The Oxford History of Byzantium

by Cyril Mango

  and monasticism 15–16, 110

  and Ottoman control 294–5

  in Rus 244–6

  and state subsidies 24

  and Theodosius I 103

  and theology 25, 40–2, 49, 79, 134

  and urban landscape 83, 85

  churches:

  building 24–5, 49, 55, 70, 103

  and Byzantine missions 240

  and city life 73, 76, 81–2

  reduction in size 148

  rural 89–90, 91, 93, 158

  silver plate 79, 89, 92

  Cilicia:

  Arab capture 134

  Byzantine control 135, 185, 193

  cities:

  as basis of Roman empire 22, 24, 71

  and Church and State 83, 85

  and churches 73, 76, 78, 81–3

  councils 22, 24, 30, 71–2, 84, 148

  and country 73, 198

  decline 4, 168

  fortification 72–3, 84, 144, 148

  hill sites 4, 145, 148

  layout and appearance 73–8, 143, 148

  and monasteries 209

  population 69, 79, 142–3, 148

  revenues 71

  Roman structure 8, 72–3

  see also baths; hippodrome; houses; market place; stadium; theatre

  civil service see bureaucracy Clement IV, Pope 257

  Clement of Alexandria 154, 224

  clergy:

  and Constantine 24

  and education 215, 295

  and Julian the Apostate 29

  and Latin bishops 190

  and marriage 2, 14

  and Ottoman rule 294–5

  codex 62, 217–19

  Codex Sinaiticus 218, 224

  codicils 32, 37, 62, 167

  coinage 10, 60, 83

  and Byzantine revival 226–7

  of Charlemagne 226, 226

  of Constantine IV 134

  debasement 49, 260

  of Heraclius 127

  and image of Christ 133, 136, 161, 207

  of Julian the Apostate 28

  of Justinian 49

  of Justinian II 134, 136

  reduction in seventh-and eighth-century finds 8, 143–4, 146, 147, 149–50

  and Sol Invictus 17, 17, 22

  and Theodora 161

  Umayyad 127, 128

  Comes rei privatae 147

  commerce 73–4, 78, 163–8

  by sea 197

  see also trade

  commerciarii (kommerkiarioi) 8, 63, 145–6, 148, 149–50, 166

  Conrad II of Germany 180

  Conrad III of Germany 192

  Constans I 26, 27

  Constans II 132, 140

  and army 131–3, 134, 140

  and Monothelitism 7, 133

  Constantine I the Great 1, 10

  adoption of Christianity 21–2, 96, 98–9, 103

  and the Church 14, 24–6, 103–5, 104, 111, 230

  and cult of saints 106

  defeat of Licinius 19, 21, 22 Donation of Constantine 169

  and élites 24

  and founding of Constantinople 1, 4, 21, 66, 73, 179

  and historiography 6

  and Holy Land 25, 115

  personality 18

  portrayal 17–18, 17, 18

  as saint 18, 207

  succession to 26

  and Tetrarchy 20–1

  Constantine II 26, 26

  Constantine III 129–31

  Constantine IV 132, 133–5

  and Arabs 134, 135

  and Bulgars and Khazars 134–5

  coinage 134

  and Monothelitism 134, 137

  Constantine V 139, 140, 201

  and army 140, 141

  and Bulgars 141, 172

  and Constantinople 149

  and Iconoclasm 140–1, 157–9, 161, 162, 172

  iconophile conspiracy 141

  see also Irene, empress

  Constantine VI:

  birth 201

  and Irene 201, 206

  marriage 15, 175

  Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 202, 206, 222, 238

  and Basil I 230

  Book of Ceremonies 16, 221

  and Bulgaria 175, 234

  and Byzantine missions 234–5, 239, 243

  coronation 167

  De administrando imperio 175, 221

  De thematibus 221

  Excerpta historica 222

  Geoponica 222

  Hippiatrica 222

  and learning 216, 220, 221–3, 229

  Souda 222

  Synaxarion 222

  Constantine VIII 168, 202, 206

  Constantine IX Monomachos 182, 183, 203, 277

  Constantine X Doukas:

  and Normans 189–90

  and succession 204

  Constantine XI Palaiologos 277, 280–3

  Constantine Kephalas, Greek Anthology 224–5

  Constantine Manasses, chronicle 174, 232

  Constantine-Cyril, St 230, 231, 232, 238, 243

  Constantinople:

