Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  107 S. Painter, ‘The Lords of Lusignan in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’, Speculum 32 (1957), pp.27-47; Boussard, Le gouvernment d’Henri II, op. cit. p.133.

  108 R. Hadju, ‘Castles, castellans and the structure of politics in Poitou 1152-1271’, JMH 4 (1978), pp.27-54; A. Debord, La société laïque dans les pays de la Charente X - XIIe siècles (Angoulême, 1984), pp.375-402.

  109 Rotuli Chartarum, 586-89; S. Painter, ed., Feudalism and Liberty, op. cit. p.66; Ralph V. Turner, ‘The role of Eleanor of Aquitaine in the government of her sons’, in Wheeler & Parsons, ed., Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit. pp.77-95 (at p.88).

  110 Boussard, Le gouvernment d’Henri II, op. cit. p.119; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.44; Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, loc. cit. p.170.

  111 Coggleshall, p.103; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.119.

  112 F.A. Cazel & S. Painter, ‘The Marriage of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 63 (1948), pp.85-86; Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. p.172; Warren, King John, p.67.

  113 Norgate, John Lackland, pp.76-77.

  114 Rotuli Chartarum, i. pp.57, 58, 97.

  115 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.170.

  116 Norgate, John Lackland, p.77.

  117 Rotuli Chartarum, i. p.75; Duplès-Agier, Chroniques de Saint-Martial, op. cit. p.67; T. Arnold, ed., Memorials of St Edmund’s Abbey (RS 1896), ii. p.8; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.120.

  118 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.170; Coggleshall, p.103; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.139-43, 156, 160; Richard, Histoire des comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. p.379.

  119 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Marriage and Coronation of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 61 (1946), pp.289-314; Richardson, ‘King John and Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 65 (1950), pp.360-71; Fred A. Cazel & Sidney Painter, ‘The Marriage of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 67 (1952), pp.233-35; cf. also Cazel & Painter, ‘The Marriage of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 63 (1948), pp.83-89.

  120 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.54; S. Painter, William Marshal, p.27.

  121 Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, loc. cit. pp.175-81.

  122 F. Marvaud, ‘Isabella d’Angoulême ou la comtesse reine’, Bulletin de la Société Archéologique et Historique de la Charente, 2nd series i. (1856) pp.116-252; H.S. Snelgrove, The Lusignans in England 1247-1258 (Albuquerque, 1950), passim.

  123 Richardson, ‘The Marriage and Coronation’, loc. cit. pp.298-307; Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, loc. cit. p.185.

  124 Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage, op. cit. pp.138-40.

  125 Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. pp.174-75; J.C. Parsons, Medieval Queenship (Stroud, 1986).

  126 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.199.

  127 Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. pp.174-75.

  128 Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ii. pp.481-82.

  129 Ibid., p.563; iv. p.253.

  130 Painter, King John, p.236; Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. pp.201-04.

  131 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.102, 107.

  132 Arnold, ed., Memorials of St Edmund’s Abbey, op. cit. ii. p.23.

  133 T. Hardy, ed., Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus in Turri Londinensi Asservati (1835), 275; Painter, King John, pp.231-32.

  134 Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. pp.196-97.

  135 Ibid.

  136 Ibid., pp.185-87.

  137 Dialogus de Scaccario, op. cit. pp.122-23.

  138 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Letters and Charters of Eleanor of Aquitaine’, EHR 74 (1959), pp.209-11.

  139 Vincent, ‘Isabella’, loc. cit. pp.190-93, 199-200.

  140 Michel, Histoire des ducs, op. cit. pp.64-65.

  CHAPTER 13

  1 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.97, 114.

  2 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.81-82; Rotuli Chartarum, op. cit. 102b - 103; Ralph V. Turner, ‘The Role of Eleanor of Aquitaine in the government of her sons’, in Wheeler & Parsons, ed. Eleanor of Aquitaine. Lord and Lady, op. cit. pp.77-95 (at p.90).

  3 Warren, King John, p.71.

  4 Coggleshall, pp.128-29, 135.

  5 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.160-63.

  6 Ibid., pp.163-64.

  7 Ibid. pp.164, 172; T.D. Hardy, Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati (1835), i. 3, 5.

  8 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.176.

  9 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.155-58.

  10 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.93; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.173.

  11 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.151-53; Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.93; Coggleshall, pp.135-36.

  12 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, op. cit. pp.56-58; C. Petit-Dutaillis, Le déshéritement de Jean Sans Terre et le meurtre de Arthur de Bretagne (Paris, 1925), pp.4-18; Kate Norgate, ‘The Alleged Condemnation of King John by the Court of France in 1202’, TRHS, NS 14 (1900), pp.53-68.

