Hannibal

by Patrick N Hunt

  13. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 5, 1.6, putting these honorable acts in a different light than Livy, History of Rome, bk. 22, 52.6 (Aemilius Paullus), bk. 35, 17.4–7 (Tiberius Gracchus), and bk. 27, 28.2ff. (M. Marcellus).

  14. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 1, 5.28 (Volturnus), bk. 1 7.2 (Rhone?), bk. 1, 8.2 (slander Fabius), bk. 2, 2.6 (choosing topography at Numistro against Marcellus), bk. 2, 3.7 (Cannae), bk. 2, 3.9 (topography against Marcellus), bk. 2, 3.16 (Zama), bk. 2, 5.13 (against Romans gorging), bk. 2, 5.21 (against Fulvius), bk. 2, 5.22 (against Minucius), bk. 2, 5.23 (Trebia), bk. 2, 5.24 (Trasimene), bk. 2, 5.25 (against Junius), bk. 2, 5.27 (Numidians at Cannae), bk. 2, 6.4 (Trasimene), bk. 2, 7.7 (Carpetani in Italy), bk. 3, 2.3 (Hannibal spies), bk. 3, 3.6 (Tarentum), bk. 3, 9.1 (Cartagena), bk. 3, 10.3 (Himera), bk. 3, 10.4 (Saguntum), bk. 3, 16.4 (deserters), bk. 4, 3.7 (Hannibal’s self-discipline), bk. 4, 3.8 (Hannibal’s self-discipline), bk. 4, 7.10 (vipers in sea battle), bk. 4, 7.25 (Hannibal at Trasimene), to name but a few.

  15. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.2.

  16. Ibid., bk. 3, 7.6.

  17. Colonel John R. Elting, The Super-Strategists: Great Captains, Theorists and Fighting Men Who Have Shaped the History of Warfare (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985), 17.

  18. Albert Merglen, Surprise Warfare: Subversive, Airborne and Amphibious Operations, trans. K. Morgan (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), 11.

  19. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 1, 1.9.

  20. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 3.8.

  21. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 6.1b.

  22. Michael Grant, The Army of the Caesars (New York: Evans Books, 1974), 4.

  23. Polybius, Histories, bk. 3, 117.4–5.

  24. Leslie J. Worley, Hippeis: The Cavalry of Ancient Greece (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), 59.

  25. A. Hyland, Equus: The Horse in the Roman World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 74, 123, 129, 174–75. Hyland also copiously notes that “the Numidians were most effective at Ticinus where they swamped the Roman Gallic flanks,” 175; how Hannibal used Numidians at Trebia to cross the icy river to harass and goad the Romans, 129, 175; how he employed cavalry at Trasimene, 123, 175; and how Hannibal’s envelopment at Cannae successfully implemented Numidian and other cavalry from the rear, 166, 175, 189. Hyland also explains the Numidian charge and disperse tactics on smaller, nimbler horses, and how Numidians rode without a bridle, using a long, flexible willow or wood sapling around the horse’s neck for control, 174–75.

  26. Liddell Hart, Strategy, 40.

  27. Harold Winters, Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 47, 164.

  28. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.2.

  29. Cassius, fragment, bk. 15, 57.25.

  30. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 3, 9.1.

  31. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.4.

  32. O’Connell, Ghosts of Cannae, 212.

  33. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 3, 2.3.

  34. R. M. Sheldon, “Hannibal’s Spies,” Espionage 2, no. 3 (August 1986): 149–52; Sheldon, “Hannibal’s Spies,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (IJIC) 1, no. 3 (1987): 53–70.

  35. Paul Kennedy, Grand Strategies in War and Peace (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 79.

  36. Fronda, Between Rome and Carthage, 330.

  37. Juvenal, Satires, bk. 10, 147–48, 161–62.

  38. Dexter Hoyos, “Hannibal,” in Encyclopedia of Ancient History, ed. Roger S. Bagnall et al. (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 3057. Hoyos notes correctly other critical assessments such as Jakob Seibert, Hannibal (Darmstadt, Ger.: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993) and lists these as generally admiring: Lazenby, Hannibal’s War; Lancel, Hannibal; Goldsworthy, The Fall of Carthage (Phoenix, 2003); and Barceló, Hannibal—with Picard’s 1967 Hannibal as adulatory.

