Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  101 Lyons & Jackson, p.358.

  102 Baha al-Din, pp.224-26.

  103 Itinerarium, p.425; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.184.

  104 Ambroise, pp.185-86; Lyons & Jackson, p.359.

  105 Imad al-Din, Conquête, pp.389-91; Itinerarium, pp.428-29.

  106 Gabrieli, pp.234-37.

  107 Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, op. cit. MGH, Scriptores vi. p.429; Rigord, Oeuvres, iv. pp.382-86; A. Chroust, ed., Historia de Expeditione Friderici (1929), p.99.

  108 Richard of Devizes, pp.78-79; Coggleshall, pp.78-79.

  109 Ambroise, pp.188-91; Joinville, History of the Crusades, op. cit. p.304.

  110 Imad al-Din, Conquête, p.394; Baha al-Din, pp.197-98.

  111 Ambroise, p.192; Itinerarium, p.440.

  112 Itinerarium, p.192; Ambroise, pp.192-93.

  113 H.E. Mayer, ‘Henry II and the Holy Land’, loc. cit. p.739.

  CHAPTER 10

  1 David Boyle, Blondel’s Song (2005), p.99.

  2 J.H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War (Cambridge, 1988), pp.13, 92, 196.

  3 Itinerarium, p.441.

  4 Boyle, Blondel’s Song, op. cit. pp.118-20.

  5 Roger of Howden, iii. pp.193-94; G. Waitz, ed., Chronica Regia Coloniensis Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptorum rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum (1880), p.154; A. Hofmeister, ed., Chronica of Otto of St Blasien in ibid. (1912), pp.54-56; A. Chroust, ed., Historia de Expeditione Friderici de Ansbert (1929), op. cit. p.100.

  6 Richard of Devizes, p.80; Ambroise, p.152; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.120-21.

  7 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.106; Howden, iii. p.194.

  8 F. Michel, ed., Histoire des ducs, op. cit. p.87; Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, op. cit. p.430; Continuatio Admuntensis, MGH SS, ix. p.87; H. Bloch, ed., Annales Marbacenses, MGH SRG (1907), p.164; P. Csendes, Heinrich VI (Darmstadt, 1993), p.113.

  9 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.106.

  10 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.185, 194; Coggleshall, pp.53-54.

  11 Boyle, Blondel’s Song, op. cit. p.131.

  12 P. Csendes, Heinrich VI, op. cit. p.113.

  13 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.194; Coggleshall, pp.54-55.

  14 Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart (1924), p.267; Boyle, op. cit. p.132.

  15 Lander, Itinerary, p.70.

  16 Coggleshall, p.54.

  17 Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (2002), pp.176-87.

  18 Gillingham, Richard I, p.232; Csendes, Heinrich VI, p.113; Boyle, op. cit. p.147.

  19 Coggleshall, pp.54-55; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.185-86.

  20 Coggleshall, p.55.

  21 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.185-86; Boyle, op. cit. pp.146-50.

  22 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.195-96; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.121-22; Annales Marbacenses, op. cit. p.165.

  23 Annals of Zwettl, MGH, Scriptores, ix. p.679; xiii. p.240; Ralph of Diceto ii. p.106; Coggleshall pp.54-56.

  24 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.107; Coggleshall, pp.56-57; L. Halphen, ed., Recueil d’Annales angevines (Paris, 1903), p.26; H. Duplès-Agier, Chroniques de Saint-Martial de Limoges (Paris, 1874) p.192.

  25 Ansbert, op. cit. p.102; Annals of Zwettl, op. cit. MGH, Scriptores, ix. p.679.

  26 N. de Wailly, Récits d’un ménestrel de Reims (Paris, 1876), pp.41-44; E. N. Stone, Three Old French Chronicles of the Crusades (Seattle, 1939); B.B. Broughton, The Legends of King Richard (The Hague, 1966), pp.126-28.

  27 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.195-96; Ansbert, op. cit. p.105.

  28 John Gillingham, ‘Some Legends of Richard the Lionheart: their development and their influence’, in Janet Nelson, ed., Richard Coeur de Lion in History and Myth (1992), pp.51-69 (at pp.55-57); Norah Lofts, The Lute Player (1951); A. L. Rowse, Homosexuals in History (1977), p.3; Broughton, The Legends of King Richard, op. cit.

  29 Yvan G. Lepage, ed., L’Oeuvre lyrique de Blondel de Nesle (Paris, 1994); Avner Bahat & Gérard de Vot, eds, L’oeuvre lyrique de Blondel de Nesle: mélodies (Paris, 1996); Samuel N. Rosenberg, ed. Songs of the Troubadours and Trouveres (N.Y., 1998).

