Dirty Wars

by Jeremy Scahill

  and international criminal court, 8–9

  and JSOC, 52, 54, 55

  and Kenya and Tanzania embassy bombings, 126

  and lethal force against bin Laden, 126

  and rendition program, 26–27

  and Schultz report, 57

  and Somalia, 125–126

  Clinton, Hillary, 246, 386

  and Afghanistan, 282

  and al Qaeda, 255, 272

  and Arab Spring, 431

  and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503

  and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 442, 445

  and bin Laden compound raid, protest over, 459

  and Davis incident, 422, 428

  and Fazul, death of, 489

  and Sharif, Sheikh, 277

  and Yemen, AQAP in, 323–324

  and Yemen, US flyover rights in, 262

  Clinton administration

  and counterterrorism, 4

  criticism of, 4, 7

  and drone strikes, 17

  and hit list, 6–7

  and lethal authority, 5–7

  and Rumsfeld, disdain for, 126

  and SOFs, 126

  Cloonan, Jack, 28

  Coalition Provisional Authority, in Iraq, 110–111

  COIN. See Counterinsurgency doctrine

  Collateral damage, 501–502. See also Civilian casualties

  Colorado State University, 33

  Combat Applications Group (CAG). See Delta Force

  Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF), 147

  and al Qaeda, fight against, in Afghanistan, 104–105, 106

  and interrogation and torture, 104–105

  and prisoner abuse scandal, 104

  Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa (CJTF–HOA), 66

  Combined Task Force 150, 230

  Concept of Operations (CONOP), 154

  Congress, US

  congressional briefings, and McChrystal, 106–107

  congressional briefings, and Rumsfeld, 107

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89

  and war, right to declare, 19–20

  and War Powers Act, 9–10

  Congressional oversight, 9, 20, 24, 26, 30

  and covert action, 91

  and JSOC, 252

  and JSOC, and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–93

  See also Oversight

  CONOP. See Concept of Operations

  Continuous Clandestine Tagging Tracking and Locating (CTTL), 173

  Convention on Cluster Munitions, 312

  Conyers, John, 106–107

  Copper Green (interrogation and torture program; aka Matchbox; Footprint), 91, 145–146, 171. See also Special Access Programs

  Corallo, Mark, 485

  Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)

  Military Fellowship Selection Board, 103–104

  Counterinsurgency doctrine (COIN), undermining of, by JSOC, 329–331

  Counterterrorism Center (CTC), 13, 25

  Counterterrorism National Security Presidental Directive (NSPD), 17, 18

  Counterterrorism policy, US. See under Obama, Barack; Bush, George W.

