Europe

by Jan Morris

Madeira, Portugal 1, 2, 3, 4

  Madrid, Spain 1, 2, 3, 4

  Mafia 1, 2, 3

  magic 1, 2, 3

  Maginot Line 1, 2

  Mahler, Gustav 1, 2

  Mainz, Germany 1, 2, 3, 4

  Majorca, Spain 922, 1, 2

  Malta 1, 2, 3

  Man, Isle of 1, 2

  Manchester, England 1

  Mann, Thomas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic 1

  Marie, Queen of Romania 1

  Maria Theresa, Empress 1, 2

  Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně) 1

  Marseille, France 1, 2

  Marx, Karl 1, 2, 3

  Mary, Blessed Virgin 1, 2, 3, 4

  Mary of Teck, Queen of Great Britain 1

  Masham, England; Druids’ Temple 1

  Mäuseturm (Mice Tower), Rhine 1

  maze-games 1

  Mecklenburg, Germany 1, 2

  Medici family 1

  Medjugorje, Bosnia 1

  megalithic religion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Metternich, Prince Clemens 1, 2

  Michelangelo 1, 2

  Milan, Italy 1, 2, 3, 4

  Mindszenty, Cardinal Jozséf 1

  minority groups, ethnic 1

  minority nations 1

  Mitford, Nancy 1

  Mölln, Germany 1, 2

  Monaco 1, 2, 3

  monks 1, 2

  Montenegro 1, 2

  Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law 1, 2

  Morris, Twm 1

  Moryson, Fynes 1

  Mosey, Don 1

  Mostar, Bosnia 1, 2, 3, 4

  mother, JM’s 1, 2

  motorways 1

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1, 2, 3

  Munich, Germany 1

  music 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and religion 1, 2;

  see also anthems and individual composers

  Mussolini, Benito 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Mynydd Carn, Wales 1

  Naples, Italy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; relics 1, 2

  Napoleon I, emperor of France 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; on Elba 1, 2;

  and roads 1, 2;

  and unity of Europe 1, 2, 3, 4

  nation-states 1

  Nauplia, Greece 1, 2, 3

  navies 1, 2, 3, 4

  Nazis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; and Jews 1, 2, 3,

  (see also Holocaust);

  Sachsenhain monument 1;

  ‘Strength through Joy’ 1;

  supporters 1, 2;

  and Vienna 1;

  and Wends 1;

  Wiesenthal and 1;

  also Hitler, Adolf

  Ness, Monster of Loch 1

  Netherlands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; flag 1;

  influence 1;

  royal family 1, 2;

  war of independence 1

  Nice, France 1

  Nicholas I, King of Montenegro 1, 2

  Nicosia, Cyprus 1

  Normandy, France 1, 2

  North Cape, Norway 1

  Norway 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; far north 1, 2;

  flag 1, 2;

  Ibsen and 1, 2

  nostalgia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  oil resources 1, 2

  Olivetti typewriters 1

  Olympic Games, Barcelona 1, 2

  opera 1, 2

  Orange Order 1

  Orient Express 1

  Orkney, Scotland 1, 2

  O’Shaughnessy, Arthur 1

  Oslo, Norway 1, 2, 3

  Ottoman Empire 1, 2, 3

  Oxford, England 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Padua, Italy 1, 2, 3

  paganism 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; neo- 1, 2;

  see also megalithic religion

  Paladins, Corsica (menhirs) 1

  Palermo, Sicily 1, 2

  Pamplona, Spain 1, 2, 3

  Paris, France 1; airport 1;

  arts 1;

  boulevards 1, 2;

  Disneyland 1;

  Élysée Palace 1;

  food 1;

  Irish in 1;

  Islamic Centre 1;

  Les Invalides 1;

  Notre-Dame 1, 2;

  Périphérique 1;

  Rothschilds 1, 2;

  Seine 1;

