Been in the Storm So Long

by Leon F. Litwack

  102. Henry Middleton to Mr. and Mrs. J. Francis Fisher, May 29, 1867, Cadwalader Collection (J. F. Fisher section), Historical Society of Pennsylvania; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Reconstruction and Its Benefits,” American Historical Review, XV (1910), 795; Pur-year, The Public School in Its Relation to the Negro, 14.

  103. Walter K. Steele to W. W. Lenoir, Jan. 5, 1868, Lenoir Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; G. I. Crafts to William Porcher Miles, April 13, 1867, William P. Miles Collection, Univ. of North Carolina. Similar sentiments are expressed in John C. MacRae to Donald MacRae, March 17, 1867, MacRae Papers, Duke Univ., and in Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Dec. 1, 1867, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina.

  104. Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, as quoted in New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 22, 1865; Free Press, April 11, 1868; New Orleans Tribune, April 9, 17, 1867. For white appeals to black voters, see also Jacob R. Davis, “To the Colored Voters of the 18th District of Georgia” [1868?], Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; New York Times, March 21, April 8, June 19, Aug. 25, 1867. For black response to these appeals, see New Orleans Tribune, April 9 (“The Enemy’s Plan”), Nov. 27, Dec. 14, 21, 1867; New York Times, May 25, 1867.

  105. New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 13, 1867; Paul L. De Clouet, Ms. Diary, entry for Nov. 3, 1868, Alexandre E. De Clouet Papers, Louisiana State Univ. For reports of the activities of “conservative” blacks, see New Orleans Tribune, April 9, Dec. 14, 1867; New York Times, April 2, 15, 21, Sept. 1, Nov. 21, 22, 26, 1867. For black response, including alleged threats of violence, see “Conservative Negroes,” in Charles N. Hunter scrapbook, Nov. 30, 1867, Duke Univ.; J. N. Huske to “Dear Joe,” Aug. 17, 1868, William N. Tillinghast Papers, Duke Univ.; New Orleans Tribune, April 13, 1867; New York Times, Oct. 23, 1867.

  106. E. W. Demus to Capt. William C. Sterling, April 24, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; George R. Ghiselin to Dr. Thomas J. McKie, Nov. 2, 1868, T. J. McKie Papers, Duke Univ.; Jacob Black, Chairman of Board of Registration, Eufala, Ala, to Hon. Albert Griffin, Feb. 22, 1868, Thaddeus Stevens Papers, Library of Congress. For reports of violence, intimidation, and economic coercion, see also Thad K. Pruess, Oxford, Miss, to Maj. A. W. Preston, July 31, 1867, William E. Dove, Georgetown, S.C., to Bvt. Maj. H. C. Egbert, June 6, 1868, Lt. W. G. Sprague, Aberdeen, Miss, to Maj. John Tyler, July 2, 1868, Emanuel Handy [freedman candidate for the legislature], Hazlehurst, Miss, to Gen. A. C. Gillem, July 5, 1868, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; A. Y. Sharpe to Mrs. Lucy M. Young, Aug. 31, 1868, William D. Simpson Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (May 7, 1867), 155–56: New York Times, April 7, Oct. 3, Dec. 14, 20, 1867.

  107. New York Times, Feb. 15, 1868 (Montgomery, Ala.). See also Christian Recorder, Nov. 16, 1867 (Norfolk); New York Times, June 4 (Washington, D.C.), Aug. 2 (Knoxville and Memphis), Oct. 29 (Augusta and Richmond), 30 (Macon and Savannah), 1867.

  Selected Bibliography

  This bibliography is confined to books, articles, and government documents that have been cited more than once in the Notes.

  Abbott, Martin. The Freedmen’s Bureau in South Carolina, 1865–1872. Chapel Hill, 1967.

  An Address by the Colored People of Missouri to the Friends of Equal Rights. [State Executive Committee for Equal Political Rights in Missouri] St. Louis, 1865.

  [African Methodist Episcopal Church]. Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Annual Session of the Baltimore Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, April 13th, 1865. Baltimore, 1865.

  Albert, Mrs. Octavia V. Rogers. The House of Bondage, or Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves. New York, 1891.

  Alvord, John W. Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen. Washington, D.C., 1867–1870.

  Ames, Mary. From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie in 1865. Springfield, Mass., 1906.

  Anderson, Ephraim M. Memoirs: Historical and Personal; including the Campaigns of the First Missouri Confederate Brigade. St. Louis, 1868.

