Europe

by Jan Morris

  Brittany 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Bro Vigouden (Bigouden), Brittany 1

  Bruges, Belgium 1, 2, 3

  Brussels, Belgium 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Bucharest, Romania 1, 2, 3, 4; architecture 1, 2;

  Gypsies 1, 2;

  superstitions 1, 2

  Buchenwald, Germany 1, 2

  Budapest, Hungary 1; art 1;

  Danube, 1, 2, 3;

  espionage 1;

  funicular railway 1;

  Gypsies 1;

  Habsburg era 1, 2, 3;

  Jews 1;

  Kaiser Wilhelm II’s visit 1;

  relic of St Stephen 1;

  restaurants 1, 2;

  Rising (1956) 1, 2, 3;

  Roman 1;

  spa 1;

  Turkish occupation 1

  Bulgaria 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Gypsies 1, 2, 3;

  and Islam 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Russian influence 1, 2

  Burton, Sir Richard 1

  Büsingen, Switzerland 1

  buskers 1

  Cade, Jack 1

  Cagliari, Sardinia 1

  Calabria, Italy 1

  Calverley, C. S. 1

  Camoëns, Luis de 1, 2

  canals 1, 2

  Canterbury, England 1, 2

  Cape St Vincent, Portugal 1

  Capri, Italy 1, 2

  Carl August, Duke of Weimar 1, 2, 3

  Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary) 1

  Carlyle, Thomas 1, 2

  Carmichael, Alexander; Carmina Gadelica 1

  Carnac, Brittany 1, 2

  Carolingian empire 1, 2

  Carrington, Dorothy 1

  Castile 1, 2

  Catalans 1

  cathedrals 1

  Ceauşescu, Nicolae 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Celle, Germany 1

  Celts 1, 2

  Cervantes, Miguel de 1, 2, 3

  Chamberlain, Neville 1, 2

  Channel Islands 1, 2

  Channel Tunnel 1, 2, 3

  charity, Christian 1

  Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; throne of 1, 2

  Charles, Prince of Wales 1, 2

  children 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Chopin, Frédéric 1, 2, 3

  Christianity: American 1; cathedrals 1;

  Celtic 1;

  charismatic 1;

  charity 1;

  death-cult 1;

  decline? 1;

  kindness 1;

  pagan inheritance 1;

  relics 1, 2;

  sacred stones 1;

  sects 1;

  and unity of Europe 1, 2;

  visions and apparitions 1;

  see also individual churches and churches;

  cross;

  Mary, Blessed Virgin

  Christmas 1, 2

  churches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  Churchill, Sir Winston 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; ‘Iron Curtain’ 1, 2

  cinema 1, 2

  cities, mercantile 1

  Coimbra, Portugal 1, 2

  Cold War 1, 2, 3, 4

  Cologne, Germany 1, 2, 3

  commerce 1, 2, 3

  Communism 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; collapse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  and religion 1, 2, 3;

  see also individual Communist countries

  concentration camps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

  Constance, Switzerland and Germany 1, 2, 3

  Constantinople 1, 2

  Copenhagen, Denmark 1, 2, 3, 4

  Corfu, Greece1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Corinth Canal, Greece 1, 2

  Cornwall, England 1, 2

  Corsica 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  costume, traditional 1, 2

  Crete, Greece 1, 2

  crime, international 1

  Crimea 1, 2

  Croagh Patrick, Eire 1, 2

  Croatia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  cross, sign of 1, 2, 3

  Crossmaglen, Armagh, Ireland 1

  crown, symbolism of 1

  customs officials 1, 2, 3, 4

  Cuxhaven, Germany 1

  Cyprus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Czechoslovakia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Germans in 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Jews 1, 2;

  see also Czech Republic;

  Slovakia;

  and individual places

  Czech Republic 1, 2, 3

  Dalmatia 1, 2, 3, 4

  dancing 1, 2

  Danube, river 1, 2; cities along 1, 2, 3;

  delta 1, 2, 3;

  as frontier 1, 2, 3, 4;

  -Rhine canal 1

  death-cult 1

  Denmark 1; ancient 1, 2;

  empire 1, 2;

