The Oxford History of Byzantium

by Cyril Mango

  Hellas, Theme 136, 138

  Hellenism 2, 284, 293

  Henry II of Germany 180

  Henry IV of England 274

  Henry IV of Germany 189

  Henry VI of Germany 196

  Henry, Latin emperor 250, 256

  ‘Hephthalite Huns’ 42

  Heraclius, emperor 165

  and army 145

  and Balkans 57–8

  coinage 127

  Ekthesis 14

  and Persian war 55–7, 59, 129

  and Phokas 53

  succession to 129–31

  Heraklonas 129–31

  heresy:

  and historiography 7

  and Iconoclasm 139, 140, 155, 157

  and the state 14, 72, 105–6, 111

  Hesychasm 265, 267

  Hieria, Council (754) 140, 157

  Hierotheos (monk) 241

  highways 89

  Hilary of Poitiers, St 106, 109

  Himerius, surviving manuscripts 224

  hippodrome 80–1, 148

  Constantinople 34, 46, 65, 66, 68, 148, 158

  Thessalonica 81, 84

  historiography 1, 6–9, 149, 215, 216–17, 222, 285

  church history 6, 105–6

  Franco-Greek 298

  and Iconoclasm 153–4, 155

  Hohenstaufen dynasty 257, 258

  Holy Ghost, procession of 2, 257, 274

  Holy Land:

  and Constantine 25, 115

  and Islam 58

  and monasteries 117, 209

  and pilgrimage 115–18

  recovery 269

  synagogues 83

  ‘holy war’ 55, 58, 123, 171, 176, 187

  Honorius, Western emperor 34, 36

  court 36–7

  Hormizd IV of Persia 51

  Hosios Loukas church, Phokis 213, 239

  houses, Late Antique 79, 87, 91–2, 91, 93

  Hunain ibn-Ishaq 220

  Hungary 192, 193

  and Christianity 231, 234, 240–1

  and Ottoman threat 278, 279–80

  Huns:

  ‘Hephthalite’ 42

  migration 36

  threat from 38, 39, 40

  Iberia, kingdom 57

  Ibn Battuta, Shams al-Din 263

  Iconoclasm 7, 106, 152, 153–62, 156, 208

  and Constantine V 140–1, 157–9, 161, 162, 172

  First 153–8, 214

  and Irene 7, 141–2, 153, 159–62, 170, 171–2

  and learning 216

  and Leo III 139, 140, 153, 155, 157, 172

  and Leo IV 141–2

  and Leo V 153, 172, 220

  and monasticism 15, 212

  and schism with papacy 139, 169

  Second 15, 154, 158–62, 179

  and subversion 14

  and verse epigrams 224

  Iconoduly 153, 154, 156–7, 158, 159, 162, 241

  iconography 154, 303

  icons 3, 140, 151–2, 151, 152, 156–7, 158, 162, 209

  ‘Crusader’ 303, 303

  of Virgin Hodegetria 256

  identity, ethnic 2, 11, 126, 196

  Ignatios, patriarch 158

  Ilkhanids, and Andronikos II 261–2

  incubation 113

  individualism 13, 297

  Innocent III, Pope 195, 196

  Innocent IV, Pope 269

  insignia 10, 62–3

  intellectuals 13

  Iorga, Nicolae 6

  Irene Doukaina (wife of Alexios I Komnenos) 159, 205, 205, 206

  Irene, empress:

  and Bulgars 172

  and Carolingians 170

  and Constantine VI 201, 206

  and Iconoclasm 7, 141–2, 153, 159–62, 170, 171–2

  Irene (wife of John II Komnenos) 204

  Isaac I Komnenos 183, 204

  Isaac II Angelos 193, 195–6, 206

  Isaac Komnenos, sebastokrator 194, 196, 210, 258

  Isaurian dynasty 201

  Isidore (papal legate) 283

  Iskander beg 279

  Islam:

  and Byzantine missions 235

  conversion to 123, 126–7, 169, 236

  and religious divisions 176

  rise 58, 88, 121–8

  see also Abbasid caliphate; Fatimid caliphate; Umayyad caliphate

  Italy:

  and Byzantine influence 295

  eighth-century losses 138, 140, 141, 142, 169

  emigration of intellectuals to 291–3

  and Franks 169–70, 179, 196

  and Goths 38

  and Huns 39

  and Lombards 51, 134, 169–70, 179

  and Normans 189, 190, 192

  and Ostrogoths 40, 46

  seventh-century revolts 131, 133

  and trade 9, 70, 168, 192, 197, 198, 295

  and Visigoths 37, 38, 40

  Ivan the Terrible 245

  ivory carving 114, 227, 238

  caskets 166–7, 228, 229

  diptychs 37, 62, 167, 167

  plaques 10, 62, 63, 166–7, 222, 228, 229

  Janissaries 5, 280

  Janosh Corvinus Hunyadi 279

  Jerusalem:

  Arab conquest (638) 58

  as centre of the world 115

  as crusader principality 187, 193

  Dome of the Rock 111, 128

  Holy Sepulchre Church 25, 115, 116, 170, 180

  Muslim conquest (1187) 196

  Persian conquest (614) 53, 55

  plan 115

  Jesus Christ:

  divine and human natures 40–2

  as holy man 110

  as Logos 99, 103–4

  see also Christology

  Jews:

  in Byzantine population 11, 13, 83, 96, 97, 196, 251

  forced conversions 138

  and Iconoclasm 154–5

  and Jerusalem 115

  jiha¯dsee ‘holy war’

  John I Tzimiskes 11, 202

  conquest of Bulgaria 174, 176, 183

  and Fatimid caliphate 180

  and Franks 179

  John II Komnenos 204, 205, 205

  and Cumans 184

  and Hungary 192

  and Seljuk Turks 185, 187

  John III Doukas Vatatzes 253–4

  John IV Laskaris 253

  and Palaiologan revival 254, 255

  John V Palaiologos: and Andronikos IV 270–2

  and civil war 265–8

  and Ottoman Turks 268, 269–70, 271–3

  and union with Rome 269, 271

  John VI see John Kantakouzenos

  John VII 270, 271

  and Manuel II 272, 273, 274

  John VIII Palaiologos:

  and Ottoman Turks 275–6, 277

  and succession 280

  and union with Rome 277, 278–9, 278, 283

  John XIII Glykys, patriarch 286

  John XIV Kalekas, patriarch 265–7

  John Argyropoulos 292, 293

  John the Cappadocian 47

  John Chrysostom, St 5, 102, 103

  John Damascene, St 157, 214

  John Doukas 204

  John of Ephesus 49

  Lives of the Oriental Saints 210

  John Italos 12

  John Kantakouzenos (Grand Domestic) 262, 263, 265–8, 266

  John Lydus 47, 62, 220

  John Scholastikos, The Heavenly ladder 209

  John Skylitzes, Chronicle 174, 202

  John Stobaeus 220

  John Vladislav 238

  Jones, A. H. M. 5

  Joseph I, patriarch 255

  Joseph II, patriarch 278, 279

  Jovan Ugleša 269

  Jovian, emperor 31–2

  Julian the Apostate 6, 26, 28, 102

  and Constantius II 27–8

  Contra Galilaeos 224

  and court 30

  Orations and Letters 224

  and paganism 14, 28–30, 29, 31–2, 103, 293

  and Persian campaign 30–1, 57

  Julius Constantiu
s (half-brother of Constantine) 26

  Justin I, emperor 42, 46

  Justin II, emperor 51, 60

  Justin Martyr 100, 224

  Justinian I:

  and aristocracy 42, 45, 49–51

  and Avars 49

  and the Church 42–5, 49, 55, 82

  Cisterna Basilica 68–9, 68

  and cities 88

  and civil law 5, 45, 46, 60

  extent of empire 52

  and historiography 6

  and imperial regalia 60, 60

  legacy 51

  and monasticism 111

  and ‘Nika’ insurrection 45–6

  Novel 44 61, 62

  and paganism 42, 111

  and Persia 46, 47

  in Ravenna mosaic 3, 4

  reforms 42–51

  and revenues 45, 49–51

  and St Sophia 9, 42, 69

  Justinian II:

  and Arab threat 135–6, 137

  coinage 134, 136

  deposition 136

  restoration 137

  Justiniana Prima, and urban life 88, 163

  Justinianic Code 5, 45, 46, 149, 222

  Kakopetria (Cyprus), St Nicholas monastery 155

  Kallipolis, Ottoman capture 268, 269, 271

  Kalojan (Johanitza) of Bulgaria 195

  Kars kingdom 180

  Kavad of Persia 42

  Kavad-Shiroe (son of Khusro II) 57

  Kekaumenos, Admonitions 11, 12

  Kellia (Egypt), Lavra monastery 211, 212

  Khazars 60

  and Christianity 231, 232, 233, 242–3

  as threat 134–5, 137

  Kherson see Cherson

  Khirbet al-Mafjar, bath 110

  Khludhov Psalter 156, 230

  Khusro I of Persia 47

  Khusro II of Persia 53–7, 121

  Kiev, St Sophia cathedral 244, 245

  Kılıç Arslan II, sultan 187

  Klokotnitsa, battle (1230) 254

  Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes 272

  kommerkiarioi (commerciarii) 8, 63, 145–6, 148, 149–50, 166

  Komnenoi dynasty:

  and Constantinople 69

  and insignia 63

  and role of women 206

  and separatist movements 10

  strength 193, 204–6

  Kormisos, khan 135

  Kosovo Polje, battle (1389) 270

  Krum, Bulgar khan 172

  Küçük Mustafa 276

  Lakhmids 121, 123

  landownership:

  and ethnicity 11

  influence 72, 148, 197

  and Justinian’s reforms 40, 45, 49–51

  and military land grants 132–3, 140, 144–5, 147

  and monasteries 15–16, 210–11, 244

  and rural populations 89, 91

  by state 198–9

  and tax-evasion 39, 40, 49–51

  by temples 73

  tenth-century 9

  Late Antiquity 5–10

  and agriculture 88–9

  and Christianity 96–114, 231

  and literature 220–1, 226

  and occupations 87

  and trade 163

  and urban life 8, 71–87

  Latin, knowledge of 1, 5, 10, 142

  Latin Empire of Constantinople 250–1, 253–4, 294

  recovery attempts 256, 257–8

  latrines, public 79, 87

  law, and Justinian 45, 46

  Laz 11

  Lazica, kingdom 56, 57

  learning:

  medieval revival 214–29

  and Ottoman rule 275–6

  Palaiologan revival 6, 229, 248, 254, 284–93

  Lemerle, Paul 12

  Leo I 39

  Leo III 2, 139

  and Arab threat 138–40, 153

  Ecloga 139, 149, 158

  and Iconoclasm 139, 140, 153, 155, 157, 172

  Leo III, Pope, and Charlemagne 170

  Leo IV, and Iconoclasm 141–2, 170

  Leo V the Armenian 11, 201

  and Bulgaria 232

  and Iconoclasm 153, 172, 220

  Leo VI 203

  Basilica 222

  and Bulgaria 175

  and the Church 14

  and law 222

  marriages 15, 202

  ministers 11

  and textile industry 168

  Leo the Mathematician 216

  Leo the Wise, Oracles 281–2

  Leonardo Dellaportas 297

  Leont’ev, K. 13, 16

  Leontios Makhairas 298, 299

  Leontius, emperor 136–7

  Lesbos:

  Byzantine reconquest 263

  and Latin empire 250

  Libanius (professor of rhetoric) 102, 224, 287

  libraries 78, 216, 220–1, 286, 287

  Licinia Eudoxia (wife of Valentinian III) 45

  Licinius:

  defeat by Constantine 19, 21, 22, 66

  persecutions 114

  as Western Augustus 20, 21

  literature:

  Christian 149, 224, 287

  classical 215, 217–20, 223, 225–6, 235, 286–7

  Dark Age 148–9, 214

  Franco-Greek 295–302

  Late Antique 220–1

  Palaiologan 284–5

  romances 285, 295–7, 301–2

  Slavonic 173, 231, 238, 246

  by women 206

  logothetes 147

  Lombards:

  attack on Sardinia 132

  and Avars 51

  Italian conquests 51, 134, 140, 169–70, 179

  and papacy 169

  Louis II of Germany 233

  Louis VII of France 192

  Louis IX of France 207, 257

  Lucian 216, 224, 287

  Lyons, Second Council (1274) 257–8, 260

  Macedonia:

  Catalan attacks 261

  and civil war 267

  Nicaean capture 254, 260

  Latin rule 250

  and Ottoman threat 277

  and Serbia 267

  ‘Macedonian’ dynasty 7, 11, 15, 202, 203–4, 205–6

  and Renaissance 226–8

  Macedonius, bishop 79

  Madaba (Jordan), mosaics 112, 115, 115

  Madara, cliff reliefs 135

  magic, and amulets 109, 111

  Magister officiorum 147

  Magister scriniorum 61–2

  Magnentius, Western emperor 27

  Magnus Maximus 32–4, 36

  Magyars:

  and Bulgaria 175

  and Byzantium 179, 180, 234

  Malik Shah (Seljuk leader) 184, 185

  Mamlukes 257

  Al-Mamun b. Harun al-Rashid, caliph 215, 216

  Mandeville, Sir John 2

  mandylion (sacred towel) 118, 118

  Manfred of Sicily 257, 258

  Manichaeans 96, 125

  Mantzikert, battle (1071) 184–5, 189, 204

  Manuel I 66, 190, 299

  and Constantinople 199

  and Italy 193

  and Second Crusade 192, 195

  and Seljuk Turks 185, 187

  and succession 205

  Manuel II Palaiologos:

  and Andronikos IV 270–2

  and John VII 272, 273, 274

  and Ottoman Turks 269, 270, 273–6, 277

  and revival of learning 249

  Manuel Chrysoloras 291–3

  Manuel Moschopoulos 286–7, 298

  manuscripts, illuminated 222, 223, 227–9, 227, 287, 303

  marble, trade in 165, 165

  Marcus Aurelius 100, 226

  Mardaïtes 136

  Maria of Antioch 190, 206

  Maria Lekapene 175

  Maria Palaiologos (Melane) 258

  Marino Falieri 297

  market place 73

  Ephesus 76, 78

  Side 83

  Marko Kraljevič 269

  Martin I, Pope 133

  Martin I V, Pope 258

  Martina (mother of Herakl
onas) 129–31

  Martyrius, St, and the monastery he founded 211, 212

  martyrs:

  cult of 106–9, 107, 113, 114, 115, 117

  and relics 116–17

  mathematics 288

  Matthew Kantakouzenos 267–8

  Maurice, emperor, and Persia 51–3, 57

  Maxentius, Western emperor 20–1

  Maximian, Western emperor 20, 113

  Maximian, bishop 4, 194

  Maximin, Eastern Caesar 20, 21

  Maximos Planudes 13, 286, 287, 288, 289

  Maximus Confessor 133

  Maximus, Magnus 32–4, 36

  Mecca, and Muhammad 58, 121

  medicine 222, 223, 285, 288, 293

  Mehmed I, sultan 274–6

  Mehmed II ‘the Conqueror’ 277, 277, 280–3, 280, 283, 286, 294

  and Constantinople 67

  Meleager of Gadara, Garland 225

  Menteshe beylik 261, 262

  mercenaries 251, 261, 263, 267

  merchants 163, 163

  Mesopotamia:

  Arab conquest 129, 142

  and Persian threat 47

  village life 93

  Meteora monasteries (Thessaly) 213, 213

  Methodios, patriarch 158

  Methodios, St 230, 231, 232, 235, 238–9

  Michael I Doukas of Epiros 254

  Michael I Rhangabe 201

  Michael II of Amorium 201

  Michael III 158, 161, 206

  and Basil I 7, 15, 202

  and Boris of Bulgaria 231, 232, 233–4

  and Constantine-Cyril and Methodius 239

  and historiography 7

  and Rus 233

  Michael IV 183, 203

  Michael V 203

  Michael VI 204

  Michael VII Doukas 1, 204, 206

  and Normans 189–90

  and Seljuk Turks 185

  Michael VIII Palaiologos 253, 254

  and ecclesiastical union 257–8, 260, 271, 278

  and reconstruction 254–7

  Michael IX 261, 262

  Michael Autoreianos, patriarch 253

  Michael Keroularios 208

  Michael Komnenos Doukas 251

  Michael Psellos 1, 12, 13, 202

  Michael Syncellus 214

  Military Logothete (Logothetes tou stratiôtikou) 146, 147

  militia 61–2

  millet status 294

  Milvian bridge, battle (312) 21, 21

  missions 125, 230–47

  Mistra:

  and Achaia 250

  frescoes 303

  and Nicaea 254

  Ottoman capture (1460) 283

  Palace of the Despots 300, 302

  monarchy 13, 14

  monasteries:

  coenobitic 211, 212

  family 70, 209

  in Holy Land 117, 209

  imperial 15

  as landowners 15–16, 210–11, 244

  lavra 211, 212

  Syrian 95

  urban 209

  monasticism 209–13, 295

  and Byzantine mission 239–43

  and Church and State 15–16, 110

  and Constantine V 158

  early 109–11, 209

  and Iconoclasm 15, 212

  Monophysite 49

  and social service 211

  Mongols:

  in Rus 244

  see also Ilkhanids

  Monophysitism 49, 106, 142

  monotheism, and rise of Islam 58, 125, 171