Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  61 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.136; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.5.

  62 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.137; Dominique Pitte, Château-Gaillard (Vernon, France, 1996); Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.190-95; Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings, op. cit. ii. pp.375-80, 411-23.

  63 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.290.

  64 William of Newburgh, ii. p.500.

  65 T. Stapleton, ed., Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae op. cit. ii. pp.309-10, 386; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.204-06; R.A. Brown, ‘Royal Castle Building in England 1154-1216’, EHR 70 (1955), pp.353-98; Brown, English Castles (1954), pp.160-61.

  66 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.177-78, 193; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.154.

  67 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.183; N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea (1997), pp.64-67.

  68 Stapleton, ed., Magni Rotuli, op. cit. i. p.xl; ii. p.307; J. Gillingham, ‘Galley, Warfare and Portsmouth. The Beginnings of a Royal Navy’, in Thirteenth Century England 6 (1995), pp.1-15.

  69 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.3-4, 17-18.

  70 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.148-50; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.4; Martin Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, xviii. p.358.

  71 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.14, 16-17.

  72 Ibid., p.18; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.174.

  73 J.A. Brutails, Documents des archives de la Chambre de Comptes de Navarre 1196-1384 (Paris, 1890), pp.1-3.

  74 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.13, 124-25; R. Benjamin, ‘A Forty Years War: Toulouse and the Plantagenets 1156-96’, Historical Research 61 (1988).

  75 J. Vaisette, Histoire de Languedoc (Paris, 1879), v. p.21.

  76 William of Newburgh, i. p.459; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.135; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.147-48; G. Bordonove, Philippe Auguste le conquérant (Paris, 1986), p.134.

  77 T.H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade pp.8-9; G.G. Dept, Les influences anglaise et française dans le Comté de Flandre (Ghent, 1928), pp.24-32.

  78 Pipe Roll 9 Richard 1, pp.62, 164; Coggleshall, p.77; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.152-53; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.19-20; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.138; Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.67-68; Stapleton, ed., Magni Rotuli, op. cit. ii. pp.307, 369.

  79 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.152; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.19.

  80 WM, ii. pp.55-57.

  81 William of Newburgh, ii. p.493; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.544; Annales Monastici, op. cit. ii. p.152; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.141-43.

  82 WM, ii. p.65.

  83 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.158.

  84 WM, ii. pp.57-61; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.20-24.

  85 Coggleshall, p.77; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.20.

  86 William of Newburgh, ii. p.495.

  87 Coggleshall, pp.77-79; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.20-21; Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, MGH, vi. p.434.

  88 William of Newburgh, ii. p.496; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.544.

  89 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.24; Martene et Durand, Thesauraus Novus Anecdotorum (1717), i. pp.1158-59.

  90 Landon, Itinerary, p.122.

  91 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.30-31; Bouquet, ed., Recueil des Historiens, op. cit. xviii. p.710.

  92 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.545; Coggleshall, p.88; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.37-39; Michel, ed., Histoire des ducs de Normandie, op. cit. p.90.

  93 J. Strange, ed., Dialogus Miraculorum, 2 vols (Cologne, 1851), i. p.102; J.M. Lappenberg, ed., Chronica Slavorum of Arnold of Lübeck, MGH (1868), SRG, p.50; J. Ahlers, Die Welfen und die englischen Könige 1165-1235, op. cit. pp.169-84; B.U. Hucker, Kaiser Otto IV (Hanover, 1990), pp.4-15, 22-35.

  94 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.163; Gervase of Canterbury, p.545; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.39; Bouquet, Recueil, op. cit. xviii. p.615.

  95 A.V. Murray, ‘Richard the Lionheart, Otto of Brunswick and the Earldom of York: Northern England Angevin Succession 1109-91’, Medieval Yorkshire 23 (1994), pp.5-12; B.U. Hucker, Kaiser Otto IV, op. cit. pp.17-19.

  96 Ahlers, Die Welfen, op. cit. pp.190-96; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.138, 143.

  97 Bouquet, Recueil, op. cit. xix. p.360; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.69.

  98 Cheney & Semple, eds, Selected Letters, op. cit. pp.4-5; Csendes, Heinrich VI, p.193.

  99 R.H. Bautier, La France de Philippe Auguste. Le temps des mutations (Paris, 1982), p.40.

  100 Cheney & Semple, op. cit. p.5.

  101 Gillingham, ‘Richard I and Berengaria of Navarre’, BIHS 53 (1980), pp.155-72.

  102 Coggleshall, p.136; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.138; iii. pp.90-95; WM, ii. pp.35-37; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.19-20, 54.