  13 Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste, op. cit. ii. Nos 723, 726; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.152; Coggleshall, p.137.

  14 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 14, 106, 116.

  15 Natalie Fryde, ‘King John and the Empire’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.335-46.

  16 Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.347-61.

  17 R.H. Bautier, ‘La personnalité du roi’, in Bautier, ed., La France de Philippe Auguste: le temps des mutations (Paris, 1982), pp.33-57; cf. R. Foreille, ‘L’image de Philippe Auguste dans les sources contemporains’, in ibid., pp.115-32.

  18 Martin Bouquet, ed., Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France, op. cit. xviii. p.263; Petit-Dutaillis & Guinard, L’Essor des états d’Occident, op. cit. p.138.

  19 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.168; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 10-12.

  20 Coggleshall, pp.137-38; Michel, Histoire des ducs, op. cit. pp.93-96.

  21 WM, ii. pp.101, 127.

  22 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.152; Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.169-70; WM, ii. p.103; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 17-18; Richard, Comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. p.407.

  23 Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.94.

  24 André Salmon, Recherches sur les chroniques de Touraine (Paris, 1847), i. p.147.

  25 Coggleshall, p.138; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.152; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 20, 23.

  26 WM, ii. p.106; Coggleshall, p.138; Annales Monastici, i. p.26.

  27 Petit-Dutaillis, Le déshéritement de Jean sans Terre, op. cit.; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.309-26.

  28 Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, ed. F. Madden, 3 vols (RS 1869), ii. p.95; iii. p.21.

  29 Coggleshall, pp.139-45.

  30 William of Newburgh, i. pp.235, 463-64; W. Stubbs, ed., Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria, 2 vols (RS 1873) - hereinafter Walter of Coventry - ii. p.196; V. H. Galbraith, ‘Nationality and Language in Medieval England’, TRHS 4th Series, 23 (1941), pp.113-28.

  31 Annales monastici, i. p.27.

  32 Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ii. p.659.

  33 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.174-77, 285, 314.

  34 Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.48-49.

  35 Delisle, Catalogue des Actes de Philippe-Auguste, op. cit. p.177.

  36 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.173.

  37 WM, ii. pp.111-23; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 236.

  38 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.157-58.

  39 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 28, 28B, 35; Salmon, Chroniques de Touraine, op. cit. i. pp.149-50.

  40 Coggleshall, p.144; Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.97; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 31.

  41 Roger of Wendover, i. pp.316-17.

  42 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.56-59; Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.163-64.

  43 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.178.

  44 A. Cartellieri, Philip II, op. cit. iv. p.167; Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.148.

  45 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.184.

  46 Ibid., p.191.

  47 Ibid., i. p.212.

  48 WM, ii. pp.125-27.

  49 Ibid., pp.137-39.

  50 Ibid., p.147.

  51 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.175, 318-20.

  52 Baldwin, The Scutage and Knight Service in England (Chicago, 1897); F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland, A Hist
ory of English Law, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1898), i. p.256; A.L. Poole, Obligations of Society in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (1946), pp.40-52; Maurice Powicke, ‘Distraint of Knighthood and Military Obligation under Henry III’, Speculum 25 (1950), pp.457-70.

  53 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, p.235.

  54 Hardy, ed., Rotuli de liberate ac de Misis et Praestitis regnante Johanne, op. cit. pp.82-83.

  55 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.202-04; Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings, ii. pp.411-23.

  56 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.160; ii. p.216; Chéruel, Histoire de Rouen pendant l’époque communale (Rouen, 1843), i. p.86; Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, op. cit. ii. Nos 790-792, 803, 809; C.H. Haskins, Norman Institutions (Cambridge, Mass., 1925), p.144.

  57 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 39; Rotuli de Liberate, op. cit. pp.85, 87, 96; Coggleshall, pp.144-45; Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.95.

  58 Coggleshall, p.147; Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the last years’, loc. cit. pp.137-64.

  59 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.160, 220; ii. pp.211-12.

  60 Powicke, Loss of Normandy, pp.257-58; A. de la Borderie, Histoire de Bretagne, op. cit. iii. p.293.

  61 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.160, 220-21; Roger of Wendover, i. p.320.

  62 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.151; ii. p.216; Recueil, ii. p.381; Michel, Histoire des ducs, op. cit. p.98; Powicke, Loss, pp.261-63.