  Sorbonne 1;

  student rebellions 1, 2

  Parker, Dorothy 1

  parliaments 1, 2; European 1, 2;

  see also under Britain

  Partinico, Sicily 1

  ‘Pasionaria, La’ (Dolores Ibárurri Gómez) 1, 2

  Passau, Germany 1, 2

  Peleş. Castle, Sinaia, Romania 1, 2

  Pelisor Castle, Romania 1

  Peter, St 1, 2

  Petržalka, Czech Republic 1

  Philip II, King of Spain 1, 2, 3

  pilgrimages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; roads 1, 2, 3

  Poland 1; anthem 1;

  aristocracy 1;

  Church 1, 2;

  exiles 1; frontiers 2, 3;

  Germans in 1;

  Gypsies 1;

  Jews 1, 2, 3;

  Kashubians 1;

  music 1, 2;

  post-Communist 1;

  Warsaw Rising (1944) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  see also individual places

  Pollecoff family 1

  pollution 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Polperro, England 1

  Pont an Abad (Pont l’Abbé), France 1

  Popes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Portmeirion, Wales 1

  Portugal 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Camoëns 1, 2;

  churches 1, 2;

  empire 1, 2;

  Habsburgs 1, 2

  postal services 1, 2, 3

  Pozsony see Bratislava

  Prague 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Charles Bridge 1, 2

  prayers 1, 2

  Pressburg see Bratislava

  Princip, Gavrilo 1

  prostitution 1, 2

  Proust, Marcel 1, 2, 3

  Prussia 1, 2; East 3, 4, 5

  Psiloritis, Mount, Crete 1

  pubs 1, 2

  Quixote, Don (fictional character) 1, 2

  railways 1, 2, 3

  Ramsden, Harry 1

  Rapallo, Italy 1

  Regensburg, Germany 1, 2, 3, 4

  Reguengos, Portugal 1

  religion 1; animism 1;

  atavism 1;

  Druids 1;

  festivals 1, 2, 3;

  and superstitions 1, 2, 3;

  syncretism 1;

  and unity 1;

  see also Christianity;

  death-cult;

  megalithic religion;

  paganism;

  pilgrimage;

  stones,

  sacred;

  witchcraft

  Rembrandt 1, 2

  Rendsburg, Germany 1

  Reykjavik, Iceland 1, 2, 3, 4

  Rhine, river 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  Rhône, river 1, 2

  Rhys ap Tewdwr 1

  Riga, Latvia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Russians and 1, 2

  Ripon, England 1

  Risorgimento 1, 2

  rivers 1, 2

  roads 1, 2;

  Roman 1, 2

  rocks, sacred see stones

  Roman Catholic Church 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; on Barra 1;

  in Ireland 1, 2, 3;

  medieval 1;

  monks 1, 2;

  in Poland 1, 2;

  see also Mary, Blessed

  Virgin;

  Popes

  Roman empire 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; roads 1, 2

  Romania 1; Bulgarian frontier 1, 2;

  expatriates 1;

  minorities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (Gypsies) 6, 7, 8, 9;

  World Wars 1, 2;

  see also Ceauşescu, Nicolae and individual places

  Rome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Church 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (see also Popes);

  Gypsies 1, 2, 3

  Roncesvalles, Pass of 1, 2

  Rostock, Germany 1

  Rothschild family 1, 2

  Rotterdam, Netherlands 1, 2, 3, 4

  royalty 1

  Rüdesheim, Germany 1, 2

  Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria 1

  Rügen
, Germany 1, 2

  ‘Ruin, The’ (Anglo-Saxon poem) 1, 2

  Ruse; Friendship Bridge 1

  Russia: and Baltic region 1, 2, 3; and Bulgaria 1;

  child ballet dancers 1;

  and Finland 1, 2;

  Germans in 1;

  influence 1;

  residents abroad 1, 2;

  Viking trade 1;

