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The American Plague

Page 31

by Molly Caldwell Crosby


  Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

  Lanier, Robert. “Memphis Greets War With Spain.” The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, No. 18 (1964).

  LaPointe, Patricia M. From Saddlebags to Science: A Century of Health Care in Memphis, 1830-1930. Memphis: Health Sciences Museum Foundation, 1984.

  La Roche, R. Yellow Fever. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1855.

  Latimer, C. W. “James Carroll.” in H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography. Baltimore: Norman, Remington, 1920.

  Lederer, Susan E. Subjected to Science, Human Experimentation in America Before the Second World War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

  “Lena Warner Obituary.” The Commercial Appeal, August 19 -20, 1948.

  Leonard, Jonathan. “Carlos Finlay’s Life and the Death of Yellow Jack.” Bulletin of The Pan-American Health Organization 23-24 (1989): 438-52.

  “Loss of the Emily B. Souder.” The New York Times, January 17, 1879.

  Mackie, Dr. Thomas, Dr. George Hunter, and Dr. C. Worth. A Manual of Tropical Medicine. Second Edition. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1955.

  Maegraith, B. G. “History of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.” Medical History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (1972): 354-68.

  Magness, Perre. Elmwood: In the Shadow of Elms. Published by Elmwood Cemetery, 2001.

  Magness, Perre. Past Times: Stories of Early Memphis. Memphis: Mercury Printing, 1994.

  Malkin, Harold M. “The Trials and Tribulations of George Miller Sternberg (1838-1915)—America’s First Bacteriologist.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 36.4 (Summer 1993): 666-78.

  Millard, Candice. River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt’s Darkest Journey. New York: Doubleday, 2005.

  Monath, T. P. “The 1970 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Okwoga District, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. 2: Epidemiological Observations.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 49 (1973).

  Monath, T. P. “The 1970 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Okwoga District, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. 2: Immunity Survey to Determine Geographic Limits and Origins of the Epidemic.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 49 (1973).

  Monath, T. P. “Yellow Fever: An Update.” Lancet Infectious Diseases 1 (2001): 11-20.

  Monath, T. P. “Yellow Fever: Victor, Victoria? Conqueror, Conquest? Epidemics and Research in the Last Forty Years and Prospects for the Future.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 1 (1991).

  Muñoz-Jordán, Jorge L., et al. “Inhibition of Alpha/Beta Interferon Signaling by the NS4B Protein of Flaviviruses.” Virology, Vol. 79, No. 13 (2005).

  Myers, Anna. Graveyard Girl. New York: Walker, 1995.

  Nasidi, A., T. P. Monath, K. DeCock, et al. “Urban Yellow Fever Epidemic in Western Nigeria, 1987.” Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83 (1989): 401-6.

  “News Feature: Globalization—How Healthy?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79 (2001).

  Norman, C. “The Unsung Hero of Yellow Fever?” Science, Vol. 223 (1984): 1370-72.

  Oldstone, Michael B. A. Viruses, Plagues, and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Ornelas-Struve, Carole and Joan Hassell. Memphis, 1800-1900, Volume III: Years of Courage. New York: Nancy Powers, 1982.

  O’Toole, G.J.A. The Spanish War: AnAmerican Epic 1898. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984.

  “Pan-American Medical Conference.” Journal of the American Medical Association 36: 461- 62 and 446 -47.

  Peller, S. “Walter Reed, C. Finlay, and their Predecessors Around 1800.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 33 (1959): 195-211.

  Petri, William A. “America in The World: 100 Years of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71 (1), 2004.

  Pierce, John R., and Jim Writer. Yellow Jack. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

  The Pinch, Market Square, Brinkley Park: Neighborhood Story and a Guide Map of Historical Places.

  Plunkett, Kitty. Memphis: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, VA: The Donning Company, 1976.

  Porteous, Clark. “So New York City Thinks It Has Problems, Ask Memphis About Yellow Fever Epidemic.” Press-Scimitar, July 14, 1975.

  Quinn, Rev. D. A. Heroes and Heroines of Memphis or Reminiscences of the Yellow Fever Epidemics. Providence, RI: E. L. Freeman & Son, 1887.