  103 Bouquet, Recueil, xxiv. p.758; J. Strange, ed., Dialogus Miraculorum of Caesarius of Heisterbach (Cologne, 1851), i. p.102; M. de Godefroy, Chronique de Guînes et d’Ardres by Lambert of Ardres (Paris, 1855), p.371.

  104 Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio, op. cit. p.435; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.573; Bouquet, Recueil, xviii. p.572.

  105 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.55-56.

  106 WM, ii. pp.47-49.

  107 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.141-42.

  108 WM, ii. pp.47-81; Rigord, Oeuvres, v. pp.428, 437; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.164; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.574, Andreas of Marchiennes, op. cit. p.435; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.59-60; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, op. cit. ii. p.448.

  109 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.141-42; ii. pp.138-42.

  110 Ibid., ii. pp.136-37; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.60.

  111 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.61, 68.

  112 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.143-44; WM, ii. pp.67-69; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.70-75.

  113 WM, ii. p.77.

  114 Ibid., p.81.

  115 Ibid., p.87.

  116 Gillingham, Richard I, p.320.

  CHAPTER 12

  1 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.79-81; Léopold Victor Delisle, Catalogue des Actes de Philippe-Auguste (Paris, 1856), p.130.

  2 Coggleshall, p.99; Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis, ed. D.L. Douie & H. Farmer, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1962), ii. p.137; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.81.

  3 Coggleshall, pp.94-96; Rogeri de Wendover Chronica sive Flores Historiarum - hereinafter Roger of Wendover - (RS 1886), i. p.282.

  4 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.593; Annales Monastici, ii. p.71; Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, op. cit. ii. pp.134-37, 147.

  5 D.A. Carpenter, The Reign of Henry III (1996), p.436; E.M. Hallam, ‘Royal Burial and the Cult of Kingship in France and England, 1060-1330’, JMH 8 (1982), pp.359-80; Jane Martindale, ‘The Sword on the Stone: Some Resonances of a Medieval Symbol of Power’, ANS 15 (1993), pp.219-30.

  6 Landon, Itinerary, p.145; J.H. Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France (1899), p.389.

  7 Kathleen Nolan, ‘The Queen’s Choice: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Tombs at Fontevraud’, in Wheeler & Parsons, eds, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit. pp.376-405; Charles T. Wood, ‘Fontevraud, Dynasticism of Eleanor of Aquitaine’, in ibid., pp.407-22.

  8 Jane Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the Last Years’, in Church, ed., King John, op. cit. pp.137-64 (at p.142).

  9 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.144-45, ii. pp.142-49; Annales Monastici, i. pp.23-24; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.86.

  10 Keith Thomas, Religion and the Rise of Magic (1971), pp.279-82.

  11 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.82-86.

  12 Coggleshall, pp.51-52, 56-57, 74-77, 91-98.

  13 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.147, 204.

  14 J. Gillingham, ‘The Unromantic Death of Richard I’, Speculum 54 (1979), pp.18-41; F. Arbellot, La vérité sur la mort de Richard Coeur de Lion (Paris, 1878).

  15 Arbellot, op. cit. pp.61-64; Duplès-Agier, Chronique de St-Martial de Limoges, op. cit. p.66.

  16 Gillingham, Richard I, op. cit. pp.326-27.

  17 WM, ii. pp.89-93; Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, op. cit. ii. pp.130-31; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ii. pp.451-52.

  18 Coggleshall p.96; Rigord, Oeuvres, p.148; H.G. Rothwell, ed., Chronicles of Walter of Guiseborough (1957), pp.142-44; N. de Wailly, Récits d’un ménestrel de Reims (Paris, 1876), pp.69-70; C. Kohler, ‘Notices et extraits de manuscrits’, Revue de l’Orient latin
5 (1897), pp.22-26.

  19 Coggleshall, p.96.

  20 Wailly, Récits, op. cit. p.69; A. Perrier, ‘De nouvelles précisions sur la mort de Richard Coeur de Lion’, Bulletin de la Société Archaéologique et Historique du Limousin 87 (1958), pp.38-44; Rothwell, ed., Chronicle of Walter of Guiseborough, op. cit. p.142; K. Brunner, ed., Der mittelenglische versroman über Richard Löwenherz (Vienna, 1913), p.450.

  21 Arbellot, La vérité sur la mort, op. cit. pp.61-64; Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. section v. lines 440-620; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.82-84.

  22 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.592-93; Annales monastici, ii. p.71; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.82-84.

  23 Brunner, ed., Der mittelenglische versroman, op. cit. pp.9-14; H. Barckhausen, ed., Archives municipales de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, 1890), v. p.396; C. Babington & J.L. Lumby, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, 9 vols (RS 1886), v. p.336.

