Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  63 H. Cole, ed., Documents Illustrative, op. cit. p.231.

  64 T. Jones, ed., Brut y Tywysogyon (Cardiff, 1952), pp.89-92.

  65 Poole, Domesday Book, p.313.

  66 Martin, New History of Ireland, op. cit.

  67 Rotuli Chartarum, 98.

  68 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 54.

  69 Rowlands, ‘King John and Wales’, loc. cit. p.275.

  70 Warren, King John, pp.107-08.

  71 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 4, 7, 16b, 18b, 19b, 24b.

  72 H.S. Sweetman, ed., Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, 4 vols (1875), i. Nos.145-148; S. MacAirt, ed., The Annals of Inisfallen (Dublin, 1951), p.329.

  73 Rotuli Chartarum, 107b.

  74 Duffy, ‘John and Ireland’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.221-45 (at p.240).

  75 Ibid.

  76 Helen Perros, ‘Crossing the Shannon Frontier: Connacht and the Anglo-Normans 1170-1224’, in T.B. Barry, R. France, H. Simms, eds, Colony and Frontier in Medieval Ireland (1995), pp.117-38.

  77 J.O. O’Donovan, ed., Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, 7 vols (Dublin, 1851), iii. p.125.

  78 Perros, ‘Crossing the Shannon Frontier’, loc. cit.

  79 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 476; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 69b, 70b.

  80 WM, ii. pp.167-69.

  81 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 72.

  82 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 77b.

  83 WM, ii. pp.181-91.

  84 Ibid., pp.191-99.

  85 Painter, William Marshal, pp.149-69.

  86 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 105, 105b; Rotuli Chartarum, 17b.

  87 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.107.

  88 ibid., i. p.108; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 86b.

  89 WM ii. pp.209-11.

  90 Ibid., pp.211-13.

  91 Sean Duffy, ‘King John’s Expedition to Ireland in 1210: the Evidence Reconsidered’, Irish Historical Studies 30 (1997), pp.1-24.

  92 WM, ii. p.215.

  93 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.108; G.H. Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, 4 vols (Oxford, 1920), ii. pp.242-77.

  94 WM, ii. p.215.

  95 Annals of Inisfallen, op. cit. p.339.

  96 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.112-114; W.M. Hennessy, ed, The Annals of Loch Cé, 2 vols (RS 1871), i. p.243.

  97 WM, ii. pp.211-17.

  98 Lewis Warren, ‘The Historian as Private Eye’, Historical Studies, ed. J.G. Barry (Belfast, 1974), ix. pp.1-18; A.J. Otway-Ruthven, A History of Medieval Ireland (1968), p.81; J. Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages (Dublin, 1972), p.65; Painter, King John, p.227; Warren, King John, p.196.

  99 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.114-15.

  100 Coggleshall, p.164; Norgate, John Lackland, pp.287-88.

  101 Poole, Domesday Book, p.315.

  102 Annals of Loch Ce, op.cit. i. p.245.

  103 Duffy, ‘King John’s Expedition to Ireland, 1210’, loc. cit. p.17.

  104 Duffy, ‘John and Ireland’, in Church, King John, pp.242-43.

  CHAPTER 15

  1 Warren, King John, p.135.

  2 Pipe Roll 9 John, p.xiv.

  3 VCH, Dorset (1908), ii. pp.135-36.

  4 Danny Danziger & John Gillingham, 1215. The Year of Magna Carta (2002), pp.170-71.

  5 Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225 (Oxford, 2000), pp.135-36.

  6 Nicholas Vincent, Peter des Roches, op. cit. p.55.

  7 S.D. Church, The Household Knights of King John (Cambridge, 1999), pp.14, 68-69.

  8 J.E.A. Jolliffe, Angevin Kingship (1955), pp.189-209.

  9 J.E.A. Jolliffe, ‘The Chamber and the Castle Treasuries under John’, in R.W. Hunt, W.A. Pantin, R.W. Southern, eds, Studies in Medieval History Presented to F.M. Powicke (Oxford, 1948), pp.117-42.