  Reed, W., and J. Carroll. “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.” American Medicine 3 (1902): 301.

  Reiter, Paul and Richard Darsie. “Aedes albopictus in Memphis, Tennessee (USA): An Achievement of Modern Transportation.” Mosquito News (1984).

  Reiter, Paul. “Global Warming and Vector-Borne Disease: Is Warmer Sicker?” Competitive Enterprise Institute, July 28, 1998.

  “Reported Loss of the Steam-Ship Emily B. Souder.” The New York Times, December 28, 1878.

  “Resurgence of Yellow Fever.” World Health Forum 14 (1993).

  Riedel, Nora Huber, ed. and trans. Yellow Fever Quarantine in Memphis, Tennessee, August 14-October 30, 1878. Excerpts from the Diary of Henry Sieck, Pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church, Memphis, Tennessee.

  Robertson, S. E., B. P. Hull, O. Tomori, O. Bele, J. LeDuc, and K. Esteves. “Yellow Fever: A Decade of Re-emergence.” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 276, No. 14 (1996): 1157- 62.

  Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.

  Segel, Lawrence, M.D. “The Yellow Fever Plot: Germ Warfare during the Civil War.” The Canadian Journal of Diagnosis, 2002.

  Sigafoos, Robert A. Cotton Row to Beale Street. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1979.

  The Sisters of St. Mary at Memphis: With the Acts and Sufferings of the Priests and Others Who Were There with Them during the Yellow Fever Season of 1878. New York: Printed, but not Published (1879). Transcribed by Elizabeth Boggs and Richard Mammana, 2000-2001.

  Solorazano, Armando. “Sowing the Seeds of Neo-imperialism: The Rockefeller’s Yellow Fever Campaign in Mexico.” International Journal of Health Services, 1993.

  Sorrels, William W. Memphis’ Greatest Debate; a Question of Water. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1970.

  Spielman, Andrew, and Michael D’Antonio. Mosquito: The Story of Man’s Deadliest Foe. New York: Hyperion, 2001.

  Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: New York: Basic Books, 1982.

  Sternberg, G. M. “The Address of the President.” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 30 (1898): 1373- 80.

  Sternberg, George M. “The Bacillus Icteroides (Sanarelli) and Bacillus X (Sternberg).” Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 13 (1898): 70-71 and discussion by William Osler: 61-72.

  Sternberg, George M. Yellow Fever. Extracted from The American System of Practical Medicine. Philadelphia and New York: Lea Brothers, 1897- 98.

  Sternberg, George M., and Walter Reed. “Report on Immunity against Vaccination Conferred upon the Monkey by Use of the Serum of the Vaccinated Calf and Monkey.” Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 10 (1895): 57-69.

  Sternberg, Martha. George Miller Sternberg: A Biography. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1920.

  Stewart, Walter. “Bring Out Your Dead, Cried Yellow Fever.” Press-Scimitar, April 7, 1932.

  Strong, Philip. “Epidemic Psychology: A Model.” Sociology of Health & Illness, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1990).

  Sullivan, M. Our Times: The Turn of the Century. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1937.

  Summers, Thomas O., M.D. Yellow Fever. Nashville: Wheeler Bros., 1879.

  Talley, Robert. “Newton J. Jones Visits Here, Remembers 1878 Plague Well.” The Commercial Appeal, July 19, 1938.

  Taubes, Gary. “Tales of a Bloodsucker—Asian Tiger Mosquitoes.” Discover (July 1998).

  Thomas, Hugh. Cuba, or the
Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Da Capo Press, 1998.

  Thornton, Charles. “Yellow Fever’s Horror Recalled 100 Years After Its Departure.” Press-Scimitar, August 7, 1978.

  Truby, Albert E. Memoir of Walter Reed: The Yellow Fever Episode. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1943.

  Turner, Charles. The Celebrant. Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Publications, 1982.

  Van Epps, Heather L. “Broadening the Horizons for Yellow Fever: New Uses for an Old Vaccine.” Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 201, No. 1: 165- 68.

  Vaughan, Victor Clarence. A Doctor’s Memories. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.