  63 Recueil des Actes, op. cit. ii. pp.403-11, 418-21, 460-61, 470-72, 475, 483-85, 493-503.

  64 Powicke, Loss, pp.174-77.

  65 Coggleshall, p.144; Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.95; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.197; Semple & Cheney, Selected Letters, op. cit. p.40.

  66 WM, ii. p.131-37.

  67 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.257-59.

  68 Powicke, Loss, pp.301-02.

  69 Ibid., pp.233-39.

  70 R.V. Turner, ‘Good or Bad Kingship? The Case of Richard Lionheart’, Haskins Society Journal 8 (1999), pp.73-78 (at p.78); J.C. Holt, ‘The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance’, in Gillingham & Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages, op. cit. pp.92-105 (at p.98); N. Barratt, ‘The Revenues of John and Philip Augustus Revisited’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.75-79.

  71 S.D. Church, The Household Knights of King John (Cambridge, 1999).

  72 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, op. cit. i. 30, 326; T.D. Hardy, ed., Rotuli Normanniae in Turri Londinensi Asservati (1835), 103, 105; Richard, Comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. p.321.

  73 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 20b.

  74 WM, ii. p.131; Pipe Roll John 6, p.150.

  75 WM, ii. p.131.

  76 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 356.

  77 P. Chaplais, ed., Diplomatic Documents Preserved in the Public Record Office 1101-1272 (1964), No.206; Daniel Power, ‘King John and the Norman Aristocracy’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.117-36 (at pp.133-34).

  78 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.114; Richard, Comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. pp.370-71.

  79 Powicke, Loss, p.232.

  80 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 15, 21b, 24a.

  81 Powicke, Loss, pp.231-32.

  82 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.197; J.C. Holt, ‘The End of the Anglo-Norman Realm’, in Proceedings of the British Academy 61 (1975), pp.223-65; J.B. Baldwin, ‘La décennie décisive: les années 1190-1203 dans le règne de Philippe Auguste’, Revue Historique 266 (1981), pp.311-37.

  83 R.V. Turner, ‘Good or Bad Kingship’, loc. cit. p.73.

  84 Baldwin, Government, pp.141-52; V.D. Moss, ‘The Norman Exchequer Rolls of King John’, in Church, King John, pp.101-16 (at p.116).

  85 J.C. Holt, ‘The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance’, in Holt & Gillingham, eds, War and Government, op. cit. pp.92-105.

  86 Powicke, Loss, p.239.

  87 Gillingham, Richard I, pp.338-40.

  88 Recueil des historiens de France, op. cit. xxiv. Pt.2 p.758: MGH, Scriptores, ix. p.330.

  89 Gillingham, in Church, King John, loc. cit.

  90 Daniel Power, ‘King John and the Norman Aristocracy’, in Church, King John, pp.117-36 (at pp.122-23).

  91 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.129, 141.

  92 William of Newburgh, i. pp.306, 406.

  93 D.A. Carpenter, ‘The Abbot Ralph of Coggleshall’s account of the last years of King Richard and the first years of King John’, EHR 113 (1998).

  94 V.D. Moss, ‘Norman Exchequer Rolls’, loc. cit. p.116.

  95 Roger of Wendover, i. pp.316-17; Annales monastici, i. pp.26-27; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.258-59.

  96 L. Halphen, ed., Recueil d’annales angevines et vendômoises (Paris, 1903), pp.21-22; Coggleshall, pp.143-46; Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.97.

  97 Gillingham, Richard I, pp.347-48.

  98 Pollock & Maitland, History of English Law, op. cit. ii. pp.500-508.

  99 Delaborde, Recueil des Actes de Philippe, op. cit. No.933A; T.D. Hardy, ed., Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus in Turri Londinensi Asservati (1835), pp.334-35.

  100 Powicke, Loss, pp.288-90.

  101 WM, ii. p.151.

  102 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.99-100.

  103 Powicke, Loss, pp.281, 290-91.

  104 A.L. Poole, Domesday Book, pp.433-41.

  105 N. Barratt, ‘The Revenue of King John’, EHR 111 (1996), pp.835-55.

  106 Powicke, Loss, p.305.

  107 Sean Duffy, ‘John and Ireland’; A.A.M. Duncan, ‘John King of England and the King of Scots’; Ifor W. Rowlands, ‘King John and Wales’, in Church, King John, pp.221-87.

  108 Powicke, Loss, pp.303-06.

  CHAPTER 14

  1 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.223; ii. p.227.