  24 B.B. Broughton, The Legends of King Richard, op. cit.

  25 Gillingham, ‘Legends of Richard’, in Nelson, ed., Richard Coeur de Lion, op. cit. pp.53-55; M. Bloch, Les rois thaumaturges (Strasbourg, 1924), pp.256-58.

  26 Shakespeare, King John; Chaucer, The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, in N. Coghill, trans. Canterbury Tales (1951), p.244; O. de Laborderie, ‘Du souvenir à la réincarnation: l’image de Richard Coeur de Lion dans la Vie et Mort du roi Jean de William Shakespeare’, in Nelson, ed., Richard, op. cit. pp.141-65; E.M.W. Tillyard, Shakespeare’s History Plays (1944), pp.221-24.

  27 Martin H. Jones, ‘Richard in German Literature’, in Nelson, ed., Richard, op. cit. pp.70-116.

  28 Ibn al-Athir, el-Kamil, op. cit. p.43.

  29 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.85; Jane Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the Last Years’, in Church, ed., King John, op. cit. pp.137-64 (at pp.153-56); Ralph V. Turner, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine in the government of her sons Richard and John’, in Wheeler & Parsons, eds, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Lord and Lady, op. cit. pp.77-95 (at pp.86-89).

  30 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, op. cit. ii. p.137; Coggleshall, p.99.

  31 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.85-86; Annales monastici, i. p.24; iv. p.51; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.63-65; Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the Last Years’, loc. cit. p.147.

  32 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.83; Glanville, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae, ed. Woodbine, pp.101-04; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.130.

  33 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.77.

  34 Nicholas Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge, 1996), pp.23-26.

  35 WM, ii. p.95.

  36 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.86-87.

  37 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, ii. pp.136-38.

  38 Tardif, ed., Le très ancien contumier de Normandie, pp.12-13.

  39 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.87-88.

  40 Coggleshall, pp.98-99; WM, ii. p.97; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.88-90.

  41 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.145-46; Richard, Comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. pp.332-53; Delaborde, ed., Recueil des Actes de Philippe, ii. Nos 607-08.

  42 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.95.

  43 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.133.

  44 J. Laporte, ed., Annales de l’Abbaye Royale de Saint-Pierre de Jumièges (Rouen, 1954), p.77; T.D. Hardy, ed., Rotuli Chartarum 1199-1216 (1837), 30-31; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.93-95.

  45 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.146; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.95; Richard, Comtes, op. cit. ii. pp.352-54; J.C. Holt, ‘Aliénor d’Aquitaine. Jean sans terre et la succession de 1199’, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 29 (1986), pp.95-100.

  46 WM, ii. p.105; Hardy, ed., Rotuli Chartarum, op. cit. p.30; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.94, 96.

  47 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.96-97; Norgate, John Lackland, pp.70-71; Gillingham, Richard I, pp.337-38.

  48 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.166-67.

  49 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.153; D.E. Queller, The Fourth Crusade (Leicester, 1978), pp.1-3.

  50 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.92.

  51 Delaborde, ed., Recueil des Actes de Philippe, ii. pp.178-85; E. M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328 (Harlow, 1980), p.183.

  52 Coggleshall, p.101; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.148; Hardy, ed., Rotuli Chartarum, 96; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.115.

  53 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.106-07; J.Boussard, ‘Philippe Auguste et les Plantagenêts’, in R.H. Bautier, La France de Philippe Auguste: Le temps de mutations (Paris, 1982), pp.263-89 (at p.279).

  54 Coggleshall, p.101; Annales monastici, i. p.25; iii. p.27; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.157; E. Lavisse, Histoire de la France depuis les origines jusqu’à la Révolution, (Paris, 1911), iii. Pt 1 pp.124-26.

  55 F. Lot, Fidèles ou vassaux (Paris, 1904), pp.23-25; Warren, King John, p.56.

  56 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.148.

  57 Delaborde, ed., Recueil des Actes de Philippe, ii. pp.180, 186, 205-08.

  58 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.92-93.

  59 Smail, Crusading Warfare, op. cit. pp.60-62.

  60 William of Newburgh, i. pp.484-85; Pipe Roll 9 Richard I, pp.xix-xxii; H.E. Butler, ed., The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakeland (1949), pp.85-86; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.40.

  61 C. Johnson, ed., Dialogus de Scaccario, op. cit. p.1; William of Newburgh, i. p.406; Hardy, ed., Rotuli Normanniae (1835), p.79; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.62-63; J.H. Round, Feudal England, op. cit. pp.539-51; J.O. Prestwich, ‘War and Finance in the Anglo-Norman State’, TRHS 5th Series iv (1954), pp.19-43.