  30 Boyle, Blondel’s Song, op. cit. pp.166-79 (esp. p.176).

  31 P. Csendes, Heinrich VI, op. cit. pp.106-14.

  32 R.H. Schmandt, ‘The Election and Assassination of Albert of Louvain, Bishop of Liège 1191-92’, Speculum (1967), pp.653-60.

  33 Theodor Toeche, Kaiser Heinrich VI (n.d.), p.647.

  34 H.F. Delaborde, ed., Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste (Paris, 1916), p.528.

  35 William of Newburgh, i. p.389.

  36 Ansbert, pp.103-05.

  37 Richard of Devizes, pp.433-35.

  38 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.514-15.

  39 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.196-97, 204-05.

  40 Ibid., pp.196-98.

  41 Coggleshall, pp.59-60; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.106; Rigord; Oeuvres, iv. pp.393-96.

  42 William of Newburgh, i. p.388.

  43 W. Stubbs, Chronicles (RS 1865), ii. pp.362-63.

  44 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.205-11; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.106-07; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.516.

  45 Nick Barratt, ‘English Revenues’, loc. cit.; Boyle, Blondel’s Song, p.213.

  46 A.L. Poole, Domesday Book to Magna Carta, op. cit. pp.365-66.

  47 James A. Ramsay, A History of the Revenues of the King of England 1066-1399 (Oxford, 1925), i. pp.211-218; Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216 (1961), p.389.

  48 Stubbs, Chronicles, op. cit. ii. p.362; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.290; Pipe Roll 6 Richard I, p.118; Pipe Roll 7 Richard I, p.259; cf. Pipe Roll Society N.S., vol. 6, pp.261-62; vol. 14, pp.xxiii-xxiv.

  49 David Sinclair, The Pound. A Biography (2001), pp.100-04.

  50 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.345.

  51 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.516; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.206-07.

  52 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.218.

  53 William of Newburgh, i. pp.396-97; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.212-14.

  54 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.207; J. Laporte, ed., Annales de Jumièges (Rouen, 1954), p.75; Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.515-16; J. Green, ‘The Lords of the Norman Vexin’, in Gillingham & Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1984), pp.58-59.

  55 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.224-25; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.124; Jim Bradbury; Philip Augustus, pp.177-85.

  56 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.212-15.

  57 Add, MSS. 39,758 f.72; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.216-17; J. Ahlers, Die Welfen un die englischen Könige 1156-1235 (Hildesheim, 1987), pp.162-63.

  58 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.217.

  59 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.111; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.217-20; Halphen, ed., Annales Angevines (Paris, 1903), p.26.

  60 HMC Belvoir, iv. p.23; Sir John Gilbert, ed., ‘Crede Mihi.’ The Most Ancient Register Book of the Archbishops of Dublin (1897), p.34.

  61 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.227-28.

  62 T. Rymer, A. Clarke, F. Holbrooke & J. Caley, eds, Foedera (1816), p.57; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.97-99.

  63 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.126, 170; A. Castellieri, Philippe II August, 4 vols (Leipzig, 1821), iii. p.73.

  64 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.225-27.

  65 Ibid., p.229.

  66 Annales Stedbergenses, MGH, Scriptores, xvi. p.227; Ahlers, Die Welfen, op. cit. pp.164-65; A.L. Poole, ‘England and Burgundy in the last decade of the Twelfth Century’, in Essays Presented to Reginald Lane Poole (Oxford, 1927) pp.261-73.

  67 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.111; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.228.

  68 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.112.

  69 H.J. Freytag, ‘Der Nordosten des Reich nach dem Sturz Heinrichs des Löwen’, Deutsches Archiv 25 (1954), pp.517-20; K. Jordan, Henry the Lion (Oxford, 1986), p.197; P. Csendes, Heinrich VI, op. cit. p.142.

  70 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.113-18; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.232-33.

  71 Annales Marbacenses, MGH, Scriptores, xiii. p.240; xvii. p.165; xxi. p.478; Annales Stederburgenses, MGH, xvi. p.229; Howden, Chronica, pp.231-33.

  72 Howden,
Chronica, iii. pp.202-03.

  73 Ibid., iii. p.233.

  74 H. Duplès-Agier, Chroniques de Saint-Martial, op. cit; V. Moss, ‘The Norman Fiscal Revolution 1193-98’, in R. Bonney & M. Ormrod, Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Fiscal Growth (Stamford, 1999) p.48.

  75 Gillingham, Richard I, p.248; Poole, Domesday Book, op. cit. p.366.

  76 MGH, xviii. p.522; Landor, Itinerary, pp.78, 100-01.

  77 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.233-34.

  78 MGH, xvii. pp.521-23; U. Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz (Graz, 1995), pp.260-61, 301-02; C.R. Cheney & W.H. Semple, Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning England (1953), pp.4-5.