  Faroe Islands 1;

  flag 1, 2;

  medieval wars 1, 2;

  monarchy 1, 2;

  and Nazis 1

  Deny, Northern Ireland 1, 2

  Dickens, Charles 1, 2, 3

  Dijon, France 1, 2

  dogs 1, 2, 3

  Dôle, France 1, 2

  dragons, Welsh 1, 2

  Dresden, Germany 1, 2, 3, 4

  dress, traditional 1, 2

  Druids 1, 2

  Dublin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;

  beliefs 1, 2, 3, 4

  Dubrovnik, Croatia 1, 2, 3

  Durrës, Albania 1, 2

  Dwyfor, river 1

  Easter 1, 2

  Eastern Europe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Communist era1, 2;

  Gypsies

  1, 2;

  hotels 1, 2, 3;

  see also individual countries

  Edinburgh, Scotland 1, 2, 3, 4

  Einstein, Albert 1, 2

  Eisteddfod Genedlaethol, Welsh 1, 2

  Elba, Italy 1, 2

  Elbe, river 1, 2, 3, 4

  Elizabeth, Habsburg Empress 1

  Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain 1, 2, 3

  enclaves 1, 2

  England 1; American influence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  confidence 1, 2, 3;

  English style 1, 2;

  fashions 1;

  influence 1, 2;

  language 1, 2, 3;

  monarchy and royal family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  pubs 1;

  transport and travel 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Welsh frontier 1, 2;

  wars on Continent 1;

  see also Britain and individual places

  English Channel 1, 2, 3

  Epidauros, Greece 1, 2

  Epomeo, Mount, Ischia 1

  Erasmus, Desiderius 1, 2

  escalator, Europe’s longest 1

  Escorial, Spain 1

  espionage 1, 2

  Estonia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Esztergom, Hungary 1, 2, 3

  ethnic minorities 1, 2, 3

  Euro-city 1

  European Coal and Steel Community 1, 2

  European Union 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; anthem 1;

  flag 1;

  Parliament 1, 2, 3

  Eurostar train 1

  Euzkadi (Basques) 1

  Everest, Mount 1, 2

  executioners 1, 2

  fairs, trading 1

  Faroe Islands 1

  Fascism 1, 2; see also Mussolini;

  Nazism

  Fátima, Portugal 1

  Fermor,

  Patrick Leigh 1, 2

  Fields, Gracie 1

  Filitosa, Corsica 1

  fin de siècle 1

  Finland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Finns abroad 1, 2;

  flag 1, 2;

  islands 1, 2;

  and Russia 1, 2

  Fisher, Admiral ‘Jacky’ 1

  flags 1, 2, 3

  Flecker, James Elroy 1

  Florence, Italy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  food 1, 2, 3

  football 1, 2

  Formentor, Majorca 1, 2

  fortifications 1, 2

  France 1; anthem 1, 2;

  arts 1, 2;

  Atlantic Wall 1, 2;

  church clocks 1;

  countryside 1;

  couture 1;

  empire 1, 2;

  English in 1, 2;

  flag 1;

  f
ood 1, 2, 3, 4;

  frontiers 1, 2;

  and Germany 1, 2, 3;

  and Holy Roman Empire 1, 2;

  influence 1, 2;

  language 1;

  menhirs 1, 2, 3;

  military pretensions 1;

  minorities 1, 2, 3;

  Paris Périphérique as epitome of 1;

  patriotism 1;

  student protests 1, 2;

  transport 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  Vichy government 1, 2;

  World War II 1, 2, 3, 4;

  see also individual places

  Franciscan order 1

  Franco, Francisco 1, 2, 3, 4

  Franco-Prussian War 1

  Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 1

  Franz Josef I, Emperor 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  coronation 1, 2

  Frederick I, the Great, of Prussia 1

  French language 1

  Freud, Sigmund 1, 2, 3, 4

  Friedrich Franz I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg 1

  Friendship Bridge, Romania/Bulgaria 1

  frontiers 1; artificial and natural 1;

  Eastern Europe 1, 2;

  end? 1;

  in imaginaton 1, 2;