  62 J.C. Holt, ‘The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance’, in Gillingham & Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages, op. cit. Nick Barratt, ‘The Revenues of John and Philip Augustus Revisited’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.75-99; V. Moss, ‘The Norman Fiscal Revolution 1193-98’, in R. Bonney & M. Ormrod, eds, Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Fiscal Growth (Stamford, 1999), pp.38-57; V. Moss, ‘Normandy and England in 1180: the Pipe Roll Evidence’, in D. Bates & A. Curry, eds, England and Normandy in the Middle Ages (1994).

  63 Warren, King John, p.63.

  64 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.92-93; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.168; Andreas of Marchiennes, Sigeberti Continuatio Aquicincta, op. cit. vi. pp.435-36; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.106-07, 148-51; J. Gillingham, ‘Historians without Hindsight’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.1-26.

  65 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.116-18, 167-70.

  66 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.92, 139-40.

  67 William of Newburgh, i. pp.335-36.

  68 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.166; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.88-92.

  69 Hardy, ed., Rotuli Chartarum, 85, 100; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.107, 140; A.A.M. Duncan, ‘John King of England and the King of Scots’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.247-71 (at pp.251-54).

  70 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.141.

  71 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, pp.135, 146-47, 147-48.

  72 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.147-48; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.19-20.

  73 Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus, op. cit. p.91; Gillingham, Richard I, pp.337-40.

  74 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.173-75; V. Green, An Account of the Discovery of the Body of King John in the Cathedral Church of Worcester, July 17 1797 (1797); A.L. Poole, Domesday Book to Magna Carta, op. cit. p.486.

  75 Jim Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John: Personality and History’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.347-61 (at pp.348-50).

  76 Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.42-43, 48-49, 62-63, 76-77; iii. p.229; S. Painter, ‘Norwich’s Three Geoffreys’, Speculum 28 (1953), pp.808-13.

  77 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.107-08; Michel, Histoire des ducs de Normandie, op. cit. pp.111-15; Coggleshall, p.164; Roger of Wendover, iii. p.235; Norgate, John Lackland, pp.287-88.

  78 Painter, King John, pp.247-50; N. Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezabel’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.165-219 (at p.196).

  79 Warren, King John, pp.257, 291; Turner, King John, p.262; Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, loc. cit. p.351.

  80 F. Palgrave, ed., Rotuli Curiae Regis (1835), i. pp.278-79; Poole, Domesday Book, op. cit. p.427.

  81 Rotuli Curiae Regis, vii. p.170.

  82 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.152, 192.

  83 Warren,
King John, p.191; Turner, King John, pp.20-21; Norgate, John Lackland, p.286.

  84 Coggleshall, p.167; Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.240, 248, 255-56; Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.122-26.

  85 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.67; Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, loc. cit. p.350.

  86 T.D. Hardy, ed., Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati (1835), i. 75; Pipe Roll 9 John, p.139.

  87 Hardy, ed., Rotuli Chartarum, op. cit. 134; Palgrave, ed., Rotuli Curiae Regis, op. cit. vii. p.272; Pipe Roll 9 John, p.72; Pipe Roll 10 John, p.59.

  88 Annales monastici, i. p.101; H. Cole, ed., Documents Illustrative of English History in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (1844), p.267.

  89 Rotuli Curiae Regis, iii. 321; Hardy, ed., Rotuli Litterarum, op. cit. i. 117; Roger of Wendover, iv. p.29; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii. p.41; S. Painter, Feudalism and Liberty (Baltimore, 1961), pp.240-43; Painter, King John, pp.231-35; G. Given-Wilson & A. Curtis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (1984), pp.127-31.

  90 William of Newburgh, i. p.521; Warren, King John, p.189; Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, loc. cit. p.352.

  91 Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. p.193.

  92 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, ii. p.143.

  93 Warren, King John, pp.64-65; Norgate, John Lackland, p.76.

  94 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.171.

  95 Poole, Domesday Book, op. cit. p.427.

  96 C. Petit-Dutaillis & P. Guinard, L’Essor des états d’Occident (Paris, 1944), p.137.

  97 Pipe Roll 5 John, p.139; Hardy, ed. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum (1833), i. 108.

  98 T.D. Hardy, ed., Rotuli de liberati ac de Misis et Praestitis regnante Johanne (1844), 115, 137, 151.

  99 Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ii. pp.560-63.

  100 Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, loc. cit. p.350.

  101 C.N.L. Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford, 1989), pp.138-39.

  102 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.236.

  103 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Marriage and Coronation of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 61 (1946), pp.289-314 (at pp.289-95).

  104 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.167; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.119.

  105 Coggleshall, p.103; Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. p.196.

  106 Rotuli Chartarum, op. cit. p.97.