  2 Recueil des Actes de Philippe-Auguste, ii. pp.403-11, 418-21, 460-62, 470-72, 483-85, 493-503.

  3 Coggleshall, p.103.

  4 Curia Regis Rolls of the Reigns of Richard I, John and Henry III preserved in the Public Record Office, 7-8 John, pp.101-02.

  5 WM, ii. p.151.

  6 Ibid., ii. p.155.

  7 Coggleshall, p.151.

  8 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.96-97.

  9 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 55.

  10 Coggleshall, pp.148-49.

  11 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.97-98.

  12 Painter, King John, pp.25-29.

  13 Ifor W. Rowlands, ‘King John and Wales’, in Church, King John, pp.273-87 (at pp.275-76).

  14 Norgate, John Lackland, p.105.

  15 WM, ii. p.149.

  16 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.96.

  17 WM, ii. pp.151-53.

  18 Ibid.

  19 Warren, King John, p.113.

  20 WM, i.

  21 Painter, William Marshal, pp.138-44.

  22 Pipe Roll 7 John, pp.xviii-xx.

  23 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 25-42; Pipe Roll 7 John, pp.xiii-xxv.

  24 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.98; Coggleshall, pp.152-53.

  25 Coggleshall, p.154.

  26 Miller, Richard the Lionheart, op. cit. p.156.

  27 F.W. Brooks, The English Naval Forces 1199-1272 (1933), p.136; N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea, pp.45-47.

  28 Pipe Roll 7 John, p.10; 14 John, p.xix; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 55, 117.

  29 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 62-63.

  30 F.W. Brooks, ‘William de Wrotham and the Office of Keeper of the King’s Ports and Galleys’, EHR 40 (1925), pp.570-79; W.R. Powell, ‘The Administration of the Navy and the Stannaries’, EHR 71 (1956), pp.177-88.

  31 Hardy, ed., Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis, op. cit. 139-40; Painter, King John, p.40.

  32 WM, ii. p.159.

  33 Coggleshall, pp.152-53.

  34 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.10.

  35 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.98.

  36 Coggleshall, pp.154-55.

  37 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 61; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 55.

  38 Pipe Roll 8 John, p.xviii.

  39 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.182; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 62-64.

  40 Coggleshall, p.146; Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.100-104.

  41 Annale
s monastici, v. p.394; Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.13-14; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.198.

  42 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.183; Coggleshall, p.156; Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.98.

  43 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.164, 223-224.

  44 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.156.

  45 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.95.

  46 Warren, King John, p.120.

  47 W.F. Skene, ed., Johannes de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1872) - hereinafter Fordun - i. p.279.

  48 D.E.R. Watt, ed., Scotichronicon of Walter Bower (Edinburgh, 1994) - hereinafter Bower - iv. p.449; A.O. Anderson, ed., Chronicle of Melrose (1936), p.54.

  49 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.102-03; Bower, op. cit. pp.449-51.

  50 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.50; Fordun, i. p.297; Annales Monastici, i. p.29; ii. p.262; F.X. Martin, A New History of Ireland (Oxford, 1987), ii. p.139; A.A.M. Duncan, ‘John King of England and the King of Scots’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.244-71 (at p.257).

  51 Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, op. cit. p.207; Castellieri, Philip II, op. cit. iv. pp.277-81, 296-97.

  52 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.103; Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.102-03; Bower, iv. pp.451-53; Anderson, ed., Chronicle of Melrose, op. cit. p.54.

  53 A. Lawrie, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, 1153-1214 (Glasgow, 1910), p.358.

  54 Fordun, i. p.278; Bower, iv. pp.466-69.

  55 Duncan, ‘John, King of England and the King of the Scots’, loc. cit. pp.262-67.

  56 Rotuli Chartarum, i. 23, 44, 63, 100b, 103, 103b, 104; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 39, 40, 44b, 51b, 88, 89b, 91; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 236, 240.

  57 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 86; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, p.12.

  58 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. p.86; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. p.12; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.101; J.E. Lloyd, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols (1939), ii. pp.631-36; C.W. Lewis, ‘The Treaty of Woodstock: its Background and Significance’, Welsh History Review 2 (1965), pp.37-65.

  59 Annales Monastici, i. p.60; for W. Rowlands, ‘King John and Wales’, in Church, King John, pp.273-87 (at pp.279-81).

  60 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.203.

  61 R.F. Treharne, ‘The Franco-Welsh treaty of alliance in 1212’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 18 (1958-60), pp.60-75.

  62 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, 121b-122; Rolands, ‘King John and Wales’, loc. cit. p.281.