The Oxford History of Byzantium

by Cyril Mango

Ethnic Groups

  P. Charanis, Studies in the Demography of the Byzantine Empire (London, 1972).

  Civilization

  N. H. Baynes and H. St. L. B. Moss (eds.), Byzantium. An Introduction to East Roman Civilization (Oxford, 1948).

  A. Guillou, La Civilisation byzantine (Paris, 1974).

  C. Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London, 1980).

  Ideology

  H. Ahrweiler, L’ Idéologie politique de l’Empire byzantin (Paris, 1975).

  G. Dagron, Empereur et prêtre (Paris, 1996).

  F. Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy, 2 vols. (Washington, DC, 1966).

  Historiography

  There is as yet no monograph on this subject. The relevant facts may be extracted from Gy. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, 2nd edn., i (Berlin, 1958) and H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, i (Munich, 1978).

  CHAPTER 1

  G. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (London, 1978).

  P. R. L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (London, 1971).

  A. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire (London, 1993).

  —— and P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, xiii; The Late Empire, AD 337–425 (Cambridge, 1998).

  —— B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, xiv: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425–600 (Cambridge, 2000).

  R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe (London, 1991).

  J. A. S. Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London, 1996).

  A. H. M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (London, 1948).

  —— The Later Roman Empire, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1964).

  P. Magdalino (ed.), New Constantines (Aldershot, 1994).

  M. Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium (London, 1996).

  CHAPTER 2

  J. Balty, Guide d’Apamée (Brussels, 1981).

  D. Claude, Die byzantinische Stadt im 6. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1969).

  A.-J. Festugière (ed. and tr.), La Vie de Théodore de Sykéôn, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1970).

  —— and L. Rydén, Vie de Syméon le fou et Vie de Jean de Chypre (Paris, 1974).

  C. Foss, Byzantine and Turkish Sardis (Cambridge, Mass, 1976).

  —— Ephesus after Antiquity (Cambridge, 1979).

  —— Cities, Fortresses and Villages of Byzantine Asia Minor (Aldershot, 1996).

  A. H. M. Jones, Cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1971).

  J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, The Decline and Fall of the Roman City (Oxford, 2001).

  C. Roueché, Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity (London, 1989).

  I. and N. Ševčenko, The Life of Nicholas of Sion (Brookline, Mass, 1984).

  J. Shereshevski, Byzantine Urban Settlements in the Negev Desert (Beer-Sheva, 1991).

  G. Tate, Les Campagnes de la Syrie du nord (Paris, 1992).

  G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord, 3 vols. (Paris, 1953–8).

  CHAPTER 3

  P. R. L. Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982).

  D. J. Chitty, The Desert a City (Oxford, 1966).

  J. Howard-Johnston and P. Hayward (eds.), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1999).

  G. A. Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton, 1983).

  R. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (London, 1986).

  J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (Oxford, 1979).

  R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (New Haven, 1984).

  H.-I. Marrou, Histoire de l’éducation dans l’antiquité, 6th edn. (Paris, 1965).

  A. Momigliano (ed.), The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (Oxford, 1963).

  A. D. Nock, ‘Early Gentile Christianity’, in Z. Stewart (ed.), Essays on Religion and the Ancient World, i (Oxford, 1972), 49–133.

  N. G. Wilson (ed.), Saint Basil on Greek Literature (London, 1975).

  CHAPTER 4

  M. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, 1983).

  —— and P. Crone, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977).

  P. Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Oxford, 1987).

  A. Ducellier, Le Miroir de l’Islam: Musulmans et chrétiens d’Orient au Moyen ge, VIIe–XIe siècles, 2nd edn. (Paris, 1996).

  G. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate, AD 661–750 (London, 1986).

  R. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs from the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (London, 2001).

  Ibn Ishaq, Sîrat al-nabî/The Life of Muhammad, tr. A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1955).

  E. M. Jeffreys, ‘The Image of the Arabs in Byzantine Literature’, The 17th International Byzantine Congress (New Rochelle, 1986), 305–21.