  World War II 1

  Russo-Turkish War (1877) 1

  Rütli, field of, Switzerland 1

  Saalburg, Germany 1

  Sachsenhain, Germany 1

  Sacromonte people 1

  St Bernard Pass, Alps 1

  Saint-Laurent, Yves 1

  St Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia 1, 2

  Salzburg, Austria 1

  Sami 1

  San Marino 1

  Santiago de Compostela, Spain 1, 2, 3

  Sarajevo, Bosnia 1, 2, 3

  Sardinia 1, 2, 3, 4

  Schaulen (Šiauliai), Lithuania 1

  Schiller, Friedrich 1, 2, 3, 4

  Schleswig, Germany 1, 2, 3

  Schnakenburg, Germany 1, 2

  Scone, Stone of 1

  Scotland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Seaborg, Finland 1

  seaside resorts 1

  Secret, Third, of Fátima 1, 2

  Serbia 1, 2

  Serbian Orthodox Church 1, 2

  Serbs 1, 2

  Sergius, St 1, 2

  Seville, Spain 1, 2

  Shakespeare, William 1, 2, 3, 4

  Shetland, Scotland 1, 2

  ship-graves, Gotland 1

  Shipka Pass, Battle of, Bulgaria 1

  ships 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Šiauliai (Schaulen), Lithuania 1

  Sicily 1, 2, 3

  Simplon Pass, Alps 1

  Sinaia, Romania; Peleş, Castle 1, 2

  Sixt, Haute-Savoie, France 1

  Skanderbeg (Alexander Bey) 1, 2, 3

  skiing 1, 2

  Slovakia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Slovenia 1, 2

  smuggling 1, 2

  Sofia, Bulgaria 1, 2, 3

  Spain 1, 2; Basques 1;

  Catalans 1;

  Civil War 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  empire 1, 2, 3, 4;

  English and 1, 2, 3;

  food 1;

  Gypsies 1;

  influence 1, 2, 3;

  Islam 1, 2;

  Jews 1;

  language 1;

  Llivia enclave in France 1;

  Napoleonic kingdom 1;

  and Nazism 1;

  and Netherlands 1;

  religion and beliefs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  royal family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  see also individual places

  spas 1, 2

  Split, Croatia 1, 2

  sport 1

  Spree, river 1

  Stalin, Josef 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Stephen, St 1;

  crown of 1

  Stockholm, Sweden 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Stonehenge 1

  stones, sacred 1; built into churches 1, 2;

  Charlemagne’s throne 1, 2;

  Christianity and 1;

  Croagh Patrick 1;

  mock-megalithic monuments 1;

  and St Peter 1, 2; of

  Scone 1;

  see also megalithic religion

  Strasbourg, France 1, 2, 3

  street performers 1

  Sudetenland 1, 2

  Suez Canal 1, 2

  sun, dancing of 1

  Suomenlinna (Seaborg), Finland 1

  superstitions 1, 2

  Švejk (fictional character) 1, 2, 3

  Svevo, Italo 1, 2

  Sweden 1, 2, 3, 4; empire 1, 2;

  flag 1, 2;

  islands 1, 2, 3;

  Lapps 1;

  royalty 1, 2, 3, 4;

  see also individual places

  Światowit (god) 1, 2

  Switzerland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Büsingen German enclave 1;

  transport 1, 2, 3;

  see also individual places

  Sylt, Germany 1

  Tallinn, Estonia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Tara, Hill of, Eire 1

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 1, 2

  Teresa, Mother 1

  Teutonic Knights 1, 2, 3

  Thames, river 1

  Thurn und Taxis, house of 1

  Tiber, river 1

  Tiberius, Roman emperor 1, 2

  Tiemeloberg, Germany 1

  Till Eugenspiegel 1

  Tirana, Albania 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz) 1, 2, 3

  Tomar, Portugal 1

  Topolino (car) 1, 2

  Tórshavn, Faroe Islands 1

  touching for luck 1, 2

  Toulon, France 1, 2, 3

  tourism 1, 2

  Trabant cars 1

  trade 1, 2, 3

  Trahaearn ap Caradog 1

  trains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Trakai, Lithuania 1

  trams 1

  travel 1; see also individual modes

  Trier, Germany 1, 2, 3

  Trieste, Italy 1, 2, 3, 4; British in 1, 2, 3, 4;

  churches 1, 2;

  communications 1, 2, 3;

  Europeanness 1, 2;

  Jews 1;

  political history 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Roman Tergeste 1