  79 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.276-78.

  80 Ibid., p.301.

  81 L. Vanderkinde, ed., Chronicon Hanoniense of Giselbert of Mons (n.d.), pp.284-85; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.234.

  82 A.L. Poole, ‘Richard I’s Alliances with the German Princes in 1194’, in R.W. Hunt, W.A. Pantin & R.W. Southern, eds, Studies in Medieval History Presented to F.M. Powicke (Oxford, 1948), pp.90-99.

  83 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.214; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.235; J. Falmaque, Baudouin Vicomte de Hainault 1150-95 (Montreal, 1966), pp.278-79.

  84 Coggleshall, pp.61-62; Gillingham, Richard I, p.250.

  85 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.524.

  86 William of Newburgh, i. p.406.

  87 WM, ii. p.5-7; Crouch, William Marshal, pp.72-74.

  88 Coggleshall, p.62; Rigord, Oeuvres, iv. p.428; Annales angevines, op. cit. p.28.

  89 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.236-38.

  90 WM, ii. pp.9-11; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.238-40.

  91 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.239; iv. pp.14-15; M. Strickland, War and Chivalry (Cambridge, 1996), pp.180-81, 202, 223.

  92 Coggleshall, p.63; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.232-33, 287; Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, MGH, vi. p.431.

  93 Pipe Roll 6 Richard I, pp.68, 102, 132, 145.

  94 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.241-42, 246-50; D.A. Carpenter, ‘The Decline of the Curial Sheriff in England 1194-1258’, EHR 91 (1976), pp.3-7.

  95 Pipe Roll 7 Richard I, p.191; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.286-87.

  96 Coggleshall, p.64; Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.524-27.

  97 Roderick Hunt, Robin Hood (2000); Stephen Knight, A Complete Study of the English Outlaw (Oxford, 1994); Stephen Knight, ed., Robin Hood: an Anthology (Cambridge, 1999).

  98 John Maddicott, ‘The Birth and Setting of the Ballads of Robin Hood’, EHR 93 (1978), pp.276-99; David Crook, ‘Robin Hood. Some Further Evidence concerning the dating of the origins of the legend of Robin Hood’, EHR 99 (1984), pp.53-54; R.H. Hilton, ‘The Origins of Robin Hood’, PP 16 (1958), pp.30-44; J.C. Holt, ‘The Origins and Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood’, PP 19 (1961), pp.89-109; M. Keen, ‘Robin Hood. Peasant or Gentleman’, PP 19 (1961), pp.7-15; Peter Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood’, PP 108 (1985), pp.35-79.

  99 Walter Bower, The Continuation of Fordun’s Scotichronicon, ed. T. Keane (Oxford, 1722); G.P.R. James, Forest Days (1843).

  100 Valentine P. Harris, The Truth about Robin Hood (1973).

  101 J.C. Holt, Robin Hood (1982).

  102 J.C. Holt, ‘The Ballads of Robin Hood’, PP 18 (1960), pp.89-110.

  103 John Major, trans. A. Constable, A History of Greater Britain (Scottish History Society 10, 1892), pp.156-57; Oeuvres d’Augustin Thierry (Brussels, 1939), i. pp.299-300; John G. Bellamy, Robin Hood. An Historical Enquiry (Indiana, 1985), p.20.

  104 Maurice Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval England (2000), p.176.

  105 See Robert Graves, Homer’s Daughter (1948).

  106 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.243-46.

  107 Ibid., pp.247-48.

  108 Roger of Wendover (RS 84), i. p.236.

  109 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.249-50.

  110 A.A.M. Duncan, Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1975), pp.239-40; D.D.R. Owen, William the Lion (East Linton, 1997), pp.83-85.

  111 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.250-51.

  112 J. Gillingham, ‘Richard I, Galley-Warfare and Portsmouth: the beginnings of a Royal Navy’, in M. Prestwich, R.H. Britnell & R. Frame, eds, Thirteenth-Century England 6 (1995), pp.1-15.

  113 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.12-13.

  114 M.T. Flanagan, Irish Society, op. cit. pp.282-83; J.E. Lloyd, History of Wales (1939), ii. pp.579-80; J.J. Crump, ‘The Mortimer Family and the Making of the March’, Thirteenth Century England 6 (1997), pp.119-20.

  115 WM, ii. pp.53-55; J. Barker, The Tournament in England 1100-1400 (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 10-11; R. Barber, The Knight and Chivalry (Woodbridge, 1995), pp.141-42; Barber & Barker, Tournaments, Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1989), pp.160-61.

  116 Appleby, England without Richard, op. cit. p.223; H.G. Richardson & G.O. Sayles, The Governance of Medieval England (Edinburgh, 1963), pp.328-29.

