. 174 (quoted in Liu, p. 291); Lüshi chunqiu, 15:164–165 (partly quoted in Liu, p. 291).

  13.18: Zhu Xi, p. 146; Cheng Yaotian, Shugong, in Lunxue xiaoji (“Informal notes on the topic of learning”), found in his collected works, Tongyi lu (On understanding the art of things) (partly quoted in Liu, p. 292); Chin, pp. 110–112.

  13.19: Cf. 12.14, 15.6, 17.6; see also Qian, p. 342.

  13.20: Liu, pp. 293–294; Qian, pp. 343–344.

  13.21: Mencius, 7B:37.

  13.22: Liu, pp. 295–296; Cheng, pp. 932–935; Yijing, hexagram 32, heng; Shijing, Ode 195; Liji xunzuan, Ziyi, pp. 815–816; Guodian chumu zhujian (Guodian bamboo texts from a Chu tomb), Ziyi, p. 131.

  13.23: Liu, pp. 296–297; Zuozhuan, Duke Zhao, 20th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1419–1420).

  13.24: Cf. 12.20, 15.28; 17.18.

  13.25: Cf. 18.10.

  13.26: Cf. 13.20; see also Liu, p. 298; Qian Mu, Zhuangzi zuanjian, chapter 17, p. 130.

  13.27: Cf. 4.22, 4.24, 5.5, 5.11, 8.7, 10.1; see also Liu, p. 298.

  13.28: Liu, pp. 298–299; Mencius, 4B:30 (slightly revised from Lau’s translation, p. 96); see also Mencius 4A:18, 5A:1, 5A:2, 5A:3.

  13.29: Liu, p. 299; Qian, p. 350; Zhu Xi, Lunyu jizhu, Sishu zhangju jizhu, p. 148; Zheng Xuan, Lunyu zhengshi zhu jishu, Tangchaoben (Tang manuscript), p. 347.

  BOOK FOURTEEN

  14.1: Cheng, pp. 946–950; Liu, p. 300.

 
14.2: Liu, p. 300.

  14.3: Zhuangzi, Renjianshi (“In the World of Men”) (revised from Watson’s translation, p. 55); Liu, p. 301.

  14.4: Liu, p. 301; Xunzi jijie, chapter 5, p. 83, and chapter 23, p. 447 (quoted in Liu, p. 301).

  14.5: Liu, pp. 301–304; Cheng, pp. 952–957; Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 4th year, and Duke Ai, 1st year (ed. Yang, pp. 936–938, 1605–1606).

  14.6: Cf. 8.7, 14.1; see also Liu, p. 303.

  14.7: Liu, pp. 303–304.

  14.8: Liu, pp. 304–305; Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 31st year (ed. Yang, p. 1191).

  14.9: Liu, pp. 305–306; Cheng, pp. 962–963; cf. Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 30th and 31st years, and Duke Zhao, 20th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1180–1181, 1192, 1421–1422); Mencius, 4B:2, 2A:1; Chin, p. 15, pp. 56–57.

  14.10: Liu, pp. 306–307.

  14.11: Liu, p. 307.

  14.12: A different reading: Liu, pp. 307–308; Cheng, pp. 969–975. The four men: Sima Qian, Shiji, 70:2302; Hanshi waizhuan, 10:13 (9b–10a) (see Hightower’s translation, pp. 334–335); Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 23rd year (ed. Yang, pp. 1082–1085).

  14.13: Liu, pp. 308–309; Liji yijie, Tangong, p. 134.

  14.14: Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, 23rd year (ed. Yang, pp. 1082–1084).

  14.15: Liu, pp. 309–310.

  14.16: Liu, pp. 311–313; Zuozhuan, Duke Huan, 18th year (ed. Yang, pp. 152–153), and Zhuang, 8th and 9th years (ed. Yang, pp. 176–180); Cambridge History of Ancient China, pp. 553–557.

  14.17: Liu, pp. 314–316; Qian, pp. 367–369; Guanzi (Master Guan), chapters 18 and 20; Cambridge History of Ancient China, pp. 553–557.

  14.18: Liu, p. 316; Chin, p. 89.

  14.20: Liu, p. 317.

  14.21: Liu, pp. 317–318; Zuozhuan, Duke Ai, 14th year (ed. Yang, pp. 1682–1686, 1689); Chin, pp. 128–129.

  14.22: Liu, p. 318.

  14.23: Liu, p. 318.

  14.24: Xunzi jijie, pp. 12–13 (revised from Watson’s translation, p. 21), quoted in Liu, pp. 318–319.

  14.25: Liu, p. 319; Qian, pp. 374–375; Zhuangzi, Zeyang (Watson’s translation, p. 288); Chin, pp. 92–93.

  14.28: Qian, p. 377.

  14.29: Cf 5.9, 11.16, 11.19; see also Liu, p. 320; Qian, pp. 377–378.

  14.30: Cf. 1.1, 14.24.

  14.32: Cf. 14.2; see also Liu, pp. 320–321; Qian, pp. 379–380.

  14.33: Liu, p. 321.

  14.34: Liu, p. 321; Liji xunzuan, Biaoji, pp. 783–784; Wu Jiabin, Lunyushuo (quoted in Liu, p. 321).

  14.35: Cf. 14.23, 17.19; see also Qian, pp. 382–383; Xunzi jijie, chapter 3, p. 28.