  Trojeborg, Gotland 1

  Trouville, France 1

  tunnels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Turgenev, Ivan 1

  Turkey 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; see also Ottoman Empire

  twinning of cities 1

  U and non-U 1

  Ukraine 1, 2

  Ulm, Germany 1, 2

  Union Flag 1, 2

  United States of America 1, 2, 3, 4; and England 1, 2, 3;

  flag 1, 2, 3;

  influence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  unity, European 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  universities 1, 2

  Ustashi 1

  Vaduz, Liechtenstein 1

  Valetta, Malta 1, 2

  Valhalla, Germany 1, 2

  Vassiltchikov, Marie 1

  Vatican City, Rome 1, 2

  Venice, Italy 1, 2; airport 1, 2;

  bells 1;

  Doges 1, 2;

  funeral of Pius X 1;

  gondoliers 1;

  Harry’s Bar 1;

  horses of St Mark 1, 2;

  influence 1, 2, 3;

  Jews 1;

  Pink Floyd concert 1;

  religion 1;

  routes 1, 2, 3;

  tourism 1, 2;

  trade fairs 1;

  walking ‘through the linings’ 1

  Verdi, Giuseppe 1, 2

  Vetsera, Baroness Maria 1

  Vichy, France 1, 2

  Victoria, Queen 1, 2

  Vienna, Austria 1; Christmas 1;

  communications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  Danube 1, 2;

  Habsburg burials 1, 2;

  Nazis and 1;

  Ottoman siege 1;

  post-war occupation 1;

  Ringstrasse 1, 2;

  Rothschilds 1, 2;

  Spanish Riding School 1;

  university 1, 2

  Vikings 1, 2, 3

  Vilnius, Lithuania 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  religion 1, 2

  Visby, Sweden 1, 2, 3

  Vltava, river 1, 2

  Vojvodina, Serbia 1

  Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  votives 1, 2

  Waddesdon Manor, England 1

  Wagner, Richard 1, 2

  Wales 1;

  anthem 1;

  archers’ V-sign 1;

  and Brittany 1;

  castles 1;

  dragons 1, 2;

  Druids 1;

  and English 1, 2;

  flag 1;

  food 1, 2;

  foreign residents 1, 2, 3;

  frontier 1, 2;

  Gypsies 1;

  islands 1;

  Jews 1;

  JM’s allegiance to 1, 2, 3 ;

  language 1, 2, 3;

  littl
e trains 1;

  religion 1;

  rocks 1, 2;

  Romans in 1;

  spas 1;

  see also individual places

  war memorials 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Warsaw, Poland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Rising (1944) 1, 2. 3, 4

  waterways, inland 1

  Watts, Peter 1, 2

  Weggis, Switzerland 1, 2

  Weimar, Germany 1, 2, 3

  Wends 1

  Westerland, Sylt, Germany 1, 2

  Wiesenthal, Dr Simon 1

  Wilhelm I, Kaiser 1, 2, 3

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;

  and navy 1, 2;

  promotes Germanity 1

  Williams-Ellis, Clough 1

  witchcraft 1, 2, 3

  Wittelsbach kings of Bavaria 1, 2, 3

  women, power of 1

  Wood, Abram 1

  World War I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Lancashire Fusiliers 1;

  memorials 1;

  songs 1

  World War II;

  and astrology 1;

  Arnhem landings 1;

  Atlantic Wall 1, 2; Audace in 1;

  Berlin 1, 2, 3;

  bombing 1, 2, 3;

  Croatian fascist state 1;

  Communist take-over after 1;

  German minorities at end of 1;

  memorials 1;

  neutral countries

  1, 2;

  occupation, post-war 1;

  Polish diaspora 1;

  Sudetenland issue 1, 2;

  see also under individual countries

  Württemberg, Germany 1, 2

  Yeats, W. B. 1

  Yugoslavia, former 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; disintegration 1, 2, 3;

  and Trieste 1, 2, 3;

  see also individual places and states

  Zagreb, Croatia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; beliefs 1, 2

  Zurich, Switzerland 1, 2

  About the Author

  Jan Morris was born in 1926 of a Welsh father and an English mother, and when she is not travelling she lives with her partner Elizabeth Morris in the top left-hand corner of Wales, between the mountains and the sea.