  10 Brian Hindle, Medieval Roads (Princes Risborough, 1989) pp.5-28.

  11 Pipe Roll 12 Henry II, pp.49, 89; Pipe Roll 31 Henry II, p.191.

  12 Cole, ed., Documents Illustrative, op. cit. pp.232, 240.

  13 See below, Chapter 18.

  14 Pipe Roll 6 John, pp.xxiv-xxxvi, 213; Pipe Roll 4 John, p.280; Pipe Roll 3 John, pp.139, 154-55; Pipe Roll 7 John, pp.12, 121.

  15 Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis, 151.

  16 Pipe Roll 10 John, p.59; Pipe Roll 9 John, p.72; Curia Regis Rolls, op. cit. vi. p.189; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 13; Rymer; Foedera, i. p.93; Rotuli Chartarum, i. 34; Pipe Roll 2 John, p.150; 13 John, p.109; 4 John, p.276; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 145-50.

  17 Pipe Roll 8 John, p.xxvi; 7 John, p.160; 13 John, pp.xxii, 109.

  18 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.67.

  19 Danziger & Gillingham, The Year 1215, op. cit. p.27.

  20 N.S.B. Gras, The Early English Customs System (Harvard, 1918), pp.37-41; A.L. Simon, The History of the Wine Trade in England, 3 vols (1906).

  21 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.99-100.

  22 Poole, Domesday Book, pp.241-42.

  23 Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, op. cit. p.577.

  24 Richard Eales, ‘The Game of Chess: An Aspect of Medieval Knightly Culture’, in C. Harper-Bill & Ruth Harvey, eds, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood (Woodbridge, 1986), pp.12-34.

  25 Rotuli Litterarum Clausurum, i. 108, 296; F.M. Powicke, Stephen Langton (Oxford, 1928), p.99.

  26 Bartlett, England under, op. cit. pp.482-86.

  27 Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.109.

  28 Pipe Roll 3 John, p.xviii; Pipe Roll 6 John, pp.xlv, 99; Pipe Roll 7 John, p.9.

  29 Bartlett, England under, pp.668-69.

  30 H. Cole, Documents Illustrative, op. cit. pp.250, 253; Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis, p.124.

  31 M. L. Bazeley, ‘The Extent of the English Forest in the Thirteenth Century’, TRHistS, 4th series, iv (1921), pp.140-72.

  32 Raymond Grant, The Royal Forests of England (1991), p.155; Howden, Chronica, iv. p.63.

  33 Charles R. Young, The Royal Forests of Medieval England (Pennsylvania, 1979), pp.29-30.

  34 Dialogus de Scaccario, op. cit. p.60.

  35 C.C.J. Webb, ed., Policraticus by John of Salisbury, 2 vols (Oxford, 1909), i. pp.30-31.

  36 Bartlett, England under, p.674.

  37 J.G. Turner, Select Pleas of the Forest (1899), pp.3-4, 9; Raymond Grant, The Royal Forests, op. cit. pp.49-50.

  38 H.E. Salter, ed., Vision of the Monk of Eynsham (Oxford, 1908), p.348.

  39 John H. Mozley & Robert R. Raymo, Speculum Stultorum of Nigel Longchamp aka Wireker (L.A., 1960), p.88.

  40 Grant, The Royal Forests, pp.104-05.

  41 Young, The Royal Forests of Medieval England, op. cit. p.21.

  42 Turner, Select Pleas, op. cit. p.9.

  43 Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.144-45.

  44 Douie & Farmer, Magna Vita of Adam of Eynsham, op. cit. i. p.114; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.257; Howden, Gesta, i. p.105.

  45 Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, op. cit. pp.5-6; Dialogus de Scaccario, pp.58-59.