  Middle Ages 1;

  military 1;

  officials 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Roman 1;

  settlements dissected by 1, 2, 3;

  see also under individual countries

  Fuengirola, Spain 1

  funiculars 1

  Galway, Ireland 1

  Gamla Uppsala, Sweden 1

  gateways 1, 2, 3

  Gaulle, Charles de 1, 2

  Geneva, Switzerland 1, 2, 3, 4

  George I, King of England 1, 2

  George V, King of England 1, 2

  Germany 1, 2; anthems 1, 2, 3;

  aristocracy 1, 2;

  and Austria 1, 2, 3;

  and Baltic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  Büsingen enclave in Switzerland 1;

  East-West division 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Eastern 1, 2, 3;

  empire 1;

  expatriates 1, 2, 3;

  food 1, 2, 3;

  foreigners in 1, 2;

  and France 1, 2, 3;

  frontiers 1, 2, 3;

  Gypsies 1, 2;

  Hansa 1, 2, 3;

  influence 1, 2, 3;

  land-locked 1;

  music 1, 2, 3;

  Napoleonic kingdom 1;

  navy 1, 2;

  neo-paganism 1, 2;

  pre-war ethos 1;

  Second Reich 1, 2, 3;

  Slavs in 1;

  spas 1;

  Third Reich 1, 2, 3;

  tourists abroad 1, 2;

  transport 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Weimar Republic 1;

  Wends 1;

  World War I 1, 2, 3, 4;

  World War II 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, (burden of) 7, 8;

  see also individual places and Hitler;

  Holocaust;

  Nazis

  ghettos 1, 2, 3

  Gibraltar 1, 2, 3, 4

  Gilbert, Martin 1

  Giorgione 1, 2

  Glasgow, Scotland 1, 2

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Gordon, R. K. 1

  Gorsedd of Bards 1

  Gotland, Sweden 1, 2

  Granada, Spain 1, 2

  Great St Bernard Pass 1, 2

  Greece 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; ancient religion 1, 2;

  and Cyprus 1, 2;

  eastern or western? 1, 2, 3;

  Greeks abroad 1, 2;

  Gypsies 1, 2;

  influence 1;

  islands 1;

  Turkish occupation 1, 2

  green men 1

  Grieg, Edvard 1

  Gruffydd ap Cynan 1

  Guernica, Spain 1

  Guiseley, West Yorks 1

  Gypsies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Habsburg, Prince György 1, 2 Habsburg Empire 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;

  demise 1, 2;

  Landstrasse 1, 2;

  Military Frontier 1;

  Parliament 1;

  Trieste in 1, 2, 3

  Habsburg family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Hadrian’s Wall, England 61

  Hamburg, Germany 1, 2, 3

  Hanover, house of 1

  Hansa, Hanseatic League 1, 2, 3

  Hans Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein 1, 2

  Harding, Field Marshal Sir John 1

  Harris, Sir Arthur ‘Bomber’ 1

  Hašek, Jaroslav; The Good Soldier Švejk 1, 2, 3

  Hatto, Archbishop of Mainz 1

  Haussmann, Baron Georges Eugène 1, 2

  Haute-Savoie, France 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Havel, Václav 1

  Haworth, West Yorks 1

  Hedeby, Germany 1

  Heligoland, Germany 1, 2

  Helsinki, Finland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Helvetic Confederation 1

  Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal 1

  Himmler, Heinrich 1, 2

  Hitler, Adolf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and Austria 1, 2;

  at Bayreuth 1;

  Berlin bunker 1;

  birthplace 1;

  Bomb Plot 1;

  and Czechoslovakia 1, 2;

  on middle ages 1;

  in Passau 1;

  suicide 1;

  and Strasbourg 1;

  vision of Europe 1, 2;

  in Weimar 1

  Hoetger, Bernard 1

  Hohenzollern family 1, 2, 3

  Holocaust 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; see also concentration camps

  Holy Roman Empire 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Horatius (Roman hero) 1, 2 horses;

  Lippizaner 1;

  of St Mark 1, 2

  hotels 1, 2, 3, 4

  Hoxha, Enver 1, 2, 3

  Hungary 1; aristocracy 1;

  Budapest rising (1956) 1, 2, 3;

