The Oxford History of Byzantium

by Cyril Mango

  Monothelitism 106

  and Constans II 7, 133

  and Constantine IV 134, 137

  Montanism 155

  Morea, Despotate:

  and Nicaean empire 254

  and Ottoman Turks 277, 294

  mosaics:

  Apamea 86, 97

  Constantinople 14, 18, 24, 110, 112, 113, 157, 162, 182, 203, 226, 254, 259

  Damascus 124

  figural 162

  Madaba 112, 115, 115

  Nicaea 159

  in private houses 79, 113

  Ravenna 3, 4, 14, 46, 60

  Thessalonica 152

  Mount Athos:

  archives 60

  monasteries 16, 211, 213, 227, 240, 241, 305

  recovery (1403) 274

  Mount Kithairon, St Meletios monastery 212, 213

  Mount Levounion, battle (1091) 183

  Mount Sinai, Monastery of St Catherine 54, 95, 209

  icons 151, 152, 153, 302, 303

  Mouzalon (general) 261

  Mshatta (Jordan), palace 125

  Muhammad, and rise of Islam 58, 121–3, 125, 126

  al-Mundhir, king of the Ghassanids 123

  Muqtadir, caliph 128

  Murad I, sultan 268, 270–2, 273

  Murad II, sultan 276, 277, 279–80

  Murfatlar (Bulgaria), cave-chapels 240

  Mustafa (Ottoman pretender) 276

  Myriokephalon, battle (1176) 187

  mythology:

  Christian 113–14

  pagan 113, 113

  Neoplatonism 29, 97, 154, 291

  Nestorianism 106

  New Testament 103

  Nicaea:

  Church of the Dormition 159

  and Ottoman Turks 261–2, 263

  reconquest 185

  and Seljuk Turks 12, 185

  walls 73, 139, 185, 253, 253

  Nicaea, Empire 251, 253

  and Constantinople 253

  and Epiros 253–4

  Nicaea:

  First Council (325) 25, 104–5, 104

  Second Council (787) 15, 111, 152, 153, 161, 162, 170

  Nicander, Theriaca 224, 229

  Nicholas II, Pope 189

  Nicholas of Myra, St 88, 89

  Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch 128, 175, 236, 240, 242

  Nicomedia:

  defeat of Licinius by Constantine at 19

  as Diocletian’s capital 1, 73

  and Ottoman threat 261, 262, 263

  Nicopolis crusade (1396) 273–4

  ‘Nika’ insurrection 45–6

  Nikephoros I, emperor:

  and Bulgars 172, 185, 201

  as reformer 7

  Nikephoros I, patriarch:

  and historiography 154, 215, 217

  and Iconoclasm 154, 155, 158–9

  Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor:

  and Bulgaria 176

  and Fatimid caliphate 180

  and monasticism 213

  Nikephoros III Botaneiates 204

  Nikephoros Gregoras 13, 285–6, 288, 289

  Nikitari (Cyprus), church of Asinou 18

  Nineveh, defeat of Persians (627) 57

  Niš, Ottoman conquest 270, 279

  Nisibis:

  baptistery 31

  Persian attacks on 26–7, 31, 47

  Nomokanon see canon law

  Normans, as threat to Byzantium 182, 189–92

  North Africa:

  Arab attacks 134, 136–7, 142, 171

  seventh-century revolts 131, 133

  and Vandals 38, 46, 46

  Notitia Dignitatum 61–2, 61, 167

  Nureddin, and ‘counter crusade’ 193

  Nymphaeum palace, near Smyrna 253, 300

  occupations, Late Antique 87

  Odoacer (general) 40

  Oghuz Turks, and Pechenegs 183

  Old Believers, Russia 246

  Old Testament 99, 103

  Olga of Kiev 231, 234, 237, 243

  Olympias (wife of Constantine X) 189–90

  Omurtag, khan 135

  Opsician Theme:

  and Constans II 131, 133

  and Constantine IV 134–5

  and Constantine V 140, 141

  and Justinian II 136

  and Leo III 138

  and Philippicus 137

  order (taxis) 16

  Orhan (son of Osman I) 262, 263, 267–8

  Origen 104, 109, 154

  Orthodoxy 5–6, 15, 151–2, 154

  and imperial mission 233–4, 241, 244–7

  and Ottoman rule 294–5

  and political identity 179

  and reunion with Rome 15, 257–8, 260, 269, 271, 278–9, 278, 283

  Osman I 261–2

  Ostrogoths:

  in Balkans 40

  in Italy 40, 46

  Otho de la Roche 250

  Otto I of Germany 179

  Otto II of Germany 179

  Otto III of Germany 168, 179, 180

  Ottoman Turks:

  Balkan resistance to 279–80

  and conquest of Constantinople (1453) 248, 280–3, 280

  and conquest of Trebizond 251, 294

  and defeat 274–5

  and late Byzantine state 248, 251, 261–3, 265, 267–70

  and Palaiologan vassalage 270–3, 276, 277–83

  and siege of Constantinople (1394–6) 273–4, 294

  and threat to Constantinople 268

  paganism 96, 97

  and art 111–13

  and Athens 84

  and Constantine 18, 21–2, 111

  as demonic 100

  and education 101–2

  and healing 113

  and Julian 14, 27–32, 103, 293

  and Justinian 42, 111

  neo-paganism 291, 293

  and Pechenegs 183

  rural 89

  painting 302–5

  miniature 79, 156, 174, 181, 190, 191, 202, 222, 229, 230, 232, 266, 302

  portraiture 151–2, 151

  wallpainting 79, 100, 163, 256, 280, 303–5, 303, 304

  see also icons

  Palaiologan period:

  Church and State 15

  and Ottoman vassalage 270–3, 276, 277–83

  and revival of learning 6, 229, 254, 284–93

  Palatine Anthology 68, 225, 286 see also Greek Anthology

  Palestine:

  and Arabs 58, 129, 169

  crusader principalities 191–2

  and literary tradition 214

  Ottoman conquest (1516–17) 294

  Persians in 53, 58, 121

  Palmatus (governor) 25

  papacy 2, 179

  and Bulgaria 173

  and ecclesiastical union 257–8, 260, 269, 271, 278–9, 278, 283

  and Franks 169–70

  and Holy Roman empire 189, 257

  and Iconoclasm 139, 140, 158, 161, 169

  and Lombards 169

  and Normans 189

  and secular states 207

  Papak (Persian revolutionary) 23

  papyrus, use of 61–2, 217, 218, 220

  parchment, use of 62, 217–18

  Patmos, monastery 210

  patronage:

  imperial 27, 95, 285–6, 291

  of monasteries 15

  private 257, 285–6

  of provincial governors 84

  Paul, patriarch 161, 170

  peasants 150, 180–2, 199, 295

  Pechenegs:

  and Bulgaria 175

  and Michael IV 183

  and threat to Constantinople 10, 182–4

  Pelekanos, battle (1329) 263

  Peloponnese

  independence from Byzantium 250

  population transfers 11

  Venetian holdings in 251

  Pepin III ‘the Short 169, 170

  Peroz of Persia 42

  persecution:

  of Christians 124, 180

  of dissidents 25, 105–6

  and Iconoclasm 141, 157–8

  of martyrs 1
13, 114

  Persia, and Nestorianism 106

  Persians:

  in Anatolia 53, 55, 56–7, 58

  and Arabs 123, 129, 131

  attack on Constantinople (626) 10, 56–7, 280

  attacks on imperial frontiers 26–7, 28, 31–2, 40, 42, 51–5, 125

  in Egypt 55, 58

  and Heraclius 55–7, 56, 59, 129

  and Julian the Apostate 30–1, 57

  and Justinian 46, 47

  and Maurice 51–3

  and Roman empire 22, 23

  in Syria-Palestine 53, 58

  Peter III of Aragon 258

  Peter of Bulgaria 175–6, 234

  Philadelphia, and Ottoman Turks 262

  Philip the Bold of Burgundy 273

  Philip of Courtenay 258

  Philippi, churches 85

  Philippicus, emperor 137

  Philippopolis, Ottoman capture 268–9

  philology 287, 293

  philosophy:

  Aristotelian 12, 295

  Christianity as 99–100, 103–5, 111

  and Hesychasm 265

  and religion 96–7

  Philotheos, Kletorologion 61

  Phokas, emperor 14, 53, 136

  Phokas family 11, 199

  Photius, patriarch of Constantinople 235

  Bibliotheca 220–1

  and Bulgaria 232

  Eisagoge 15

  and revival of learning 13, 208, 215, 220–1, 226

  and Rus 232

  Piganiol, A. 18

  pilgrimage 95, 115–19, 211

  and Ephesus 81–3

  and Holy Land 115–17, 209

  and Thessalonica 85

  Pisa, and trade 70, 192, 197, 295

  Planudes see Maximos Planudes

  Plato, Platonism 96, 293

  Plato, St 215

  Plethon (George Gemistos) 291, 293

  Pliska, Byzantine capture 174

  poetry 7, 12, 103, 215, 285, 287, 299–300, 302

  Arabic 124, 126

  Poimanenon, battle (1224) 254

  Poles, and conversion to Christianity 240

  population:

  and disease 49, 148

  ethnic mix 11, 196, 284

  rural 149, 150

  transfers 11, 136, 187, 199, 251

  urban 69, 79, 142–3, 148, 198

  Postal Logothete (Logothetes tou dromou) 147

  pottery, trade in 165

  Preslav:

  Byzantine conquest 174, 176

  Round Church 173

  Primary Chronicle (Russian) 236, 243, 246

  Priscian, Institutiones 5

  Prochoros Kydones 289

  Proconnesus, marble quarries 165

  Procopius (historian) 5, 47, 49, 60, 63, 168

  Procopius (revolutionary) 32

  protocol 61, 62, 231–2

  Prousa, and Ottoman threat 262 see also Bursa

  Purgatory 2, 16, 257

  Pythagoreanism 96, 100

  Qal’at Seman 117, 117

  Qalb Loseh (Syria), church 93

  Qasr ibn Wardan, ‘desert estate’ 94

  Quinisext Council (692) 111, 136, 149, 154–5, 156–7

  Qur’an 121, 125

  Qusayr ‘Amra, bath 110

  Radagaisus (Gothic commander) 38

  Rastislav of Moravia 231, 239

  Ravenna:

  imperial court 38, 39, 40

  imperial palace 14

  Lombard capture 140

  San Vitale mosaics 3, 4, 46, 60, 194

  Sant’Apollinare Nuovo 14

  regalia, imperial 60

  relics 106–8, 116, 118, 207

  of True Cross 87, 116, 118–19, 119

  religio:

  and Christianity 97, 106

  and philosophy 96–7

  and science 98

  reliquaries 116–17, 119, 119

  revenues, imperial:

  and Arab conquests 131

  and army 39, 51, 55

  and churches 55

  and Justinian 45, 49–51

  Western empire 39

  see also taxation

  rhetoric 101–3, 216, 223–4, 226, 285, 287–8, 295

  Rhine, and barbarian tribes 22, 27–8, 32, 36, 38

  Rhodes:

  Arab attacks 131, 137

  Arab capture 134

  Byzantine recovery 134

  Ottoman capture (1522) 294

  Persian capture (623) 55

  Richard I of England ‘the Lionheart’ 196, 295

  Robert Guiscard (Norman leader) 189–90, 192

  Roger II of Sicily 192, 194

  Roger de Flor 261

  Roman empire:

  and adoption of Christianity 4, 21

  as city-based 22, 24, 71

  and Constantine 19–22, 25–6, 179

  division 2, 19, 36

  extent 22–3

  and religio 96

  see also Tetrarchy

  Roman empire, Eastern 2, 10, 19–59, 87

  and Arab threat 58–9

  and barbarian threat 22–3, 36–7, 38, 40

  and Church and State 40–2

  and civil war 53, 59, 129

  and defence of the West 40

  and imperial regalia 60

  and Persian threat 22–3, 26–7, 28, 31–2, 40, 42, 47, 51–7

  and Persian war (624–5) 55–6, 56, 59, 125, 129

  see also revenues

  Roman empire, Western 2, 32–6

  and aristocracy 38–9

  and barbarian threat 22–3, 32, 37–40

  decline 36–7, 39–40

  see also revenues

  romances 285, 295–7, 301–2

  Romanos I Lekapenos 11, 175, 202, 221

  Romanos II 167, 202, 238

  marriage 228, 229

  Romanos III Argyros 182, 203

  Romanos IV Diogenes, capture 184–5, 204

  Romanos and Christopher, and textile industry 168

  Rome:

  and Byzantium 1–4, 10, 169, 257

  and Constantine 21

  sack by Vandals (455) 39

  sack by Visigoths 38

  union with 15, 257–8, 260, 269, 271, 278–9, 278, 283

  Romulus, Western emperor 40

  Rotrud (daughter of Charlemagne) 170

  Rum, sultanate 187, 193

  Rus:

  and Bulgaria 176

  and Byzantium 180, 184

  Cave Monastery 241

  and Church and State 244–6

  conversion to Christianity 180, 231, 232, 236–7, 240–2, 244

  and Crimea 243

  and Mongol invasions 244

  and Old Believers 246

  Rusafa 50, 117, 124

  Sayf al-Dawla of Aleppo 176

  St Sophia (Constantinople) 5, 43, 44, 47, 110, 283

  Deisis 254

  and Justinian 9, 42, 69

  mosaics 18, 110, 157, 162, 182, 203, 204, 226, 254

  refurbishing 256

  saints:

  cult of 106–9, 111, 113–14, 117

  and ex voto offerings 118

  Saladin, and ‘counter crusade’ 193, 195–6

  Salutius 31

  Samos, and Latin empire 250

  Samuel of Bulgaria 176, 195, 238

  Sardinia 132, 138

  Sardis:

  baths 83

  and provincial governor 84

  shops and workshops 82, 83, 163

  Saruhan beylik 262, 264

  Sasanian dynasty 23, 42, 47, 51–3, 129

  Savci Çelebi (son of Murad I) 270–1

  Scholae (tagma) 140

  science 216, 288

  and religio 98

  script:

  Cyrillic 238, 238

  Glagolitic 237

  majuscule 218

  minuscule 215, 217, 218–19, 219, 221

  sculpture 60, 226, 302

  Scythopolis 8

  Scyths 184

  seals, lead 8, 63, 63, 145–6, 166

  sebastos 61, 63, 20
5, 210

  Second Crusade (1147–9) 192–3

  Seljuk Turks:

  and attacks on Asia Minor 12, 182, 184–5, 253, 294

  disintegration of state 185, 260

  and Nicaean empire 254

  and Normans 190

  and sultanate of Rum 187

  senate, Constantinople 24, 27, 45–6, 53–5, 72

  Serbia:

  and Andronikos II 260, 262

  and Basil I 231

  expansion of 193, 263, 265, 267

  and Normans 192

  and Ottoman Turks 269, 270, 279

  secession from empire 249

  Sergius, St, burial place 50

  Serjilla (Syria):

  public buildings 92

  rural houses 91

  service:

  by aristocracy 24, 38–9, 61, 71–2

  military, by barbarians 36

  Ševčenko, Ihor 235–6

  Severus, Western Caesar 20

  Sha’ib Shahr (Mesopotamia), houses 93

  Shapur I of Persia 23

  Shapur II of Persia, attacks on Nisibis 26–7

  Shepherd of Hermas 110, 224

  Shiite Muslims 176, 180

  shipping, international 9, 12, 163, 168, 197

  shops 73, 76, 82, 83, 85, 87, 92, 163

  shrines:

  and life of Christ 115–17, 209

  of martyrs 106–7, 115, 117

  and pilgrimage 82, 95, 117, 211

  Sicilian Vespers revolt (1281) 258

  Sicily 169

  Arab attacks 134, 171

  and Basil II 180

  and Charles of Anjou 257, 258

  and Constans II 133

  and Constantine IV 134

  and Constantine V 140

  and Nicaean empire 254

  and Normans 189, 193

  reconquest 179

  Side (Anatolia):

  churches 85

  marketplace 83

  plan 84

  and provincial governor 84

  temples 84

  theatre 78, 83

  Sigismund of Hungary 273

  silk industry 60, 168, 168, 198, 251

  silver plate 55, 56, 79, 89, 92, 113, 165

  Silvester I, Pope 207

  Simonis (daugher of Andronikos II) 260

  Sinassos (Cappadocia), chapel of St Basil 158

  Six Wings 289

  Skleros family 11, 199

  Skopje, conquest (1282) 260

  Slavs 53

  in Balkans 51, 57–8, 231

  in Byzantine population 11, 196

  and conversion to Christianity 173, 235, 238, 246

  siege of Thessalonica 134

  in Thrace 136, 140–1

  Smyrna:

  Nymphaeum palace 253, 300

  and Seljuk Turks 185

  society:

  militarization 4, 144–6, 148

  seventh- and eighth-century changes 142–50

  Socrates (historian) 103, 105–6

  Sofia, Ottoman conquest 270

  Sol Invictus 17, 17, 22

  Sopoc´ani (Serbia), Holy Trinity monastery 303

  Sozomen (historian) 105

  Spain, and Visigoths 38, 46

  stadium:

  Aphrodisias 83

  Ephesus 80

  Stara Zagora, battle (1122) 184

  Stavrakios (son of Nikephoros I) 201

  Stephanos Sachlikis 297

  Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica 220