  46 Warren, Henry II, p.390.

  47 Pipe Roll 11 John, p.72; Grant, The Royal Forests, pp.90-91.

  48 Pipe Roll 22 Henry II, p.193.

  49 Grant, The Royal Forests, pp.136-37.

  50 Pipe Roll 3 John, p.256; Pipe Roll 5 John, pp.143-44; Rotuli Chartarum, 132.

  51 Young, The Royal Forests, op. cit. pp.136-37.

  52 Oliver Rackham, Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape (1976), pp.66-96.

  53 Vincent, Peter des Roches, op. cit. pp.185-90.

  54 Dialogus de Scaccario, op. cit. pp.59-60.

  55 Pipe Roll 13 Henry II, p.77.

  56 Bartlett, England under, p.671.

  57 Urban T. Holmes, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century (Madison, 1952), p.41.

  58 Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis, 144; Cole, ed., Documents Illustrative, pp.233, 256.

  59 Rotuli de liberate, op. cit. 144, 233, 246-47.

  60 Bartlett, England under, pp.672-73.

  61 Chronicle of Melrose, op. cit. i. p.2
33.

  62 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.246.

  63 T.H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977), pp.11-14; P. Chorley, ‘The Cloth Exports of Flanders and Northern France during the Thirteenth Century: A Luxury Trade?’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 40 (1987), pp.349-79; H. Pirenne, ‘The Place of the Netherlands in the Economic History of Medieval Europe’, Economic History Review 2 (1929), pp.20-40; G. Dept, Les influences anglaises et françaises dans le comté de Flandre (Paris, 1928).

  64 H.S.A. Fox, ‘The Alleged Transformation from the Two-Field to the Three-Field systems in Medieval England’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 39 (1986), pp.526-48.

  65 P.D.A. Harvey, ‘The English Inflation of 1180-1220’, PP 61 (1973), pp.3-30; Harvey, ‘The Pipe Rolls and the Adoption of Demesne Farming in England’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 27 (1974), pp.345-59.

  66 P.H. Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society 1000-1500 (Cambridge, 1993), ii. pp.79-151.

  67 E. Miller, ‘England in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: An Economic Contrast?’ Economic History Review, 2nd series, 24 (1971), pp.1-14; J.L. Bolton, ‘The English Economy in the early Thirteenth Century’, in Church, King John, pp.27-40.

  68 Christopher Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages. The People of Britain 850-1520 (Yale, 2002), pp.95-96; Bartlett, England under, pp.290-97; J.C. Russell, British Medieval Population (N.M., 1948).

  69 N. Barratt, ‘The Revenues of King John’, EHR 111 (1996), pp.835-55.

  70 Bolton, ‘The English Economy’, loc. cit. p.40.

  71 Maurice Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages (1967), p.328.

  72 Ibid., pp.88, 336-37.

  73 Pamela Nightingale, A Medieval Mercantile Community: The Grocers’ Company and the Politics of Trade of London 1000-1465 (Yale, 1995), pp.54-55.

  74 N.S.B. Gras, The Early English Customs System (Harvard, 1918), pp.221-22; Beresford, New Towns, op. cit. p.89.

  75 Beresford, op. cit. p.336.

  76 Nightingale, op. cit. p.35.

  77 Peter Spufford, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), pp.382-83.

  78 Bartlett, England under, pp.339-40.

  79 Ibid., p.216.

  80 Ibid., pp.316-30.

  81 David Knowles, The Monastic Order in England (1963), pp.363-70.

  82 Alice M. Cooke, ‘The Settlement of the Cistercians in England’, EHR 8 (1893), pp.625-76.

  83 J.C. Dickinson, The Origin of the Augustinian Canons (1950); H.M. Colvin, The White Canons in England (Oxford, 1951).

  84 M.D. Knowles & R.N. Hadcock, Religious Houses of Medieval England (1953), pp.59-72, 73-78, 80-95, 104-112, 115-116.

  85 H.E. Butler, The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakeland (1949), pp.12-17.

  86 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.372-481.