  F. E. Peters, ‘The Quest for the Historical Muhammad’, International Journal of Middle EastStudies 23 (1991), 291–315.

  A. Rippin, Muslims, their Religious Beliefs and Practices, i: The Formative Period (London, 1990).

  I. Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Washington, DC, 1995).

  For reference see Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. H. A. R. Gibb et al. (Leiden, 1960–2001).

  CHAPTER 5

  J. Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor, 1983).

  J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century (Cambridge, 1990).

  C. Head, Justinian II of Byzantium (Madison, Wis., 1972).

  W. Kaegi, Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation (Amsterdam, 1981).

  R.-J. Lilie, Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber (Munich, 1976).

  P. Speck, Artabasdos (Bonn, 1981).

  A. Stratos, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, 5 vols. (Amsterdam, 1968–80).

  Social Structures

  W. Brandes, Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1989).

  M. Kaplan, Les Hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle (Paris, 1992).

  A. Kazhdan and A. Cutler, ‘Continuity and Discontinuity in Byzantine History’, Byzantion 52 (1982), 429–78.

  P. Lemerle, The Agrarian History of Byzantium (Galway, 1979).

  W. Treadgold, ‘The Break in Byzantium and the Gap in Byzantine Studies’, Byzantinische Forschungen 15 (1990), 289–316.

  —— Byzantium and its Army, 284–1081 (Stanford, 1995).

  CHAPTER 6

  P. J. Alexander, The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople (Oxford, 1958).

  M.-F. Auzépy, La Vie d’Étienne le Jeune par Étienne le Diacre (Birmingham, 1997).

  —— L’Hagiographie et l’iconoclasme byzantin (Birmingham, 1999).

  A. Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977).

  Averil Cameron, ‘Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in late Sixth-Century Byzantium’, Past and Present 84 (1979), 3–35; repr. in Continuity and Change in Sixth-Century Byzantium (London, 1978), study XVIII.

  G. Dagron, ‘Le christianisme byzantin du VIIe au milieu du XIe siècle’, in Histoire du Christianisme, iv (Paris, 1993), 9–348.

  S. Gero, Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources (Louvain, 1973).

  —— Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Constantine V with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources (Louvain, 1977).

  P. Karlin-Hayter, ‘A Byzantine Politician Monk: St. Theodore Stoudite’, Jahrb. d. Österr. Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 217–32.

  Nikephoros (Patriarch), Discours contre les Iconoclastes, tr. M.-J. Mondzain-Baudinet (Paris, 1989).

  —— Short History, ed. and tr. C. Mango (Washington, DC, 1990).

  Theophanes Confessor, Chronicle, tr. C. Mango and R. Scott (Oxford, 1997).

  CHAPTER 7

  M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, 2nd edn. (London, 1997).

  J.-C. Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance, 963–1210 (Paris, 1990).

  J. F. Haldon, Warfare, State and
Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 (London, 1999).

  A. Harvey, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200 (Cambridge, 1989).

  B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium, 1025–1204: Power, Patronage and Ideology (London, 1999).

  M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900 (Cambridge, 2001).

  P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 (Cambridge, 1993).

  M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.), Alexios I Komnenos (Belfast, 1996).

  N. Oikonomides, Fiscalité et exemption à Byzance (IXe-XIe siècles) (Athens, 1996).

  P. Stephenson, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier. A Political Sudy of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 (Cambridge, 2000).

  S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People (Leiden, 1997).

  W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 (Stanford, 1988).

  M. Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025 (London, 1996).

  CHAPTER 8

  Alan Cameron, The Greek Anthology from Meleager to Planudes (Oxford, 1993).

  A. Cutler, The Hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th Centuries) (Princeton, 1994).

  R. Devreesse, Introduction à l’étude des manuscrits grecs (Paris, 1954).

  R. J. H. Jenkins, ‘The Classical Background of the Scriptores post Theophanem’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954), 11–30; repr. in Studies on Byzantine History of the 9th and 10th Centuries (London, 1970), Study IV.