  39. Gianni Granzotto, Annibale (Milan, It.: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1980), 310: “Annibale, tutto sommato, non poteva vincere. Di questo occorre rendersi conto, pur considerando che egli era indubbiamente un uomo di genio superior . . . Se Annibale fu grande, Roman fu ancora piu grande di lui.” (“Hannibal, after all, could not win. Of this you have to realize, even considering that he was undoubtedly a man of superior genius . . . If Hannibal was great, Rome was far greater.”)

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  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ANCIENT SOURCE TEXTS

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  Appian of Alexandria (Appianus Alexandreus, Appianus Alexandrinus). Roman History 1. Bk. 6, The Wars in Spain; bk. 7, The Hannibalic War, 52–58; bk. 8, The Punic Wars, 28, 70–136; bk. 11, The Syrian Wars, 9–11. Translated by Horace White. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912 edition.

  Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis), De Civitate Dei, bk. 3, 20. Translated by Henry Bettenson, 1972. New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1984 edition.

  Aulus Gellius. Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights). 5.v.5. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927 edition.

  Sextus Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus 37.2–3. Translated by H. W. Bird. Liverpool University Press, 1994.

  Caesar, Julius. The Gallic Wars. Bk. 4, 35. Translated by H. J. Edwards. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1966, 224–5, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1946 edition.

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  Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero). De Divinatione (On Divination). Translated by W. A. Falconer. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1996), 277–78. Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1923 edition.

  ———. de Oratore (On the Orator). 2.18.74–75. Translated by J. S. Watson. Published by George Bell, London, 1896, text in Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.

  Lucius Coelius Antipater. Second Punic War (fragmentary, mainly lost), referenced at times by Cicero, among others. Hans Beck. “Lucius Coleus Antipater” in Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Ancient History, 2012.

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  Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca Historia (Library of History). 12 vols. Translated by C. H. Oldfather, Charles Sherman, Russell Geer, C. Bradford Welles, Frances Walton. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933–1963.

  Frontinus, Sextus Julius. Strategems, Aqueducts of Rome. Translated by C. E. Bennett. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

  ———. Stratagemata. Bks. 1–4. Translated by Charles E. Bennett. New York, New York: Palatine Press, 2015.

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  ———. Ab Urbe Condita. Bks. 26–27, edited by P. G. Walsh. Leipzig, Ger.: Teubner, 1989.

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  ———. Hannibal’s War. Bks. 21–30. Translated by J. C. Yardley. Introduction and notes by Dexter Hoyos. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  ———. Livy. The War with Hannibal. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1983. Reprint of Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1965 edition.

  Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), Pharsalia. Bk. 1, line 38. Translation by Jane Wilson Joyce. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993, 4.

  Nepos, Cornelius (Cornelius Nepos). Vitae (Life of Hannibal 1–13). Albert Fleckeisen, ed. Leipzig, Ger.: Teubner, 1886.

  Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso). Fasti. Translated by Sir James G. Frazer. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1987). Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931 edition.

  ———. Metamorphoses, 1983 reprinting. Translation by Mary Innes. New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1955 edition.

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  ———. Translated by H. Rackham, vols, 1–5, 9; W. H. S. Jones, vols. 6–8; D. E. Eichholz, vol 10. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938–62.

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  ———. Life of Fabius Maximus. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 3. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.

  ———. Life of Flamininus. Maximus. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 10. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921.

  ———. Life of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 2. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.

  ———. Life of Marcellus. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 5. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917.

  ———. Plutarch’s Lives. Vol. 1. Edited by Arthur Hugh Clough. New York: Modern Library, 1992.

  Polybius (Polybios). The Histories. Bks. 3–12. Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by F. W. Walbank and Christian Habicht. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Loeb Classical Library, 2010.

  ———. The Histories. Translated by Robin Waterfield. Notes by Brian McGing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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  Valerius Antias. Fragments. T. J. Cornell ed. The Fragments of the Roman Historians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

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  Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renaus. De Re Militari (The Military Institutions of the Romans), 1. John Clarke, tr. 1767. M. Brevik update, 2001 (http://www.digitalattic.org/home/war/vegetius/).