  87 Joan Wardrop, Fountains Abbey and its Benefactors 1132-1300 (Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1987).

  88 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 14.

  89 Bartlett, England under, pp.199-201.

  90 Vincent, Peter des Roches, op. cit. pp.89-90.

  91 Warren, King John, p.126.

  92 F. West, The Justiciarship in England 1066-1232 (Cambridge, 1966), passim.

  93 Painter, King John, p.92.

  94 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.216-19; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.4-5.

  95 Bartlett, England under, p.151.

  96 Gillingham, Richard I, p.121.

  97 Poole, Domesday Book, pp.403-05.

  98 Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp.100-06.

  99 Bartlett, England under, p.191.

  100 Poole, Domesday Book, pp.406-08.

  101 Ralph Turner, ‘John and Justice’, in Church, King John, pp.317-33 (at p.323).

  102 Ibid., p.325.

  103 Ralph Turner, ‘King John’s Concept of Royal Authority’, History of Political Thought 17 (1996), pp.157-78.

  104 Robert Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water. The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1986).

  105 Pocock & Maitland, The History of English Law, op. cit. ii. p.599; Bartlett, Trial, op. cit. pp.66, 69.

  106 See J. Sayers, Innocent III, Leader of Europe, 1198-1216 (1994); C.R. Cheney, Pope Innocent III and England (1976); Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (Washington D.C., 1990).

  107 Hugh Thomas, Vassals, Heiresses, Crusaders and Thugs: the Gentry of Angevin Yorkshire 1154-1216 (Philadelphia, 1993), pp.73-85.

  108 Warren, King John, pp.143-44.

  109 Turner, ‘John and Justice’, loc. cit. pp.321-22.

  110 Bartlett, Trial, p.53, 98, 100.

  CHAPTER 16

  1 Z.N. Brooke, The English Church and the Papacy from the Conquest to the Reign of John (Cambridge, 1931); C.R. Cheney, From Beckett to Langton; English Church Government 1170-1213 (Manchester, 1956); C.R. Cheney, Hubert Walter (1967); C.R. Cheney, Pope Innocent III and England (Stuttgart, 1976).

  2 F. Pollock & F.W. Maitland, History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1898), ii. pp.197 et seq.

  3 L. Delisle & E. Berger, eds, Recueil des Actes de Henri II (Paris, 1927), i. p.587.

  4 J.C. Holt, King John (1963), pp.13-14; R.V. Turner, King John (1994), p.263.

  5 A. Biggs, trans. & ed., Handbook of Church History 4: From the High Middle Ages to the Reformation (1970), p.152.

  6 C.R. Cheney, Innocent III and England (Stuttgart, 1976), pp.99-100.

  7 C.R. Cheney et al., ed, The Letters of Innocent III (1198-1216) Concerning England and Wales (Oxford, 1967), pp.32, 65, 76, 78, 94-95 (Nos. 184, 398, 465, 476-77, 578-79).

  8 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.10; Cheney, Hubert Walter, pp.105-106.

  9 V.H. Galbraith, An Introduction to the Use of Public Records (Oxford, 1934), p.20; Galbraith, Studies in the Public Records (1948), pp.71-80.

  10 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.75-76; Pipe Roll 7 Richard I, pp.179, 225.

  11 Cheney, Hubert Walter, pp.93-94.

  12 Curia Regis Rolls, vi. p.271; Pipe Rolls 7 John, p.116.

  13 M.D. Knowles, The Monastic Order in England. A History of its Development from the times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 943-1216 (Cambridge, 1940), pp.208-226.

  14 Walter of Coventry, pp.xlix-liii; M.D. Knowles, ‘The Canterbury Election of 1204-05’, EHR 53 (1938), pp.211-20; cf. Knowles, Monastic Order, op. cit. pp.319-22, 325-27.