  Arab attacks (seventh-century) 134

  Arab siege (717–18) 10, 128, 137–8, 140, 153

  Avar and Persian attack (626) 10, 56–7, 280

  ‘Bardas University’ 216–17

  Bayezid Bath 65

  Blachernai Palace 199, 256

  and brass industry 166

  and bubonic plague 49, 69

  churches 257

  Forty Martyrs 216

  Holy Apostles 118

  Nea Ekklesia 66

  St Irene 161

  St Polyeuktos 225, 251

  Sts Sergius and Bacchus 48

  Virgin Kyriotissa 303

  and Constantius II 27

  and cult of Constantine 18

  fortifications 66–8, 67, 70, 132, 137, 144, 148, 256

  Forum of Theodosius I 35, 65, 65

  and Golden Gate 67, 272–3

  Hippodrome 34, 46, 65, 66, 68, 148, 158

  as imperial capital 1, 4, 21, 66, 69, 73, 179

  and international trade 70, 295

  library 220, 286, 287

  Long/Anastasian walls 68

  monasteries 209, 211, 257

  Chora 213, 259, 286, 287, 291, 303, 304

  Christ Pantocrator 205, 211, 213

  Constantine Lips 165, 165, 213, 226

  Pammakaristos 213

  Petra 293

  Studios 212, 218, 219

  as New Jerusalem 118

  Nicaean recovery (1261) 253, 254

  and ‘Nika’ insurrection 45–6

  Ottoman siege (1453) 2, 5, 248, 280–3, 280, 294

  and Ottoman threat 268–9, 273–4, 279, 280–1

  and Pecheneg threat 10, 182–4

  plans and views 64, 70, 275

  population 69, 149, 198

  reconstruction work 256–7

  and revival of learning 214–29

  Roman 65–70, 179

  Russian raid (860) 232, 233

  sack (1204) 20, 119, 196, 206, 248, 249, 250

  siege (1396) 273–4

  Tekfur Sarayı 199, 255, 300

  Theodosian land walls 5, 67, 68, 199, 255

  and Visigoths 37

  vulnerability to attack 66

  water supply 68–9, 68, 70

  Zeuxippos Baths 168

  see also Great Palace; St Sophia; senate

  Constantinople, Latin Empire 250–1, 253–4, 294, 302

  recovery attempts 256, 257–8

  Constantinople:

  First Council (381) 79

  Second Council (553) 49, 79

  Third Council (681) 134, 137

  Constantinopolis nova Roma 1, 65

  Constantius I, Western emperor 20

  Constantius II 14, 26–8

  and Arianism 105

  and library 220

  and relics 118

  conversion:

  of barbarians 231–5

  of Bulgaria 172–5, 183, 231–2, 232, 233–7, 239–40

  forced 139, 155<
br />
  to Islam 123, 126–7, 169, 236

  of Jews 13

  to Roman Catholicism 291

  Corfu, Norman capture 192

  Corinth 8

  plan 200

  shops and workshops 163

  Corippus (court poet) 51, 60

  Cornaros, Erotokritos 299

  Corycus (Asia Minor), necropolis 87

  Cosmas, bishop of Maiuma 214

  Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography 166, 167

  Costanzo da Ferrara 277

  costume, civil service 62–3

  councils 22, 24, 30, 71–2, 84, 148

  ecumenical 13, 25, 40, 72, 104–5, 111, 134, 136, 137, 161

  Count of the Sacred Largesses 61, 62

  court, imperial:

  and ceremonial 234

  and Honorius 36–8

  and Julian the Apostate 30

  Cousin, Louis, Histoire de Constantinople 2

  Crete:

  Arab attacks 131, 171

  Byzantine base 137, 179, 180

  Ottoman conquest 294

  Venetian gain 251, 295, 297–9

  Crimea:

  and Basil II 180

  and Justinian II 137

  see also Cherson

  Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber Insularum 275

  cross see True Cross

  Crusades 2

  Ctesiphon:

  and Heraclius’ war with Persia 57

  and Julian the Apostate 30–1, 57

  palace 23

  culture:

  Arab 125–6

  decline in 148–9

  Franco-Greek 171, 294–305

  Hellenistic 2, 21

  and individualism 13, 297

  Late Antique 5

  literary 101–2, 226, 236, 243, 287

  multiculturalism 13, 298

  non-Arab 176

  Cumans 10, 183–4, 185, 193–5

  Cyclades, Ottoman conquest (1579) 294

  Cycle of Agathias 224, 225

  Cynicism 96, 110

  Cyprus:

  Arab attacks 131

  independence of Byzantium 193, 196, 249–50

  Latin control 295

  Ottoman conquest (1570–1) 294

  Cyrillic alphabet 238

  Cyzicus 134, 136, 165

  Damascus:

  Arab defeat (635) 58

  Persian defeat (613) 53

  Umayyad mosque 124

  Danishmend 187

  Danube:

  and barbarian tribes 22, 27–8, 32, 36, 46, 51–3, 66

  and Cuman raids 184

  and Pecheneg raids 182–3

  as trade zone 183, 184

  Daphni monastery 213

  Dar Qita, plan 90

  Dara (Anastasiopolis), fortress 47

  David Komnenos 251

  decurions 148

  Demetrios Kydones 284, 289, 291

  Demetrios Triklinios 285, 286

  demons 100–1, 109

  Devol Treaty (1108) 191–2

  Didache 110

  Didymoteichon:

  and Andronikos III 262

  Ottoman capture 268

  Diocletian:

  and army 23

  and Nicomedia 1, 73

  and persecution 117

  and state apparatus 4, 23–4

  and Tetrarchy 19–20, 20, 23

  dissidents:

  persecution 25, 105–6

  religious and political 124–5

  Donation of Constantine 169

  Doukai family 204–5

  Doukas (historian) 276

  dramas 80, 223, 298

  Dyrrachium, Venetian control 251

  earthquakes 70, 161, 265

  Ecclesius, bishop 15

  Ecloga of Leo III 139

  economy 196

  of Asia Minor 197–8

  contraction 88, 145–6, 147, 148, 149

  of late empire 262

  medieval 9

  Edessa 74

  Byzantine conquest 180

  as crusader principality 187

  Harran gate 186

  Muslim capture 192

  St Thomas church 117

  education:

  and bureaucracy 215, 226

  and the Church 12, 16, 102–3, 111, 295

  decline of 148–9, 214

  in Late Antiquity 5

  and paganism 101–2

  revival 214–29

  Egypt:

  Arab conquest 58, 129, 131, 142, 169

  and Fatimid caliphate 180

  and Fourth Crusade 196

  and monasticism 109, 209, 210, 213

  and Monophysitism 106

  Ottoman conquest (1516–17) 294

  Persian conquest 55, 58

  and Saladin 193

  El Greco (Domenico Theotokopoulos) 305

  elite:

  and cities 4, 22, 24

  and Constantine I 22, 24

  and ethnicity 11

  foreign 236–8

  imperial 4, 5, 199–201

  and paganism 29–30, 72

  and rhetoric 101–2, 216

  Western 34–6, 38–9

  see also aristocracy; landowners

  eloquence see rhetoric

  Emesa (Syria), appearance 76, 79, 83

  emperors, as apostles 207, 230–7, 243–4

  enamels, cloisonné 119, 165, 238

  Ephesus:

  Ayasuluk 145

  baths 76

  as Byzantine town 8, 76–9

  Embolos 78–9

  Gate of Persecution 146

  library of Celsus 78

  market-place 76, 78

  as pilgrimage centre 81–3

  plan 77

  and provincial governor 84

  shops and workshops 163

  shrine of St John 81–2, 145

  stadium 80

  Street of Arcadius 79, 80

  temples 76–8, 82

  theatre 79–80

  Councils (430 and 449) 80, 81

  Epicureanism 96

  epigrams, verse 62–3, 68, 217, 224–6, 225, 287

  Epiros, Byzantine recovery 263, 271

  Epiros, Despotate 251, 294

  and Constantinople 253

  and Nicaea 253–4

  epistemonarches, emperor as 208

  Epistle to Diognetus 224

  epistolography, revival 217, 285

  estates, imperial 132–3, 147

  Ethiopia 124

  ethnicity 2, 11–12, 13, 196, 284

  eucharist, and leavened/unleavened bread 2

  Eucherius (son of Stilicho) 37, 62

  Eudokia, empress 209

  Eudokia (mother of Michael VII) 206

  Eudokia-Bertha (wife of Romanos II) 228, 229

  Eugenius I V, Pope 278

  Eugenius (imperial claimant) 34, 36

  Euphrosyne (wife of Michael II) 201–2

  Euric (Visigothic king) 40

  Eusebius of Caesarea 6, 105

  Euthymios (monk), and Leo VI 15

  Euthymios Zigabenos 191

  Eutychianus, bishop 79

  Excubitors (tagma) 140, 141

  Famagusta, cathedral of St Nicholas 301, 302

  family, imperial 204–6

  Fatimid caliphate 180, 184, 193

  Ferrante of Naples 277

  Ferrara-Florence, Council (1438–9) 277, 279, 291

  feudalism, growth 180, 189, 297

  fibula:

  imperial 60, 60

  non-imperial 10, 60, 62, 63

  filioque clause 2, 257, 279

  Finlay, George, History of the Byzantine Empire 2

  First Crusade (1096–1102) 185, 187, 190–2

  fleet, Arab 131, 134, 138

  fleet, Byzantine 197

  against Rome 139

  and Arabs 134, 136–7

  and Bulgars 141

  and Normans 192

  fleet, Seljuk 185

  fountains 76, 78, 87

  Fourth Crusade (1202–4) 10, 119, 196, 206, 238, 248, 249�
�50, 251

  Franks:

  and Bulgaria 173, 233

  and Byzantium 170–1, 176–80, 189, 250–1, 253–4, 295

  and crusader principalities 191–2

  and Italy 169–70, 179

  Frederick I Barbarossa 193, 196

  Fritigern (Visigothic leader) 36

  Gagik II of Armenia 12

  Galata (Pera), Genoese colony 70, 257, 271, 283, 296, 300, 302

  Galerius, Eastern emperor 20, 84, 107

  Gallus (son of Julius Constantius) 26, 27

  Ganzak 55

  Gaul:

  and Gratian 32

  and Julian 27, 28

  and Valentinian II 34

  and Visigoths 38, 39–40

  General Logothete (Logothetes tou genikou) 147

  Gennadios Scholarios 291

  Genoa, and trade 70, 192, 197, 250, 251, 267

  Geoffrey Villehardouin 69, 250, 298

  George Brankovič 279

  George Chrysokokkes 289

  George Gemistos 291, 293

  George of Pisidia 224

  George Syncellus 214

  George-Gregory Chioniades 289

  Georgia, Turkish attacks on 184

  Georgians 11

  Georgios Kastriotes (‘Scanderbeg’) 279

  Germanus, patriarch, and Iconoclasm 139, 155, 157

  Germany:

  and Byzantium 170, 180, 192–3, 195–6

  and papacy 170, 189, 257

  Ghassanids 46, 51, 121, 123–4

  Goths 36, 37–8, 66, 78, 79

  government, provincial:

  and adornment of cities 84

  and cities 22, 24, 30, 73

  and Justinian 45, 46, 51

  and rural populations 91

  and taxation 45, 71–2

  and themes 147

  and villages 92

  grammar 5, 101, 226, 295, 298

  Gratian, Western emperor 32, 34

  Great Palace, Constantinople:

  chapels 207

  and hippodrome 65

  and Justinian II 136

  mosaic pavement 14, 112, 113

  Pentecost ceremony 230

  and silk industry 198

  Great Persecution (303–11) 103

  Greece:

  and Byzantine empire 169, 198

  Norman attacks 192

  and Serbia 267

  and urban life 88

  Greek:

  changes in language 298–9

  knowledge of 5, 12, 142, 169, 214, 291

  Greek Anthology 224–5, 286, 287

  Greek Fire 134, 138, 202

  Gregoras see Nikephoros Gregoras Gregory III, Pope 139

  Gregory VII, Pope 190

  Gregory X, Pope 257

  Gregory, bishop of Neocaesarea 110

  Gregory Nazianzen, St 5, 31, 102, 103, 191, 227, 287

  Gregory of Nyssa 103

  Gregory Pakourianos 11–12, 210, 211

  Gregory Palamas 267, 267

  Gymnopelagisia (island) 210

  Gypsies, in Byzantine population 11

  Hagia Sophia see St Sophia

  hagiography 7, 149, 217, 222–3, 285, 295

  Al-Hakim, caliph 180

  Hamdanid emirate 176

  al-Harit ibn Jabala, king of the Ghassanids 123

  Harun al-Rashid, caliph and Franks 170, 171, 176

  and revival of learning 214

  Hayreddin Pasha 272

  healing 113

  Helena, St 18, 18, 21