  Counterterrorism Security Group of the National Security Council, 4

  Covert action, 4–7

  vs. clandestine action, 138, 171

  definition of, 91, 92

  and neoconservative movement, 9–10

  oversight of, 16–17, 91

  and private contractors, 23

  and SOFs, 96–97, 101

  See also Special Operations Forces

  Covert Action Planning Group, CIA, 16

  Covert Action Review Group, CIA, 16

  Covert wars, 248, 301–302

  Craig, Iona, 384, 398, 399–400

  Crocker, Ryan, 175

  Crowley, P. J., 324, 422

  Cruise missile attacks, 6, 56, 521

  in Afghanistan, 126

  and anti-US sentiment, 518

  and Majalah massacre, 303–313

  in Somalia, 226

  in Yemen, 303–313, 358–359, 361, 376, 385, 500

  See also Assassination operations

  CSSW. See Charitable Society for Social Welfare

  CTC. See Counterterrorism Center

  CTTL. See Continuous Clandestine Tagging Tracking and Locating

  Daley, William, 440

  Danish Intelligence Service (PET), 292, 293

  and Awlaki, Anwar, hunt for, 364–366

  Dar Al Hijrah (Islamic center, Falls Church, Virginia), 38, 39, 40–41, 71

  Dark operations, 160

  and Cheney, 20, 24, 85

  and Lang, 49–50

  See also Secret prisons

  Data mining technology, 139

  Davis, Rebecca, 405

  Davis (Raymond) incident, 403–407, 414–429, 437

  and Davis’ acquittal and release, 428–429

  Dayem, Mohamed Abdel, 382–383, 384

  Daynile airstrip, 118

  Daynile offensive, 492

  Dayton, Keith, 157

  DDTC. See Directorate of Defense Trade Controls

  De-Baathification process, 111

  De Mello, Sergio Vieira, 112

  “Death Star,” 162, 168

  Deck of cards, 114–115, 143. See also High value targets

  Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 28–29, 85, 99

  and Camp NAMA, 148–149

  and Camp NAMA investigation, 158–159

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–87, 88

  Operating Base Alpha, 139

  and Pakistan, HVTs in, 176

  Defense Planning Guidance draft (Cheney), 7–8

  DeHaven, Aaron, 426

  DeLong, Michael, 75

  Delta Force (aka Combat Applications Group), 21, 51, 98, 103, 108–109

  formation of, 50

  Democratic Party, xv, 4, 6, 13, 19, 26, 36, 89, 106, 109, 161, 169, 215, 245, 246, 249, 314, 353, 354, 469, 503, 504, 515, 516, 517, 520,

  Democratic National Committee, 9, 244,

  Derwish, Kamal. See Hijazi, Ahmed

  Detainee operations, 147, 151, 160–161, 254, 331

  “black” detainee program guidelines, JSOC, 148

  High Value Detainee program, 25, 86

  Detainee policy

  legality of, 519

  violation of, 453

  Devereaux, Ryan, 510

  DEVGRU. See Naval Warfare Development Group

  Dheere, Mohamed, 127, 199

  DIA. See Defense Intelligence Agency

  Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), 409

  Directorate of Operations, CIA, 25, 96

  Disposition Matrix, 514

  Djibouti, 65, 66, 75, 89, 124, 277, 298, 465, 483, 499

  secret US base in, 78–80, 236 (see also Camp Lemonnier)

  Djibouti Agreement, 226

  Domestic spying operations, and neoconservative movement, 9, 10

  Donilon, Thomas, 440

  Douri, Izzat Ibrahim al-, hunt for, 143–146

  Downing, Wayne, 53–54, 94, 116–117

  and bin Laden, 166

  and Clinton administration, and SOFs, 126

  death of, 166

  and Somalia, 127

  Dozier, James, 51

  Drone program, 515–516

  Drone strikes, 17–18, 105, 358

  and anti-US sentiment, 518

  and AQAP, support for, 467–468

  against Awlaki, Anwar, failure of, 453–457

  and CIA-JSOC-Blackwater, in Pakistan, 252

  and civilian casualties, 516

  and civilian casualties, in Pakistan, 248–249, 250–251

  escalation of, 250, 251

  future consequences of, 518–519

  in Marib Province, 230–231

  in Pakistan, 177, 352, 406, 411, 412, 413, 421–422, 459, 519

  in Pakistan, escalation of, 248–250

  as terrorism, 466

  in Yemen, 75–80, 324, 465, 520–521

  See also Assa
ssination operations; Lethal authority; Surveillance drones; Targeted killings/drone strikes; Weaponized drones

  Drumheller, Tyler, 25

  Duncan, John, 257

  East Africa, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 196–199, 207, 209, 219, 223, 226, 294–295, 487, 489, 491