  Andrews, Eliza Frances. The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865. New York, 1908.

  Andrews, Matthew Page (ed.). The Women of the South in War Times. Baltimore, 1920.

  Andrews, Sidney. The South Since the War: As Shown by Fourteen Weeks of Travel and Observation in Georgia and the Carolinas. Boston, 1866.

  Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York, 1943.

  ———. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. New York, 1951.

  ———. “Notes on Slave Conspiracies in Confederate Mississippi.” Journal of Negro History XXIX (1944), 75–79.

  Armstrong, Mrs. M. F., and Helen W. Ludlow. Hampton and Its Students. By Two of Its Teachers. New York, 1875.

  Armstrong, Orland Kay. Old Massa’s People: The Old Slaves Tell Their Story. Indianapolis, 1931.

  Avary, Myrta Lockett. Dixie After the War. New York, 1906.

  Ball, William W. The State That Forgot: South Carolina’s Surrender to Democracy. Indianapolis, 1932.

  Basler, Roy P. (ed.). The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 8 vols. New Brunswick, N.J., 1953.

  Beatty, John. The Citizen Soldier; or Memoirs of a Volunteer. Cincinnati, 1879.

  Bennett, Andrew J. The Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery. Boston, 1886.

  Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Philadelphia, 1955.

  Berlin, Ira. Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York, 1974.

  Bettersworth, John K. Confederate Mississippi Baton Rouge, 1943.

  ———(ed.). Mississippi in the Confederacy: As They Saw It. Baton Rouge, 1961.

  Blassingame, John W. Black New Orleans, 1860–1880. Chicago, 1973.

  ———. “The Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863–1865.” The Historian XXIX (1967), 533–45.

  ———(ed.). Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies. Baton Rouge, 1977.

  Botume, Elizabeth Hyde. First Days Amongst the Contrabands. Boston, 1893.

  Bradford, Sarah. Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People. 2nd ed. 1886; repr. New York, 1961.

  Bragg, Jefferson D. Louisiana in the Confederacy. Baton Rouge, 1941.

  Brewer, James H. The Confederate Negro: Virginia’s Craftsmen and Military Laborers, 1861–1865. Durham, 1969.

  Brooks, Aubrey Lee, and Hugh Talmage Lefler (eds.). The Papers of Walter Clark. 2 vols. Chapel Hill, 1948.

  Brown, William Wells. “Narrative of William Wells Brown.” In Gilbert Osofsky (ed.), Puttin’ On Ole Massa. New York, 1969.

  ———. The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston, 1880.

  Bruce, H. C. The New Man. Twenty-nine Years a Slave. Twenty-nine Years a Free Man. York, Pa., 1895; repr. New York, 1969.

  Bruce, John E. Washington’s Colored Society. n.p., 1877 (typewritten copy in Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library).

  Bryan, Thomas C. Confederate Georgia. Athens, 1953.

  Bryant, William C. II (ed.). “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro.” Civil War History VII (1961), 133–48.

  Burge, Dolly L. The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge, edited by James I. Robertson. Athens, 1962.

  Burton, Elijah P. Diary of E. P. Burton, Surgeon 7th Reg. Ill. 3rd Brig. 2nd Div. 16 A.C. Des Moines, 1939.

  [Campbell, Tunis G.]. Sufferings of the Rev. T. G. Campbell and His Family, in Georgia. Washington, D.C., 1877.

  Cauthen, Charles E. (ed.). Family Letters of the Three Wade Hamptons, 1782–1901. Columbia, S.C., 1953.

  Chamberlain, Hope Summerell. Old Days in Chapel Hill: Being the Life and Letters of Cornelia Phillips Spencer. Chapel Hill, 1926.

  Chesnut, Mary Boykin. A Diary from Dixie, edited by Ben Ames Williams. Boston, 1949.

  Coleman, Kenneth (ed.). Athens, 1861–1865. Athens, 1969.

  [Convention of Col
ored Citizens of Arkansas]. Proceedings of the Convention of Colored Citizens of the State of Arkansas, Held in Little Rock. Thursday, Friday and Saturday, Nov. 30, Dec. 1 and 2. Helena, Ark., 1866.

  [Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky]. Proceedings of the State Convention of Colored Men, Held at Lexington, Kentucky, in the A.M.E. Church, November 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1867. Frankfort, Ky., 1867.

  [Convention of the Colored People of Virginia]. Proceedings of the Colored People of Va., Held in the City of Alexandria, Aug. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1865. Alexandria, 1865.

