The Lost Colony of Roanoke

by Fullam, Brandon

  12. Email from Don A. Grady to the author, June 7, 2016.

  13. O.M. McPherson, Report On Condition and Tribal Rights of the Indians of Robeson and Adjoining Counties of North Carolina (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept. 19, 1914).

  14. George Edwin Butler, The Croatan Indians of Sampson County, p. 9.

  15. Adolph L. Dial, and David K. Elaides, The Only Land I Know (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996) pp. 23–4.

  16. Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989) p. 85.

  Chapter 11

  1. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#32 “A letter from John White to M. Richard Hakluyt.”

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Ibid.

  5. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) p. 316.

  6. “The Defeat of the English Armada and the 16th-Century Spanish Naval Resurgence,” by Wes Ulm, Harvard University personal website. http://wesulm.bravehost.com/history/eng_armada.htm © 2004.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations… #33 “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.” Entry for August 17.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Ibid., August 18.

  11. Ibid., August 17.

  12. Ibid., August 12.

  13. Ibid., August 12–13.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid., August 16.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid., August 18.

  18. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#23: “The Letters Patents, granted by the Queenes Maiestie to M. Walter Ralegh now Knight, for the discovering and planting of new lands and Countries, to continue the space of 6. yeeres and no more.”

  19. Ibid.

  20. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#30: “The fourth voyage made to Virginia with three ships, in yere 1587. Wherein was transported the second Colonie.” Entry for August 13.

  21. Hakluyt, Principal Navigations… #33. August 15.

  22. Ibid. August 19.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ibid. August 28.

  25. Ibid. September 27–October 24.

  26. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#32.

  Chapter 12

  1. The Discovery of Guiana by Sir Walter Raleigh, a publication of Cassell’s National Library (London: Cassell & Co. Ltd., 1887) p. 16.

  2. Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1898) p. 121.

  3. “A brief note of the sending another Bark this present year, 1602, by the Honorable Knight, Sir Walter Raleigh, for the searching out of his Colony in Virginia” in “Tracts appended to Brereton,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. 28 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1843) pp. 94–5

  4. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) pp. 356–8.

  5. Ibid.

  6. David Beers Quinn, Explorers and Colonies: America 1500–1625 (London: Hambledon Press, 1990) p. 329.

  7. Ibid., pp. 350–353.

  Chapter 13

  1. John Smith, “A True Relation,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler. Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907) p. 45.

  2. Ibid., p. 49.

  3. Ibid., p. 53.

  4. Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1898) p. 47.

  5. Ibid., p. 62.

  6. John Smith, “A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler. Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907) p. 152.

  7. Ibid., p. 136.

  8. Ibid., p. 154.

  9. Brown, pp. 48–51.

  10. John Smith, “A True Relation,” p. 53.

  Chapter 14

  1. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1890) p. 190. (It should be noted that Brown was influenced by Hamilton McMillan, the previously mentioned advocate for Lumbee tribal recognition who claimed a Lumbee–Lost Colonist connection in Robeson, Sampson, and surrounding counties.)

  2. Stephen B. Weeks, “The Lost Colony of Roanoke: Its Fate and Survival,” in Papers of the American Historical Assoc. Vol. V (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891) p. 470.

  3. Samuel A’Court Ashe, History of North Carolina, Volume I (Greensboro, NC: Charles L. Van Noppen, 1908) p. 18.

  4. Philip Barbour, editor, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith in Three Volumes (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), vol. I, footnote 111.

  5. Virginia Council’s “Instruccions Orders And Constitucions To Sr Thomas Gates Knight Governor of Virginia, May 1609” #15; The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Samuel M. Bemiss (Williamsburg, VA: Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957) p. 55.

  6. See Eno People, “Historic Eno Variations” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_people

  7. John Smith, “A True Relation,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907) Smith, “A True Relation” p. 49.

  8. William Strachey, The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1849) pp. 48–9.

  9. Ibid., p. 26.

  10. The Discoveries of John Lederer, Together with a General MAP of the whole Territory which he Traversed. Collected by Sir William Talbot, Baronet (London: printed at Grays-Inne-gate in Holborn, 1672) p. iv.

  11. See “Occaneechi Path,” https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Occaneechi_Path

  12. The Discoveries of John Lederer, p. 15.

  13. Virginia Council’s “Instruccions … to Gates.”

  14. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#27: “An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh.”

  15. Charles Hudson, The Juan Pardo Expeditions (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005) p. 146.

  16. Charles M. Hudson (editor) and Herbert E. Ketcham (translator), The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Spanish Explorers and the Indians of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566–1568. With Documents Relating to the Pardo Expeditions (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990) pp. 254–296.

  17. Hudson and Ketcham, pp. 262, 165, 187, 188.

  18. Library of Congress, and Ralph Hamor, A True discourse of the present estate of Virginia (London: John Beale for William Welby, 1615) p. 33.