  P. Lemerle, Le Premier humanisme byzantin (Paris, 1971).

  R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation (Cambridge, 1994).

  K. Weitzmann, Die byzantinische Buchmalerei des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1935).

  —— The Joshua Roll. A Work of the Macedonian Renaissance (Princeton, 1948).

  —— Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illumination, ed. H. L. Kessler (Chicago and London, 1971).

  N. G. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium, 2nd edn. (London, 1996).

  CHAPTER 9

  A. Avenarius, Die byzantinische Kultur und die Slawen. Zum Problem der Rezeption und Transformation (6. bis 12. Jahrhundert) (Vienna and Munich, 2000).

  F. Dvornik, Byzantine Missions among the Slavs: Saints Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970).

  J. V. A. Fine, Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century (Ann Arbor, 1983).

  S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200 (London, 1996).

  C. Hannick, ‘Les nouvelles chrétientés du monde byzantin: Russes, Bulgares et Serbes’, in Histoire du Christianisme, iv (Paris, 1993), 909–39.

  D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (London, 1971).

  —— Six Byzantine Portraits (Oxford, 1988).

  —— Byzantium and the Slavs (New York, 1994).

  I. Ševčenko, ‘Three Paradoxes of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission’, Slavic Review 23 (1964), 220–36; repr. in Ideology, Letters and Culture in the Byzantine World (London, 1982), Study IV.

  J. Shepard, ‘Slavs and Bulgars’, in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, ii (Cambridge, 1995), 228–48.

  —— ‘Bulgaria: The Other Balkan Empire’, in T. Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, iii (Cambridge, 1999), 567–85.

  L. Simeonova, Diplomacy of the Letter and the Cross: Photios, Bulgaria and the Papacy, 860’s – 880’s (Amsterdam, 1998).

  P. Stephenson, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier. A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 (Cambridge, 2000).

  V. Vavřínek, ‘The Introduction of the Slavonic Liturgy and the Byzantine Missionary Policy’, in V. Vavřínek (ed.), Beiträge zur byzantinischen Geschichte im 9.–11. Jahrhundert (Prague,1978), 255–81.

  —— and B. Zástěrová, ‘Byzantium’s Role in the Formation of Great Moravian Culture’, Byzantinoslavica 43 (1982), 161–88.

  A. P. Vlasto, The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs (Cambridge, 1970).

  CHAPTER 10

  M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261) (Oxford, 1975).

  F. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time, tr. R. Manheim (Princeton, 1978).

  J. B a rker, Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship (New Brunswick, NJ, 1969).

  M. Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453 (Philadelphia, 1992).

  C. Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum, Eleventh to Fourteenth Century, tr. and ed. P. M. Holt (Harlow, 2001).

  G. Dennis, The Reign of Manuel II Palaeologus in Thessalonica, 1382–1387, Orientalia Christiana Analecta 159 (Rome, 1960).

  D. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1281: A Study in Byzantine–Latin Relations (Cambridge, Mass, 1959).

  J. Gill, Byzantium and the Papacy, 1198–1400 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979).

  P. Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whitte-more Collection, v: Michael VIII to Constantine XI, 1258–1453, in 2 parts (Washington, DC, 1999).

  M. Hendy, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: iv, Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081–1261, in 2 parts (Washington, DC, 1999).

  C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481 (Istanbul, 1990).

  A. Laiou, Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronikos II, 1282–1328 (Cambridge, Mass, 1972).

  P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500 (London and New York, 1995).

  D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge, 1988).

  —— The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479 (Cambridge, 1984).

  —— The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans (Cambridge, 1992).

  —— The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1993).

  —— The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c.1295–1383 (Cambridge, 1996).

  S. Reinert, ‘The Palaiologoi, Yildirim Bayezid and Constantinople: June 1389–March 1391’, in S. Langdon et al. (eds.), To Ellenikon: Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis Jr., i (New Rochelle, 1993), 289–365.