  Victory, Joy. “Rare U.S. Case of Yellow Fever Ends in Death.” Corpus Christi Caller-Times, March 27, 2002.

  Waring, George E. Report on the Condition of the Sewers of Memphis, Tenn. March 4, 1893.

  Waring, George E. Report on the Social Statistics of Cities. Washington, D.C., 1887.

  Warner, Margaret H. “Hunting the Yellow Fever Germ: The Principle and Practice of Etiological Proof in Late Nineteenth-Century America.” Bulletin of Historical Medicine 59 (1985): 361- 82.

  Watts, Sheldon. Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997.

  White, Mimi. “1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic.” Tennessee Medical Alumnus, Vol. II, No. 2 (Fall 1978).

  Williams, Greer. The Plague Killers. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969.

  Williams, Greer. The Virus Hunters. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960.

  Wills, Christopher. Yellow Fever, Black Goddess: The Coevolution of People and Plagues. Cambridge: Helix Books, Perseus Publishing, 1996.

  Wingfield, Marshall. “The Life and Letters of Dr. William J. Armstrong.” West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, Vol. IV (1950): 97-113.

  Winter, F. “The Romantic Side of the Conquest of Yellow Fever.” The Military Surgeon, Vol. 61 (1927).

  Wood, Laura. Walter Reed, Doctor in Uniform. New York: Julian Messner, 1943.

  World Health Organization. Prevention and Control of Yellow Fever in Africa. 1998.

  World Health Organization. Strengthening Global Preparedness for Defense against Infectious Disease Threats, Senate Hearing on The Threat of Bioterrorism and the Spread of Infectious Diseases. September 5, 2001.

  “Yellow Fever.” Old Shelby County Magazine, No. 5 (1999).

  “The Yellow Fever Epidemic in Memphis in 1878.” Supplement to The West Tennessee Catholic.

  “The Yellow Fever Experiments in Cuba.” Journal of American Medical Association 37 (1901): 839-40.

  “Yellow Fever in New Orleans.” The New York Times, July 26, 1878.

  Newspaper Clippings

  The Avalanche, 1878

  The Commercial Appeal, 1970-2005

  Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 1878

  The Memphis Daily Appeal, 1878-1879

  The New York Times, 1878-1879, 1900-1901

  Press-Scimitar, 1878-1978

  The Washington Post, 1900-1901

  Websites

  Britannica On-Line Encyclopedia

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

  Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations

  The National Institutes of Health, Library of Medicine

  Nobel Prize Foundation

  Pan-American Health Organization

  The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed On-Line Collection

  The Rockefeller Foundation

  The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center On-Line Diary

  The World Health Organization

  abdominal cramps from yellow fever

  acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

  Adams, John Quincy (President)

  Adams neighborhood, Memphis

  adaptability of mosquitoes

  Aedes aegypti (striped house mosquito, Egyptian mosquito) . See also mosquitoes

  Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito). See also mosquitoes

  Africa and yellow fever

  age of patient and yellow fever

  Agramonte, Aristides (Dr.)

  autopsies on yellow fever cadavers

  background of

  bacteria theory

  Camp Lazear and

  Carlos Finlay dinner

  Congressional Gold Medal

  death of

  immunity of

  James Carroll, contracting yellow fever

  James Carroll criticism of

  Jesse Lazear, contracting yellow fever

  leave in U.S.

  Pinar del Rio and

  volunteers for human experiments

  William E. Dean (Patient XY) and

  Yellow Fever Board (Cuba) and

  aid for Memphis

  Alger, Russell (Secretary of War)

  American health, fight for control over

  American Medical Association

  American Plague. See yellow fever

  American Public Health Association

  Ames, Roger Post (Dr.)

  Andrus, John H. (Private)

  Angevine family

  animals, abandoned in Memphis

  antibiotics vs. yellow fever

  Antietam

  Apache Indians

  Appeal

  Arlington National Cemetery

  Armstrong, Lula (William Armstrong’s wife)

  Armstrong, William James (Dr.)