  19. “Francis Yeardley’s Narrative of Excursions into Carolina, 1654,” from Alexander S. Salley, Jr., editor, Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650–1708 (New York: Scribner’s, 1911).

  20. The Discoveries of John Lederer, p. 4.

  21. Ibid., p. 15.

  22. Fred A. Olds, “Our North Carolina Indians,” The North Carolina Booklet Vol. XVI, No. 1. The North Carolina Society of the Daughters of the Revolution (Raleigh: Commercial Printing Co., 1916) p. 39.

  23. Ibid., p. 16.

  Chapter 15

  1. John Smith, “A True Relation,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907) p. 53.

  2. Stephen B. Weeks, “The Lost Colony of Roanoke: Its Fate and Survival,” in Papers of the American Historical Assoc., Vol. V (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891) p. 469.

  3. Samuel A’Court Ashe, History of North Carolina, Volume I (Greensboro, NC: Charles L. Van Noppen, 1908) p. 19.

  4. Lee Miller, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2001) p. 259.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Smith, “A True Relation,” edited by Lyon G.
Tyler, p. 53.

  7. The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631), edited by Philip L. Barbour. Volume I (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986) p. 105.

  8. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #24, “The first voyage made to the coasts of America, with two barks, wherein were Captaines M. Philip Amadas, and M. Arthur Barlowe, who discouered part of the Countrey now called Virginia Anno 1584.”

  9. Hamilton McMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony. An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, With the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina (Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888) p. 14.

  10. Jonathan Culpeper, History of English (New York: Routledge, 2015) p. 35. Also see “double-u” digraph https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)

  11. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations…#25, “The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585.”

  12. Hakluyt. The Principal Navigations…#27, “An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh.”

  13. Peter C. Mancall, editor, The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) pp. 36–7.

  14. Carl Bridenbaugh, Jamestown 1544–1699 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) pp. 10–17.

  15. Smith, “A True Relation,” p. 44.

  Chapter 16

  1. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) pp. 365–6.

  2. James Horn, A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke (New York: Basic Books, 2010), p. 216–17.

  3. Hobson Woodward, A Brave Vessel (New York: Penguin, 2009) pp. 7–11.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Library of Congress. “Instructions Orders and Constitutions to Sir Thomas Gates knight Governor of Virginia May 1609” from Records of the Virginia Company of London. Thomas Jefferson Papers: Series 8: Virginia Records Manuscripts, 1606 to 1737 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906–1935).

  6. Ibid.

  7. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus posthumus; or, Purchas his pilgrimes (New York: Macmillan, 1906) vol. 18, p. 527.

  8. Ibid. See also Quinn, Set Fair, p. 365–6. Also Quinn, The Lost Colonists: Their Fortune and Probable Fate (Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1984). Eighth printing, 1999, p. 40.

  9. See The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) edited by Philip L. Barbour. Volume I (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).

  10. Seth Mallios, The Deadly Politics of Giving (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006) p. 87–8.

  11. Dr. Daniel Paul, Mi’Kmaq elder. “We Were Not the Savages: First Nation History” (Mi’Kmaq, Maliseet, etc., & European relations with them.) http://www.danielnpaul.com/Mi'kmaqCulture.html

  12. Thomas P. Slaughter, Exploring Lewis and Clark (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003) pp. 6–15.

  Chapter 17

  1. Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America: An Account of the Origin of the Nation (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1898) pp. 13, 15.

  2. Ibid., p. 63.

  3. Ibid., p. 64.

  4. American Historical Review, Vol XXV. “Spanish Policy Toward Virginia, 1606–1612; Jamestown, Écija, and John Clark of the Mayflower” (London: Macmillan, 1920) pp. 448–479.

  5. Brown, pp. 88–90.

  6. “Spanish Policy Toward Virginia, 1606–1612…” pp. 448–479.

  7. John H. Hann, “Translation of the Écija Voyages of 1605 and 1609 and the Gonzalez Derrotero of 1609” Florida Archaeology No. 2 (Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Nov. 2, 1986) pp. 33–4.

  8. Ibid.

  9. “Spanish Policy…” pp. 448–479.

  10. See “Legua de por grado,” League (Unit), Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)#Spain

  11. July 17–20 locations are taken from Hann, p. 76.

  12. Edward-Maria Wingfield, A Discourse of Virginia. Edited by Charles Deane (Boston: Privately Printed, 1860). Entry for July 3, 1607.

  13. George Percy, “Observations by Master George Percy 1607,” edited by Lyon G. Tyler. Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907) p. 9.

  14. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina (London: 1709) p. 62.

  15. Hakluyt. The Principal Navigations…#33, “The fift voyage of M. Iohn White into the West Indies and parts of America called Virginia, in the yeere 1590.” Entry for August 17.

  16. Lawson, p. 62.

  17. Hakluyt #33, Entry for August 13.

  Chapter 18

  1. William Strachey, A True Reportory… Part III “Their departure from Bermuda and arrival in Virginia—Miseries there—Departure and return upon the Lord La Warre's arriving—James Town described.” From Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus posthumus; or, Purchas his pilgrimes (London: William Stansby, 1625) in four volumes, beginning page 1734 in vol. IV.