  El Salvador, 165

  Election 2000 (US presidential election), 36

  Election 2008 (US presidential election), 237–238

  Elmi, Afyare Abdi, 475

  Emmerson, Ben, 520

  Enron, 164–165

  Eritrea, 79, 193, 224, 396

  Escobar, Pablo, 52

  Ethiopia, 79, 477

  AIAI attacks in, 122

  and ASWJ, 479, 480

  and CIA, and Somali warlord program, 193

  and ICU leaders, hunt for, in Somalia, 223–226

  secret prison in, 128

  and targeted killings/drone strikes in Somalia, 219–223

  terrorist threat in, 123

  torture in, 128

  Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 224–226, 227–228

  and Djibouti Agreement, 227

  Ethiopian US-backed invasion of Somalia, 203–206, 206–209, 298

  European Union, 194

  Extraordinary renditions, 25–26, 26–30, 85

  in Afghanistan, 332–334

  See also Rendition; Secret prisons

  Exum, Andrew, 107–108, 115

  and Iraq insurgency, 142, 143, 146, 151

  and JSOC Task Force, success of, 175

  Ezeagwula, Quinton, 260

  “F3” operations (Find, Fix, Finish operations), 50, 54, 171–172

  Facial recognition program, long-range, 173

  Faheem, Mohammad. See Shamshad, Faheem

  Fallujah, 164

  Farkas, Evelyn, 296

  Farole, Abdirahman Mohamed, 484, 485

  Farole, Mohamed, 484, 485

  Fast, Barbara, 148

  FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

  and Awlaki, Anwar, 36, 37–38, 40–41, 44, 45–46, 46–47, 185

  and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187

  and Bin Laden, on Ten Most Wanted List, 125

  and Cheney, Dick, 10

  and CIA, infighting between, 85

  and Khan, Samir, 290, 376–377

  and Muhammad, Abdulhakim Mujahid, interrogation of, 260

  and piracy industry in Somalia, 483

  and Somali Americans in Somalia, 273

  Ten Most Wanted List, 125

  and terror attacks, investigation of, 27–28

  See also US intelligence

  F3EA (Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze), 145

  Federal Bureau of Investigation. See FBI

  Federation of American Scientists, 99

  Federation of Student Islamic Societies, 134

  Feierstein, Gerald, 400

  Feith, Douglas, 7, 13, 57, 59, 96, 114, 172

  and de-Baathification process, 111

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 88

  and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14, 82, 83–84

  and Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111

  and JSOC, and global manhunt, 171

  and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19

  Field Detention Sites, US, in Afghanistan, 331

  Field Operations Group (FOG), 51

  Find, fix, and finish operations, 50, 54, 171–172

  Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze (F3EA), 145

  “The First and Exclusive Meeting with Sheikh Anwar al-Awlaki” (al Qaeda video), 362

  Fishback, Ian, 160–161

  Flanigan, Tim, 24

  Flynn, Michael T., 104–105, 174, 435

  as commander of 111th Military Intelligence Brigade, 105

  and F3EA: Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze, 145

  and insurgents, targeting of, 145–146

  and Iraq insurgency, and AQI, 143

  and surveillance drones, 162–163

  FOG. See Field Operations Group

  FOIA. See Freedom of Information Act

  Footprint. See Copper Green

  Ford, Gerald, 5, 10

  Fort Bragg, 51

  Fort Hood shooting, 285–287

  and Awlaki, Anwar, 315–316

  Forward Operating Base Chapman attack, 412

  Foust, Joshua, 241, 362–363, 401, 432

  Fox, Mark, 482, 483

  Franks, Tommy, 77

  Frazer, Jendayi, 207, 208, 222

  Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 73, 157, 346, 517, 518

  Friedman, Milton, 18

  Friedman, Thomas, 134

  Fury, Dalton, 103, 108–109

  Gandhi, 301–302

  Gardez raid/massacre, 334–347

  Afghan investigation of, 343–344

  and Afghan Ministry of Interior, 337–338, 339

  and Afghan police and US special forces, responsibility for, 335–336, 337, 340

  and cover-up, 339–342, 344

  International Security Assistance Force version of, 337–338, 339, 341

  and JSOC, 344, 347

  and McRaven, apology for, 344–346

  and NATO, 338, 339, 340–341, 342, 343–344

  and Sabir, Mohammed, interrogation of, 337

  and Starkey, investigation of, 339–342, 342–343

  and Taliban, 334

  and UN, investigation of, 337, 339, 340

  US military documents regarding, 346–349

  US military version of, 338

  Garrison, William, 125

  Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, 202, 203, 208, 209, 225

  Gates, Robert

  and Afghanistan, 282

  and Arab Spring, 431

  and Awlaki lawsuit, 369, 370

  and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 441

  and CIA-JSOC divide, 297

  as defense secretary, 246

  and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 274

  and McChrystal, resignation of, 349

  and Pakistan, 215–216, 411

  and Somalia, 298

  Gedi, Ali Mohammed, 193, 225

  assassination attempt against, 225

  as HVT, 206

  and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208

  Gelle, Dahir Mohamud, 299

  Geneva Convention, 29–30, 96–97

  and SOFs, 100–101

  violations at Camp NAMA, 154

  George Washington University, 38

  Georgetown Day School, 71

  Gettleman, Jeffrey, 473

  Ghafar, Abdul, 336, 342

  Gharbieh, Nabil, 72, 73

  Gibbs, Robert, 510

  Gillani, Yousaf Raza, 217, 458

  Gingrich, Newt, 82, 302

  Giraldi, Philip, 22, 96, 354, 422, 498, 505, 511

  Global War on Terror (GWOT), 24, 194, 468

  Godane, Ahmed Abdi, 196, 227, 493

  Goldfarb, Michael, 246

  Goldsmith, Jack, 296, 354

  Gonzales, Alberto, 24, 244

  Gorka, Sebastian, 313

  Gosselin, Beth, 399

  Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences at Cordoba University, Virginia, 46

