The Lost Colony of Roanoke
Page 33
28. Hakluyt, Principal Navigations… #33.
29. Ibid.
30. Lee Miller, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2001) pp. 228–9.
31. Ibid.
32. Francis Newton Thorpe, The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the State, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America Vol. VII (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909) p. 3783. “The First Charter of Virginia; April 10, 1606.”
33. Ibid.
34. Thorpe, Vol. I, p. 53. “Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584.”
35. P. Evans, M. Laird, and N. Luccketti, 2012 Archaeological Investigation of Site 31BR46 On Salmon Creek, Bertie County, North Carolina. First Colony Foundation, March 2014, p. 65.
Chapter 5
1. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) p. 74.
2. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #25: “The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585.”
3. Ibid. (An English tun referred to an old wine cask measurement of volume equivalent to 954 litres of wine which weighed roughly a ton. See Wikipedia: English tun.)
4. Quinn, Set Fair, p. 53, 85.
5. “Past, Present and Future Inlets of the Outer Banks Barrier Islands, North Carolina,” a White Paper by Mallinson, Culver, Riggs, Walsh, Ames, Smith, Members of the North Carolina College of Arts and Sciences and Institute for Coastal Science and Policy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. December 2008.
6. Ibid., pp. 9–14.
7. Ibid. GPR data, pp. 5–7.
8. Quinn, Set Fair, p. 102.
9. “White–de Bry Map of 1590,” Fort Raleigh National Historic Site website, National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior.
10. David Stick, Roanoke Island, the Beginnings of English America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983) p. 81.
11. “Past, Present and Future Inlets…” p. 10.
12. Ibid.
13. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina (London, 1709) pp. 61, 64.
14. John Smith, “A True Relation,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907) p. 53.
Chapter 6
1. Robert Kerr, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, volume VII, chapter VIII “Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, in 1585, to the West Indies” (Edinburgh: George Ramsay, 1812) p. 356
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., pp. 362–3
4. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) p. 300
5. Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations, 1589, “John White’s Account of the Abortive Voyage of the Brave and the Roe,” pp. 771–773. This transcription is from Andrew T. Powell, Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke, “The Voyages of 1588,” pp. 139–147.
6. Mark Nicholls, and Penry Williams, Sir Walter Raleigh in Life and Legend (London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011) p. 36.
7. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1915) Vol. I, pp. 19–20.
8. Quinn, Set Fair, p. 300.
9. Email from Andy Powell to the author, May 19, 2015.
10. “John White’s Account…” from Powell, p. 140.
11. Ibid.
12. The Deposition of Pedro Diaz… “in Havana on the twenty-first day of March in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-nine.” This transcription from Andrew T. Powell, Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke (Leicester, UK: Matador/Troubador Publishing, 2011) pp. 155.
13. James Horn, A Kingdom Strange (New York: Basic Books, 2010) p. 171.
14. Quinn, Set Fair, p. 305.
15. Ibid., p. 144.
16. Ibid., p. 146.
17. Ibid., p. 147.
18. Helen Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989) p. 47.
19. Upon his return to Roanoke in 1590, White observed that the houses and been disassembled and that light cannonry and other weaponry had been removed from the settlement. See Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #33, “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.”
20. Hakluyt #33.
21. Paul Hoffman, “New Light on Vicente Gonzalez’s 1588 Voyage in Search of Raleigh’s English Colonies,” The North Carolina Historical Review vol. 63, no. 2 (April 1986), p. 218.
22. Paul E. Hoffman, Spain and the Roanoke Voyages (Raleigh: North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1987) p. 48.
23. Hoffman, “New Light on Vicente Gonzalez’s 1588 Voyage in Search of Raleigh’s English Colonies,” pp. 200–201.
24. Ibid., p. 50. See also Quinn, Set Fair, p. 308.
25. Hoffman, Spain and the Roanoke Voyages, p. 49. See also Fr. Luis Geronimo de Ore, The Martyrs of Florida (1513–1616) translated, with biographical Preface and notes, by Maynard Geiger, Franciscan Studies no. 18 (New York: J.F. Wagner, 1937).
Chapter 7
1. Paul E. Hoffman, Spain and the Roanoke Voyages (Raleigh: North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1987) p. 48.
2. Scott Dawson, “New Theory?” The Outer Banks Sentinel, September 13, 2006.
3. Charles Harry Whedbee, Blackbeard’s Cup and Stories of the Outer Banks (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1989).
4. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #33, “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.”
5. Ibid.
6. V.J. Bellis, “Ecology of maritime forests of the southern Atlantic coast: a community profile.” Biological report 30, May 1995. National Biological Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. See also K. Hill, “Maritime Hammock Habitats” at the Smithsonian Marine Station website: http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Hammock_Habitat.htm#top.