  2. William Strachey, The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1849), editor’s preface.

  3. Strachey, A True Reportory… Part III.

  4. Strachey, The Historie of Travaile pp. 85–6.

  5. Ibid., p. 103.

  6. Ibid., p. 101.

  7. Ibid., p. 26.

  8. Ibid., p. 48.

  9. Ibid., p. 50.

  10. Ibid., pp. 19–20.

  11. David Beers Quinn, The Lost Colonists: Their Fortune and Probable Fate (Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1984). Published for America’s Four Hundredth Anniversary Committee, Eighth printing, 1999, p. 51.

  12. Ibid., p.51.

  13. Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989) pp. 9, 120; see also Strachey’s Historie, p. 28.

  14. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985) p. 367.

  15. Thomas C. Parramore, with Peter C. Stewart, and Tommy L. Bogger, Norfolk: The First Four Centuries (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994) p. 24.

  16. Ibid., p. 30.

  17. Ibid., pp. 24–5.

  18. Ibid., p. 18.

  19. Thomas C. Parramore. “The Lost Colony and the Tuscaroras,” in Roy F. Johnson, and Thomas C Parramore, The Lost Colony in Fact and Legend (Murfreesboro, NC: Johnson Publishing, 1983) p. 52.

  20. Quinn, Set Fair… p. 42.

  21. Parramore, et al., Norfolk: The First Four Centuries, p. 25.

  22. Alice Granbery Walter, editor, Lower Norfolk County, Virginia Court Records. Book “A” 1637–1646 & Book “B” 1646–1651/2 (transcribed by Walter from the 1950 microfilm of the original Journal in 1978), p. 294 in the original journal, but page 201 in Walter’s transcription.

  23. Roy F. Johnson, and Thomas C. Parramore, The Lost Colony in Fact and Legend (Murfreesboro, NC: Johnson Publishing Company, 1983) p. 39.

  24. Thomas C. Parramore, “The ‘Lost Colony’ Found: A Documentary Perspective.” The North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2001), pp. 67–83.

  25. Wilson Armistead, The Journal of George Fox: Being an Historical Account of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, Christian Experiences, and Labours of Love (London: W. and F.G. Cash, 1812) vol. II, p. 120.

  26. The Colonial Records Project, Jan-Michael Poff, Editor, North Carolina Office of Archives & History, Dept. of Cultural Resources. North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. 51, 1974, pp. 1–21. William S. Powell, “Carolina and the Incomparable Roanoke: Explorations and Attempted Settlements, 1620–1663.”

  27. Library of Congress. Records of the Virginia Company of London, “T
he Court Book.” Edited by Susan Myrna Kingsbury (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906).

  28. Edward D. Neill, Memoir of Rev. Patrick Copland (New York: Scribner’s, 1871) pp. 62–3.

  29. William Strachey, The Historie of Travaile… p. 28.

  30. William Bullock, “Virginia Impartially Examined” (London: Henry Whaley, 1649).

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Hamilton McMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony. An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, With the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina (Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888) p. 26.

  34. Ibid., pp. 8–9, 20.

  35. Ibid., p. 17.

  36. Johnson and Parramore. The Lost Colony in Fact and Legend. p. 84: “The Lost Colony and the Tuscaroras,” by Thomas Parramore.

  37. “Algonquian Indians of North Carolina, Inc.” Heritage: Roanoke-Hatteras Tribal History, at the Roanoke-Hatteras Indian Tribe website http://www.ncalgonquians.com/

  38. Ibid.

  39. Elizabeth Bailey, “Roanoke River,” NCpedia, 2006 (http://ncpedia.org/rivers/roanoke).

  40. “History of Roanoke” Virginia’s Blue Ridge Roanoke Valley website at http://www.visitroanokeva.com/visitors/history/roanoke-history/, also “Roanoke River” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_River.

  41. Library of Congress. The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 8. Virginia Records Manuscripts. 1606–1737. Susan Myra Kingsbury, editor, “Records of the Virginia Company, 1606–26, Volume III: Miscellaneous Records.”

  42. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations… #24: (1584 Amadas and Barlowe expedition), 2 “Roanoak” Island references. #25: (1585 Grenville voyage), 1 “Roanook” Island reference. #27: (1585–6 Grenville-Lane account), 13 “Roanoak” Island references. #28: (1586 Raleigh, Grenville relief ships), 1 “Roanoak” Island reference. #30: (1587 White colony), 11 “Roanoak” Island references. #33: (1590 White return voyage), 3 “Roanoak” Island references.

  43. Library of Congress. John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England & The Summer Isles (New York: Macmillan, 1907), 21 references to “Roanoak” Island (various spellings: “Roanok,” Roanoack,” Roanoacke,” etc.; some are repetitions of accounts contained in Hakluyt).