  Cardinal Mindszenty 1;

  crown of St Stephen 1;

  and European Union 1;

  expatriates 1, 2;

  under Habsburgs 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Nazi sympathizers 1;

  Serbs 1;

  and Slovakia 1, 2, 3;

  Turkish occupation 1;

  see also individual places

  Hurtigruten (Norwegian coastal shipping) 1

  hydrofoils 1, 2

  Ibárurri Gómez, Dolores (‘La Pasionaria’) 1, 2

  Ibsen, Henrik 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Iceland 1, 2, 3

  Ionian Islands 1, 2; see also Corfu

  Ireland 1; Anglo–Irish 1, 2;

  Dáil 1;

  English and 1, 2, 3;

  flag 1;

  food 1;

  happiness 1;

  Hill of Tara 1;

  influence 1;

  north-south border 1;

  religion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  roads 1;

  sectarianism 1, 2;

  see also individual places

  Irish Republican Army 1

  Iron Curtain 1, 2, 3, 4

  Ischia, Italy 1, 2

  Islam 1, 2, 3, 4

  islands 1;

  see also individual islands

  Italy 1; design 1, 2;

  empire 1;

  food 1, 2;

  foreigners in 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Gypsies 1, 2;

  Habsburg monarchs 1, 2;

  influence 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Jews 1, 2;

  migrants abroad 1;

  Napoleonic kingdom 1;

  and Trieste 1, 2;

  World War I 1;

  World War II 1, 2, 3;

  see also individual places

  Jaracheff, Christo 1

  Jean Bart (French battleship) 1, 2, 3

  Jesuits 1, 2

  Jews 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; see also Holocaust

  John of Nepomuk, St 1, 2

  John Paul II, Pope 1, 2

  Josephine, Empress of France 1, 2

  Joyce, James 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  and Trieste 1, 2, 3

  Jurmala, Latvia 1
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  Kafka, Franz 1, 2, 3

  Kaliningrad, Russia (Königsberg) 1, 2, 3

  Karaim (Karaites) 1

  Karl IV, Emperor 1, 2

  Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic (Carlsbad) 1

  Kaunas, Lithuania 1, 2

  Kiel Canal 1, 2

  Kipling, Rudyard 1

  Kirkenes, Norway 1

  kite-flying 1

  Kraków, Poland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; cathedral 1, 2

  Kronstadt (Braşov, Romania) 1

  Kross, Jaan 1, 2

  Krujë, Albania 1

  Kryži Kalnas, Lithuania 1

  Land’s End, England 1

  Lapps 1

  Latvia 1, 2, 3

  Lausanne, Switzerland 1, 2

  Law, George, Bishop of Bath and Wells 1

  Leipzig, Germany 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Leningrad, Russia (St Petersburg) 1

  Leonardo da Vinci 1, 2

  Leopold II, Emperor 1

  Liechtenstein 1, 2, 3, 4

  limes 1, 2

  lingua franca 1, 2

  Linz, Austria 1, 2

  Lippizaner horses 1

  Lisbon, Portugal 1, 2, 3

  Lithuania 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Jews 1, 2, 3

  Llanymynech, Wales/England border 1

  Llivia (Spanish enclave in France) 1

  Lombardy Pass, Alps 1

  London 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; character of people 1, 2;

  clubs 1;

  Hansa 1, 2;

  Heathrow airport 1, 2;

  Houses of Parliament 1, 2, 3;

  Jews 1;

  London Stone 1, 2;

  Mosque 1;

  Rothschilds 1, 2;

  Westminster Abbey 1

  Longford, 7th Earl of 1

  Lourdes, France 1, 2

  Lübeck, Germany 1, 2, 3

  Lucerne, Lake, Switzerland 1, 2

  Lúcia, Sister, of Fátima 1, 2, 3

  Ludwig II, King of Bavaria 1, 2, 3

  Lüneburg, Germany 1, 2

  lurs (musical instruments) 1

  Luther, Martin 1, 2

  Luxembourg 1, 2

  Lyon, France 1, 2, 3

  Maastricht, Netherlands 1, 2

  McCaul, Padraig 1

  Madara, Bulgaria 1