  Grady, D. B., 176

  Graham, Lindsey, 161

  Graham, Robert, 77

  Gray Fox. See Intelligence Support Activity

  Great Britain, mass arrests of Muslims in, 136

  Green Berets, 168

  role of, 50

  Greenwald, Glenn, 302, 325–326, 425, 504

  Greystone (GST) program, 24–25, 26

  GST program. See Greystone program

  Guantánamo prison

  prison break at, 254

  prisoner-abuse scandal at, 148, 160, 191

  and Yemeni prisoners, repatriation of, 323

  and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 256, 257–258, 259, 261

  Guevara, Che, 49

  Gulf of Aden, 66, 79

  Gulf War 1991, 33, 102

  and Awlaki, Anwar, 33, 43

  and JSOC,
53

  GWOT. See Global War on Terror

  Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur, 188

  Hadley, Stephen, 17, 18

  Haider, Faizan, 415, 418–419, 420, 428

  Haider, Imran, 421

  Halliburton, 12

  Hammami, Omar (pseud. Abu Mansoor al Amriki), 270–271

  Hanjour, Hani, 40

  Haqqani, Husain, 425

  Haqqani network, 334

  Harad brothers, 455–456

  Harakat al Shabab al Mujahideen. See Al Shabab

  Harithi, Abu Ali al-, 75–77, 230–231, 236

  Harman, Jane, 326

  Harvard, 103

  Harward, Robert, 330

  Hasan, Nidal Malik, 240, 266–267, 285–287, 506

  and Awlaki, Anwar, 315–316, 319

  Hasan, Usama, 134, 137

  Hassan, Ahmed Abdullah (aka Anas)

  capture of, 294

  imprisonment and interrogation of, in secret prison, in Somalia, 294–295, 296–297

  Hastings, Michael, 106, 333, 349, 435

  Hayden, Michael, 236, 248, 249, 354, 504

  Hayes, Stephen, 84

  Haynes, William, 24

  Herridge, Catherine, 71, 73

  Herrington, Stuart, 148

  Hersh, Seymour, 10, 94, 145

  Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG), 167

  HIG. See Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin

  Higgie, Lincoln, III, 35–36

  High Value Detainee program, 25, 86

  High Value Target (HVT) Task Force, 115

  and access to prisoners at Camp NAMA, 155

  and Bagram Air Base, 167–168

  four subunits of, 144–145

  High value targets (HVTs)

  in Afghanistan, 331, 333

  and Concept of Operations (CONOP), 154

  and deck of cards, 114–115, 143

  and Fazul, 197

  and JSOC, and Blackwater, 179

  kill/capture list, and Awlaki, Anwar, 325–327

  in Pakistan, 175–177

  in Somalia, 119, 120–121, 219–223

  See also Assassination operations; individual targets; Kill/capture operations

  Hijazi, Ahmed (aka Kamal Derwish), 76–77

  Hit lists, 121

  and CIA, 23

  in Inspire magazine, 379

  and Iraq insurgency, 141–146, 150–151, 167

  See also Assassination operations; High value targets; Kill lists

  Hoekstra, Pete, 320

  Hoh, Matthew, 332–334, 347

  Holbrooke, Richard, 246, 332–333, 412

  Holder, Eric, 396, 400–401

  Holland, Charles, 59, 93–94, 114

  Holy Land Foundation, 36

  Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, 281

  Horn of Africa, 66, 79, 80, 270

  al Qaeda in, 114, 123–124

  US military presence in, 122–123

  Horton, Scott, 329

  and Camp NAMA, 151

  and JSOC, and global manhunt, 171

  and torture program, investigation of, 149–150

  Hotel California (interrogation facility), 147

  House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 3, 100, 326