7. “Buxton Woods,” www.hatteras-nc.com/buxton-woods.html.
8. See “Quercus Virginiana” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_virginiana.
9. National Wildlife Federation. “Southern Live Oak.” https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Plants/Southern-Live-Oak.aspx
10. Ibid.
11. “Seven Sisters Oak,” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_Oak.
12. “THE Tree … Angel Oak,” http://www.angeloaktree.org/history.htm.
13. “The Big Tree, Rockport,” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Tree,_Rockport.
14. “Live Oak: Southern Ecological Heritage,” by Dr. Kim Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care. Dendrology Series (Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources: University of Georgia, March 2015) p. 4.
15. Ibid.
16. William G. Haag, The Archaeology of Coastal North Carolina, Coastal Studies Series 2 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958). Also “The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia,” Charles R. Ewen, Thomas R. Whyte, and R.P. Stephen Davis, Jr., editors. North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30, 2011. Chapter 7, pp. 2–3.
17. Haag, The Archaeology, “H7 Frisco Dune Site.”
18. J.C. Harrington, “Evidence of Manual Reckoning in the Cittie of Ralegh,” The North Carolina Historical Review 33, no. 1 (1956): 1–11.
19. Ibid.
20. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #33.
21. Measurements taken by LCRG members Dawn Taylor and Jennifer Creech, 2014.
22. Blair A. Rudes, “The First Description of an Iroquoian People: Spaniards among the Tuscaroras before 1522,” n.d., p. 14.
23. Ibid., p. 33.
24. See Al Pate, “Who Are the Coree?” and “The Coree Are Not Extinct,” http://www.dickshovel.com/coreewho.html.
25. John Lawson, A N
ew Voyage to Carolina (London: N.p., 1709) p. 59.
26. Ibid.
27. James Sprunt, Tales and Traditions of the Lower Cape Fear, 1661–1896 (Wilmington, NC: LeGwin Brothers, 1896) p. 55.
28. Narrative and Critical History of America, Volume 5, Edited by Justin Winsor (New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1887) p. 289.
29. “Coree” (2. Language), Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coree
30. Rudes, “The First Description…” p. 14. Also see Stan Allen’s commentary in “Memorial: Remembering Our Friend, Blair A. Rudes, Linguistics Advisor to the CCIC” www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/memorial-remembering-our-friend-blair-a-rudes-linguistics-advisor-to-ccic/.
31. See “The Town of Swansboro,” Swansboro Chamber of Commerce. http://www.swansborochamber.org/Swansboro.html.
32. Lawson, pp. 58, 171, 299.
33. “Ethnohistorical Description of the Eight Villages adjoining Cape Hatteras National Seashore and Interpretive Themes of History and Heritage.” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, November 2005. Prepared for the Cape Hatteras National Seashore by Impact Assessment, Inc.
34. Charles Paul, “Colonial Beaufort: The History of a North Carolina Town,” 1965 Thesis (rev. 2011), p. 11.
35. Vincent H. Todd and Julius Goebel, eds., “Christoph von Graffenried’s Account of the Founding of New Bern” (Raleigh, NC: Edwards & Broughton Printing, 1920).
Chapter 8
1. Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations… #33 “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.” Entry for August 17.
2. See “Ships of the Roanoke Voyages,” The National Parks Service, Fort Raleigh, North Carolina.
3. Ibid.
4. Publications of the Navy Records Society of Great Britain, Julian S. Corbett, editor, Vol. II, “The Spanish War 1585–1587,” p. 1. Printed for the Navy Records Society, 1898.
5. Charles W. Livermore, Ye Antient Wrecke—1626, Loss of the Sparrow-Hawk in 1626 (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Sons, 1865) pp. 43–4.
6. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #30: “The Fourth Voyage Made to Virginia with Three Ships, in Yere 1587. Wherein was transported the second Colonie.”
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Andrew T. Powell, Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke (Leicester, UK: Matador/Troubador Publishing, 2011) p. 218.
10. Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations… #25 “The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585,” entry for May 13.
11. Sherwood Harris, “The Tragic Dream of Jean Ribault,” American Heritage Society Magazine, Volume 14, Issue 6, 1963.
12. Hobson Woodward, A Brave Vessel: A True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown (New York: Penguin Books, 2009) p. 78.
13. Ibid., pp. 93–4.
14. Email communications between the author and Andrew Powell, author and former mayor of Bideford, April 30 and May 1, 2015.
15. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) pp. 64, 138, 145–6.
16. Library of Congress, John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England & The Summer Isles (New York: Macmillan, 1907) Third Booke: 1608, “The punishment for loyterers,” p. 179.