  Army Medical Museum

  Army Medical School

  Asibi strain

  Associated Press

  atmospheric conditions and yellow fever

  autopsies on yellow fever cadavers

  Avalanche

  bacteria theory

  bacteriology

  Barnaby Furnishings, Memphis

  Barry, John M.

  battlefield, yellow fever as

  Battle of Bull Run

  Battle of Perryville

  Battle of Santiago

  Bauer, Dr.

  B cells (white blood cells)

  Beauperthuy, Louis-Daniel

  Beeuwkes, Dr.

  Bell, Alexander Graham

  Bellevue Hospital Medical College

  bell of Elmwood Cemetery, tolling constantly

  bilingual consent form used at Camp Lazear

  Billings, John Shaw (U.S. Army Medical Corps)

  Bionda, Kate

  bioterrorism and yellow fever

  Blackburn, Luke Pryor (Dr.) “Dr. Black Vomit,”

  black cardboard to mark doorway of dead

  black population in Memphis

  blacks and death from yellow fever

  black vomit (vomito negro). See also yellow fever

  black vomit from yellow fever

  Blanco, General

  bleeding from yellow fever

  blood experiments, Cuba ()

  blood supply for mosquito eggs

  blow of the rod (coup de barre). See also yellow fever

  Board of Experts. See Yellow Fever Commission of Experts

  Bolton, Dickens & Co., Memphis

  Bonaparte, Napoleon

  Borden, William (Major)

  Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, The

  British Medical Journal

  Brooklyn Board of Health

  bubonic plague

  Bullard, John R.

  burial patrols, Memphis

  burning of contaminated items

  calomel

  Calvary Episcopal Church, Memphis

  camera, invention

  Camp Alger

  Camp Columbia life at Yellow Fever Board (Cuba) and

  Camp Lazear

  Canfield Asylum

  carbolic acid for disinfection

  Carnival (Memphis Mardi Gras)

  Carroll, James (Dr.) “Sunny Jim”

  background of

  bacteria theory

  bitterness of

  Congressional Gold Medal

  death of

  emotional deterioration of

  Jesse Lazear
’s funeral

  Pan-American Medical Congress ()

  recovery from yellow fever

  virus discovery

  Walter Reed’s assistant

  yellow fever, contracted by

  Yellow Fever Board (Cuba) and

  Carter, Henry Rose (Dr.)

  castor oil for yellow fever

  CDC (Centers for Disease Control)

  cells (healthy) for replicating virus

  Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

  Chaillé, Stanford E. (Dr.)

  Chickamauga Park (“River of Death”)

  Chickasaw Guards

  children

  death from yellow fever

  orphans, Memphis

  subjects for medical testing

  cholera

  Choppin, Samuel (Dr.)

  Citizen’s Relief Committee

  city of corpses, Memphis

  City of Washington

  Civil War and yellow fever

  Clark, John

  cleansing of streets, Memphis

  cocaine

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

  Columbia University

  comeback of yellow fever

  Coming Plague, The (Garrett)

  common cold

  Congo exploration

  Congressional Gold Medal

  Constance (Sister, Caroline Louise Darling)

  convalescent period of yellow fever

  conventional order (total collapse of), Memphis

  Cook, Annie

  Cooke, Robert P.

  corruption in government, Memphis

  costs of Carnival (Memphis Mardi Gras)

  cotton market (largest), Memphis

  coup de barre (blow of the rod). See also yellow fever

  Court Street Infirmary, Memphis

  Covington, A. W.

  Crane, Stephen

  Crook

  Cuba (). See also Agramonte, Aristides (Dr.); Carroll, James (Dr.); Finlay, Carlos (Dr.); Kean, Jefferson Randolph (Major); Lazear, Jesse (Dr.); mosquitoes; mosquito theory; Reed, Walter (Major); yellow fever

  Cuba () (continued)

  blood experiments

  Camp Lazear

  Quemados, Marianao yellow fever epidemic

  self-experimentation by Yellow Fever Board

  Siboney yellow fever epidemic Spanish-American War

  vivisection (human experiments)

  Yellow Fever Board

  Cuba and yellow fever

  curfew in Memphis

  Custer, George (General)

  Czolgosz, Leon

 

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