  [Convention of the Equal Rights and Educational Assn. of Georgia]. Proceedings of the Convention of the Equal Rights and Educational Association of Georgia, Assembled at Macon, October 29th, 1866. Augusta, 1866.

  Convention of the Freedmen of North Carolina: Official Proceedings. [Raleigh, 1865].

  Conyngham, David P. Sherman’s March Through the South. New York, 1865.

  Coppin, Bishop L. J. Unwritten History. Philadelphia, 1919.

  Cornish, Dudley Taylor. The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865. New York, 1956.

  Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge, 1950.

  ———. “Slavery and Freedom in Athens, Georgia, 1860–1866.” In Elinor Miller and Eugene D. Genovese (eds.), Plantation, Town, and County: Essays on the Local History of American Slave Society, 337–64. Urbana, 1974.

  [Council of the Georgia Equal Rights Assn.]. Proceedings of the Council of the Georgia Equal Rights Association. Assembled at Augusta, Ga. April 4th, 1866. Augusta, 1866.

  Dawson, Sarah Morgan. A Confederate Girl’s Diary. Boston, 1913.

  De Forest, John William. A Union Officer in the Reconstruction, edited by James H. Croushore and David M. Potter. New Haven, 1948.

  Dennett, John Richard. The South As It Is, 1865–1866, edited by Henry M. Christman. New York, 1965.

  Dew, Charles B. Ironmaker to the Confederacy: Joseph R. Anderson and the Tredegar Iron Works. New Haven, 1966.

  Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Written by Himself. Hartford, Conn, 1882.

  ———. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Written by Himself. 3rd English ed. Wortley, near Leeds, 1846.

  Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. Black Reconstruction, 1860–1880. New York, 1935.

  ———. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago, 1903.

  Durden, Robert F. The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation. Baton Rouge, 1972.

  Easterby, J. H. (ed.). The South Carolina Rice Plantation: As Revealed in the Papers of Robert F. W. Allston. Chicago, 1945.

  Eaton, John. Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War With Special Reference to the Work for the Contrabands and Freedmen of the Mississippi Valley. New York, 1907; repr. New York, 1969.

  Ellison, Ralph. Shadow and Act New York, 1964.

  Emilio, Luis F. History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865. Boston, 1891.

  Eppes, Mrs. Nicholas Ware [Susan Bradford Eppes]. The Negro of the Old South: A Bit of Period History. Chicago, 1925.

  ———. Through Some Eventful Years. Macon, 1926; repr. Gainesville, 1968.

  Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Virginia, to the People of the United States. Also An Account of the Agitation Among the Colored People of Virginia for Equal Rights. New Bedford, Mass., 1865.

  Evans, W. McKee. Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear. Chapel Hill, 1967.

  Farrison, William E. William Wells Brown: Author and Reformer. Chicago, 1969.

  Fisk, Clinton B. Plain Counsels for Freedmen: In Sixteen Brief Lectures. Boston, 1866.

  Fisk University. Unwritten History of Slavery. In George P. Rawick, The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, Vol. 18. Westport, Conn., 1972.

  Fleming, Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama. New York, 1905.

  ———(ed.). Documentary History of Reconstruction. 2 vols. Cleveland, 1906–07.

  Forten, Charlotte L. The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten, edited by Ray Allen Billington. New York, 1953.

  Franklin, John Hope (ed.). The Diary of fames T. Ayers: Civil War Recruiter. Springfield, Ill., 1947.

  [Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia]. Proceedings of the Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia, Assembled at Augusta, January 10th, 1866. Augusta, 1866.

  Fremantle, Arthur James Lyon. Three Months in the Southern States: April-June, 1863. New York, 1864.

  Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York, 1974.

  Gerteis, Louis S. From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy Toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865. Westport, Conn., 1973.

  Gordon, George H. A War Diary of Events in the War of the Great Rebellion, 1863–1865. Boston, 1882.

  Gottlieb, Manuel. “The Land Question During Reconstruction.” Science and Society III (1939), 356–88.

  Grimball, John Berkley. “Diary of John Berkley Grimball, 1858–1865.” South Carolina Historical Magazine LVI (1955), 8–30, 92–114, 157–80, 205–25; LVII (1956), 28–50, 88–102.

  Guthrie, James M. Camp-Fires of the Afro-American; or, The Colored Man as a Patriot. Cincinnati, [1899].

  Gutman, Herbert G. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925. New York, 1976.