17. William Strachey, A True Reportory… Part III “Their departure from Bermuda and arrival in Virginia Miseries there Departure and return upon the Lord La Warre's arriving-James Town described.” From Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus posthumus; or, Purchas his pilgrimes (London: William Stansby, 1625) in four volumes, beginning page 1734 in vol. IV.
18. The Library of Congress: Global Gateway, “New Maritime Routes in the 16th Century” http://international.loc.gov/intldl/fiahtml/fiatheme1a.html.
19. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, No. 74, Henry Bigelow and William Schroeder, “Fishes of the Gulf of Maine” (Washington, DC: GPO, 1953) p. 182.
Chapter 9
1. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #27 “An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh.”
2. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#30 “The Fourth Voyage Made to Virginia with Three Ships, in Yere 1587. Wherein was transported the second Colonie.”
3. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#33 “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.”
4. National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration, National Hurricane Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Glossary of NHC Terms: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.”
5. NOAA, National Ocean Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Ocean Facts: What is a Hurricane?”
6. Kevin France, “Top Five U.S. Cities Most Vulnerable to Hurricanes,” AccuWeatherc.com, June 25, 2015.
7. NOAA Hurricane Research Division, “Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States 1851–2014.” Contributed by Chris Landsea of the National Hurricane Center.
8. R. García-Herrera, L. Gimeno, P. Ribera, and E. Hernández, “New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 110, Issue D3, Feb 4, 2005.
9. In addition to the 2005 García-Herrera, et al. work, previous research included José Carlos Millás and Leonard Pardue, eds., “Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, 1492–1800,” Miami: Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas (1968); Huguette Chaunu and Pierre Chaunu (1955–1960), Séville et l'Atlantique (1504–1650) (in French) 12, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin; and David M. Ludlum (1963), Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870 (Boston: American Meteorological Society, OCLC 511649). All of this is summarized in “List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600” at Wikipedia.
10. García-Herrera, et al. Unattributed notation.
11. Scientific American, “Why do hurricanes hit the East Coast of the U.S.…” October 21, 1999. Reply by Chris W. Landsea, researcher at the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division of the NOAA, located in Miami, Fla.
12. See “Historical Hurricane Tracks” and “Hurricane Floyd Storm Review” at http://www.weather.gov/mhx/Sep161999EventReview and https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/index.html.
13. “Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2).” National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Research Division (May 7, 2015). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
14. “Hurricane Storm Surge,” Ocean Today. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2015.
15. Edward N. Rappaport, National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, “Fatalities in the United States from Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: New Data and Interpretation,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 95, Issue 3, 2014.
16. “What is the difference between storm surge and storm tide?” NOAA, National Ocean Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Ocean Facts, 2014.
17. “Event History: Hurricane Floyd 1999.” Storm Surge and Coastal Inundation. NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce.
18. Event Summaries, Hurricane Hazel October 15, 1954, “Event Overview” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
19. See the NOAA Storm Surge and Water Depth Maps for Central North Carolina at https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/GASCNCSurge.asp.
20. Hakluyt, #33 “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.”
21. Ibid.
22. Dennis J. Parker, editor, Floods, Vol. 1, “Health Effects of Floods” p. 181.
23. When John White finally returned to Roanoke in 1590, he noted that the colonists had left behind “heauie thinges” like “barres of iron, two pigges of lead, foure yron fowlers, Iron sacker-shotte” as well as other items presumably deemed either too cumbersome or unnecessary for the new mainland settlement. White “could perceiue no signe of” the lighter defensive armament like falconets and other small weaponry which were in the colonists’ possession. See Hakluyt, “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.”
Chapter 10
1. “The Legend of the Coharie,” by Ernest M. Bullard, reprinted in Huckleberry Historian, a quarterly publication of the Sampson County Historical Society, Volume XXXVI, Number 1, Jan 2014.
2. “Salt Water Inundation from Hurricane Sandy,” University of Delaware College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, 2012.
3. Ibid.
4. J. Curtis Weaver, and Thomas J. Zembrzuski, Jr., “August 31, 1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina.” Water Supply Paper 2499, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
5. See “List of North Carolina hurricanes” and also “Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale” at Wikipedia.
6. Hamilton McMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony. An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, With the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina (Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888) pp. 18, 20.
7. James Mooney, The Siouan Tribes of the East (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1894) p. 7.
8. See the Coharie tribal website http://www.coharietribe.org/
9. Email from W. Stephen Lee to the author, Dec. 21, 2014.
10. Ibid.
11. “Brief Sketch of a Few Prominent Indian Families of Sampson County,” by Enoch Emanuel and C.D. Brewington. From George Edwin Butler, The Croatan Indians of Sampson County, North Carolina. Their Origin and Racial Status. A Plea for Separate Schools… (Durham, NC: The Seeman Printery, 1916). p. 47.