  117 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.62, 172; N. Barrett, ‘The English Revenues of Richard I’, loc. cit.; T.H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977), p.8.

  118 J.C. Holt, Magna Carta and Medieval Government (1985), pp.74-77; A.L. Poole, Domesday Book, op. cit. pp.442-43.

  CHAPTER 11

  1 WM, ii. p.23.

  2 Gillingham, Richard I, pp.283-84.

  3 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.252-53.

  4 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.290, 333.

  5 Pipe Roll 20 Henry 2, pp.88, 135; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.251.

  6 Pipe Roll 6 Richard 1, p.175; T. Stapleton, ed., Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae, 2 vols (1844), i. p.221; ii. p.350.

  7 Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, MGH, v. p.431.

  8 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.127.

  9 Rigord, Oeuvres, iv. pp.481-85.

  10 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.114-18; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.127; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.252-53.

  11 Vincent Moss, ‘The Norman Fiscal Revolution 1193-98’, in R. Bonnery & M. Ormrod, eds, Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Financial Growth (Stamford, 1999), pp.38-59 (at p.48).

  12 WM, ii. pp.19-21.

  13 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.114; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.252.

  14 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.143.

  15 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.115.

  16 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.127; ii. p.117 Andreas of Marchiennes, MGH, vi. pp.431-32; Annales angevines, op. cit. p.26.

  17 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.116; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.253.

  18 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.127; Howden, Chronica, pp.254-55.

  19 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.117; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.252; André Salmon, Chroniques de Touraine (Paris, 1847), p.144.

  20 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.116-17; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.252; Annales angevines, p.27; Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.118 WM, ii. p.27.

  21 Chronicle of Melrose, i. p.180; Annales angevines, p.27; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.117; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.253.

  22 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.118; Annales angevines, pp.26-27; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.129; iv. pp.530-42; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.255-56; WM, ii. pp.29-35.

  23 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.118-19; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.257.

  24 WM, ii. p.29.

  25 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.130; ii. pp.124-25.

  26 William of Newburgh, ii. p.420; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.257-60.

  27 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.267.

  28 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.124-25; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.268.

  29 Landon, Itinerary, op. cit. pp.98-103.

  30 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.286.

  31 Ibid., pp.273, 287.

  32 Ibid., p.289; J. Delaville le Roux, Cartulaire Générale des Hospitaliers, 4 vols (Paris, 1906), ii. p.179.

  33 Gillingham, Richard Coeur de Lion, p.119-139.

  34 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.121; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.206. For the context see M. Strickland, ‘Provoking or avoiding battle? Challenge, Judicial Duel and Single Combat in Eleventh and Twelfth-Century Warfare’, in Strickland, ed., Ar
mies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France (Stamford, 1998), pp.317-43.

  35 William of Newburgh, ii. p.434; T. Toeche, ‘Kaiser Heinrich V’, in Jahrbücher der deutschen Geschichte (1867), p.676; MGH, xxiii. p.870; Leon Vanderkinde, ed., La chronique de Giselbert de Mons (1904), p.330.

  36 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.300.

  37 William of Newburgh, ii. p.456; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.130; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.301; WM, ii. p.23.

  38 William of Newburgh, ii. p.456.

  39 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.131; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.302; G. Lacroix de Marles, Histoire de la domination des Arabes en Espagne et en Portugal (Paris, 1825), p.435.

  40 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.302-03.

  41 William of Newburgh, ii. pp.457-59.

  42 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.130; Leopold Victor Delisle, Catalogues des Actes de Philippe-Auguste (Paris, 1856), p.108.

  43 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.530; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.303.

  44 D.M. Stenton, English Justice between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter (1964); R. Bartlett, ‘The Hagiography of Angevin England’, Thirteenth Century England 5 (1995), pp.49-51.

  45 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.304.

  46 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.131-32.

  47 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.304-05.

  48 William of Newburgh, ii. pp.460-62; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.132-33; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.107.

  49 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.531; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.282, 308.

  50 H.F. Delaborde, ed., Recueil des actes de Philippe-Auguste; Landon, Itinerary, pp.107-09; Alexander Teulet, Layettes du Trésor de Charts (Paris, 1863), p.182; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.66.

  51 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.133; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.532.

  52 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.138-40; Layettes du Trésor, op. cit. p.184.

  53 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.138-40; Layettes du Trésor, pp.184-85.

  54 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.7.

  55 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.130.

  56 Landon, Itinerary, p.112.

  57 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.135; Layettes du Trésor, pp.188-89.

  58 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.135; ii. pp.168-257; Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, MGH, vi. p.433.

  59 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.135-36; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.5.

  60 J. Laporte, ed., Annales de l’abbaye royale de Saint-Pierre de Jumièges (Rouen, 1954), p.177.