  15 Painter, King John, p.155.

  16 C. Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, in Church, ed., King John, pp.289-315 (at p.294).

  17 Cole, Documents Illustrative, op. cit. p.274; Pipe Roll 7 John, p.10.

  18 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. p.99.

  19 C.R. Cheney, ‘A Neglected Record of the Canterbury Election of 1205-06’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 21 (1918).

  20 F.M. Powicke, Stephen Langton (1929), pp.3-4, 75.

  21 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 74; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.199; R.A.L. Smith, ‘The Central Financial System of Christchurch Canterbury, 1186-1512’, EHR 55 (1940), pp.353-369.

  22 B. Bolton, ‘Philip Augustus and John. Two Sons in Innocent III’s Vineyard’, in D. Wood, ed., The Church and Sovereignty c.590-1918 (Oxford, 1991), pp.113-34; Warren, King John, pp.171-72.

  23 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, eds Douie & Farmer, ii. pp.137-44.

  24 Ibid., pp.142-44.

  25 H.E. Butler, ed., The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakeland (1949), pp.116-17.

  26 Jim Bradbury, ‘Philip Augustus and King John’, in Church, King John, p.350.

  27 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.xcii-iii; T.M. Parker, ‘The Interdict of Innocent III’, Speculum 11 (1936), pp.258-60.

  28 Cheney, From Becket to Langton, op. cit. p.94.

  29 Cheney, ed., Letters of Innocent III, p.126.

  30 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, op. cit. pp.91-96; E.B. Krehbiel, The Interdict, its History and Operation (Washington, 1909).

  31 C.R. Cheney, ‘King John and the Papal Interdict’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 31 (1948), pp.295-317.

&
nbsp; 32 Annales monastici, i. p.28.

  33 Warren, King John, p.166.

  34 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 80.

  35 Annales monastici, i. p.28.

  36 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.97-98.

  37 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, pp.184-87.

  38 C.R. Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction to the Interdict in England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, 31 (1949), pp.129-50.

  39 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita, op. cit. ii. p.143.

  40 Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction’, loc. cit. p.131.

  41 H.T. Riley, ed., Gesta Abbatum S. Albani (RS 1869), i. pp.241-43; Pipe Roll 12 John, pp.215-16; Pipe Roll 13 John, p.65.

  42 Letters of Innocent III, p.157 (No.947); Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, loc. cit. pp.306-07.

  43 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.313.

  44 Poole, Domesday Book, op. cit. p.183.

  45 Annales monastici, ii. p.261.

  46 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.117-20.

  47 Annales monastici, iii. p.32.

  48 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.228-237; Warren, King John, p.169.

  49 J. Sayers, Innocent III, Leader of Europe, 1198-1216 (1994), p.80.

  50 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.102-03.

  51 Pipe Roll 10 John, p.110.

  52 S.K. Mitchell, Studies in Taxation under Henry II (Yale, 1914) pp.105-109.

  53 Cheney, ‘King John and the Papal Interdict’, loc. cit. pp.310-11.

  54 Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction’, loc. cit. p.129.

  55 Cheney, ‘King John and the Papal Interdict’, loc. cit. pp.304-05; Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction’, loc. cit. pp.147-48.

  56 Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, loc. cit. pp.306-07.

  57 Annales monastici, iv. p.397.

  58 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.103-04; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 89-90.

  59 Nicholas Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge, 1999), pp.47-55.

  60 Gervase of Canterbury, ii. pp.cviii-cx; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.199; Coggleshall, p.165.

  61 Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, loc. cit. p.306.

  62 Annales monastici, ii. p.173; Cheney, ‘King John and the Papal Interdict’, pp.279-300.

  63 Norgate, John Lackland, p.136.

  64 Rotuli litterarum clausarum, i. 111.

  65 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.203; Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.109.

  66 Rotuli de liberate ac de misis, 112, 141, 149, 151, 153, 158, 165.