  S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge, 1965).

  G. Soulis, The Serbs and Byzantium during the Reigns of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his Successors (Washington, DC, 1984).

  S. Vryonis, The Decline of Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971).

  CHAPTER 11

  B. L. Fonkitch, Manuscrits grecs dans les collections européennes (Moscow, 1999).

  E. Fryde, The Early Palaeologan Renaissance (1261–c.1360) (Leiden, 2000).

  J. Irigoin, Tradition et critique des textes grecs (Paris, 1997).

  I. P. Medvedev, Vizantijskij gumanism XIV–XV vv., 2nd edn. (St Petersburg, 1997).

  S. Mergiali, L’Enseignement et les lettrés pendant l’époque des Paléologues (1261–1453) (Athens, 1996).

  D. M. Nicol, Church and Society in the Last Centuries of Byzantium (Cambridge, 1993).

  D. Pingree, ‘Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964), 135–60.

  L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 3rd edn. (Oxford, 1991).

  S. Runciman, The Last Byzantine Renaissance (Cambridge, 1970).

  J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine=Dumbarton Oaks Papers 38 (1984). Cf. esp. A. Hohlweg on John Aktouarios, pp. 121–34.

  I. Ševčenko, ‘Theodore Metochites, the Chora and the Intellectual Trends of his Time’, in P. A. Underwood (ed.), The Kariye Djami,
iv (Princeton, 1975), 19–91.

  —— Society and Intellectual Life in Late Byzantium (London, 1981).

  A. Tihon, Études d’astronomie byzantine (Aldershot, 1994).

  —— ‘L’astronomie byzantine à l’aube de la Renaissance’, Byzantion 66 (1996), 244–80.

  —— and R. Mercier, Georges Gémiste Pléthon: Manuel d’astronomie (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1998).

  —— et al., Une version byzantine du Traité sur l’astrolabe du Pseudo-Messahalla (Louvain-la-Neuve, 2001).

  W. Treadgold (ed.), Renaissances before the Renaissance (Stanford, 1984), esp. ch. 7 by I. Ševčenko.

  N. G. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium, 2nd edn. (London, 1996), chs. 12, 13.

  C. M. Woodhouse, George Gemistos Plethon: The Last of the Hellenes (Oxford, 1986).

  CHAPTER 12

  Literature

  H.-G. Beck, Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur (Munich, 1971).

  D. Holton (ed.), Literature and Society in Renaissance Crete (Cambridge, 1991).

  B. Knös, Histoire de la littérature néogrecque: La période jusqu’en 1821 (Uppsala, 1962).

  L. Politis, A History of Modern Greek Literature (Oxford, 1973).

  Neograeca medii aevi: New work on the literature of the late Byzantine and early Modern Greek period is being presented in a series of international congresses which are published under this heading (Cologne, 1991; Venice, 1993; Vittoria, Spain, 1995; Cyprus, 1997; Hamburg, 1999; Oxford, 2000).

  Art and Architecture

  Ch. Bouras, ‘The Impact of Frankish Architecture on Thirteenth-Century Byzantine Architecture’, in A. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Washington, DC, 2001), 247–62.

  H. Buchthal, Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford, 1957).

  M. Chatzidakis, Études sur la peinture postbyzantine (London, 1976).

  O. Demus, Byzantine Art and the West (New York, 1970).

  —— ‘Die Entstehung des Paläologenstils in der Malerei’, Berichte zum XI. Internationalen Byzantinisten-Kongress, München 1958, iv.2.

  —— ‘The Style of the Kariye Djami and its Place in the Development of Palaeologan Art’, in P. A. Underwood (ed.), The Kariye Djami, iv (Princeton, 1975), 107–60.

  J. Folda, ‘Art in the Latin East, 1098–1291’, in J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1995), 141–59.

  —— The Art of the Crusades in the Holy Land, 1098–1187 (Cambridge, 1995).