  Haviland, Laura S. A Woman’s Life-Work: Labors and Experiences. Cincinnati, 1881.

  Hepworth, George H. The Whip, Hoe, and Sword; or, The Gulf-Department in ‘63. Boston, 1864.

  Heyward, Duncan Clinch. Seed From Madagascar. Chapel Hill, 1937.

  Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Army Life in a Black Regiment. Boston, 1870.

  Hitchcock, Henry. Marching With Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock, edited by M. A. DeWolfe Howe. New Haven, 1927.

  Holmes, Jack D. L. “The Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly XVII (1958), 195–221.

  House, Albert V., Jr. (ed.). “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War.” Journal of Southern History IX (1943), 98–113.

  Howard, Oliver Otis. Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard. 2 vols. New York, 1907.

  Jackson, Bruce (ed.). The Negro and His Folklore in Nineteenth-Century Periodicals. Austin, 1967.

  James, Rev. Horace. Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864. Boston, n.d.

  Jaquette, Henrietta S. (ed.). South After Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1868. New York, 1956.

  Jervey, Susan R., and Charlotte St. J. Ravenel. Two Diaries: From Middle St. John’s, Berkeley, South Carolina, February-May, 1865. Journals Kept by Miss Susan R. Jervey and Miss Charlotte St. J. Ravenel, at Northampton and Pooshee Plantations, and Reminiscences of Mrs. (Waring) Henagan. With Two Contemporary Reports from Federal Officials. St. John’s Hunting Club, 1921.

  Johns, Henry T. Life With the Forty-Ninth Massachusetts Volunteers. Washington, D.C., 1890.

  Johns, John E. Florida During the Civil War. Gainesville, 1963.

  Jones, John B. A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, edited by Earl S. Miers. New York, 1961.

  Jones, Katharine M. (ed.). Heroines of Dixie: Confederate Women Tell Their Story of the War. Indianapolis, 1955.

  ———(ed.). When Sherman Came: Southern Women and the “Great March.” Indianapolis, 1964.

  Jordan, Weymouth T. Hugh Davis and His Alabama Plantation. University, Ala., 1948.

  Katz, William Loren (ed.). Five Slave Narratives. New York, 1969.

  Kerby, Robert L. Kirby Smith’s Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South, 1863–1865. New York, 1972.

  Knox, Thomas W. Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field: Southern Adventure in Time of War. Life With the Union Armies, and Residence on a Louisiana Plantation. Cincinnati, 1865.

  Kolchin, Peter. First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama’s Blacks to Emanapation and Reconstruction. Westport
, Conn., 1972.

  LeConte, Emma. When the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte, edited by Earl S. Miers. New York, 1957.

  LeConte, Joseph. ’Ware Sherman: A Journal of Three Months’ Personal Experience in the Last Days of the Confederacy. Berkeley, Calif, 1938.

  LeGrand, Julia. The Journal of Julia LeGrand, edited by Kate M. Rowland and Mrs. Morris E. Croxall. Richmond, 1911.

  Leigh, Frances B. Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation Since the War. London, 1883.

  Leland, Isabella Middleton (ed.). “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865.” South Carolina Historical Magazine LXIII (1962), 33–41, 61–70, 164–74, 204–10; LXIV (1963), 28–38, 95–104, 158–68, 212–19; LXV (1964), 33–44, 98–109.

  Lester, Julius. To Be a Slave. New York, 1968.

  Loring, F. W., and C. F. Atkinson. Cotton Culture and the South Considered With Reference to Emigration. Boston, 1869.

  Lynch, Rev. James. The Mission of the United States Republic: An Oration. Delivered by Rev. James Lynch, at the Parade Ground, Augusta, Ga., July 4, 1865. Augusta, 1865.

  McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen. New Haven, 1968.

  McPherson, Edward. The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction, From April 15, 1865, to July 15, 1870. Washington, D.C., 1880.

  McPherson, James M. The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union. New York, 1965.

  ———. “The New Puritanism: Values and Goals of Freedmen’s Education in America.” In Lawrence Stone (ed.), The University in Society, 2 vols. Princeton, 1974.

  ———. The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Princeton, 1964.

  Macrae, David. The Americans At Home. Edinburgh, 1870; repr. New York, 1952.

  Messner, William F. “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862.” Journal of Southern History XLI (1975), 19–38.

  Miller, Elinor, and Eugene D. Genovese (eds.). Plantation, Town, and County: Essays on the Local History of American Slave Society. Urbana, Ill., 1974.