  Marcus Velleius Paterculus. History of Rome (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) 1.2.3. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924.

  Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro). Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid 1–6. Aeneid. Bk. 4. Translated by H. R. Fairclough. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Reprint of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.

  Xenophon. Hipparchikos.(The Art of Horsemanship). Translated by Morris H. Morgan. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications 2006 revised edition (originally Boston: Little Brown and Company 1893).

  MODERN TEXTS

  Abelli, Leonardo, ed. “ . . . de Cossurensibus et Poenis navalem egit . . .” Archeologia subaquea a Pantelleria, Ricerca series maijor 3. Ante Quem, Sicilia, 2012.

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  Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Sather Classical Lectures. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957. See esp. chap. 4, “Cavalry, Elephants, and Siegecraft.”

  Ager, Derek. “From Where Did Hannibal’s Elephants Come?” New Scientist 103, no. 1420 (September 6, 1984): 37.

  Alfieri, N. “Sena Gallica.” In Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, edited by Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, and Marian Holland McAlister. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.

  Africa, Thomas W. “The One-Eyed Man Against Rome: An Exercise in Euhemerism.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 19, no. 5 (1970): 528–38.

  Allan, Nigel J. R. “Accessibility and Altitudinal Zonation Models of Mountains.” Mountain Research and Development 6, no. 3 (1986): 185–94.

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  Amoros, J. L., R. Lunar, and P. Tavira. “Jarosite: A Silver-Bearing Mineral of the Gossan of Rio Tínto (Huelva) and La Unión (Cartagena).” Mineralium Deposita 16 (1981): 205–13.

  Annequin, C., and G. Barruol. “Les grandes traversées des Alpes: l’itinéraire d’Hannibal.” In Atlas Culturel des Alpes Occidentales: de la Préhistoire à la fin du Moyen Age, edited by C. Annequin and M. Le Berre. Paris: Picard, 2004.

  Arnold, M. “The Radiative Effects of Clouds and Their Impact on Climate.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 72 (June 1991): 795–813.

  Arnold, Thomas. The Second Punic War Being Chapters of the History of Rome. Edited by William T. Arnold. London: Macmillan, 1886.

  Ascoli, Albert R. “Pyrrhus’ Rules: Playing with Power from Boccaccio to Machiavelli.” Modern Language Notes 114, no. 1 (1999): 14–57.

  Astin, A. E. “Saguntum and the Origins of the Second Punic War.” Latomus 26, no. 3 (July–September 1967): 577–96.

  Aubet, M. E. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  Austin, N. J. E., and N. B. Rankov. Exploration: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianopole. London: Routled
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  Azan, Paul. Hannibal dans les Alpes. Paris, 1902.

  Bagnall, Nigel. The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage, and the Struggle for the Mediterranean, London: Macmillan, 2005.

  Baker, G. P. Hannibal. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1999.

  Bamford, Andrew. Sickness, Suffering, and the Sword: The British Regiment on Campaign, 1808–1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.

  Barceló, Pedro. Hannibal: Stratege und Staatsman. Stuttgart, Ger.: Klett-Cotta, 2004.

  Baronowski, D. W. “Roman Military Forces in 225 BC (Polybius 2.23–24).” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 42 (1993): 183–202.

  Bath, Tony. Hannibal’s Campaigns. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, 1981.

  Batty, Roger. “Mela’s Phoenician Geography.” Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000): 70–94.

  Beck, Hans. “The Reasons for the [Second Punic] War.” Chap. 13 in A Companion to the Punic Wars, edited by Dexter Hoyos. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

  Bell, M. J. V. “Tactical Reform in the Roman Republican Army.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 14, no. 4 (October 1965): 404–22.

  Ben Khader, Aicha Ben Abed, and David Soren. Carthage: A Mosaic of Ancient Tunisia. New York: American Museum of Natural History in association with W. W. Norton, 1987.

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  Berlin, Andrea J. “From Monarchy to Markets: The Phoenicians to Hellenistic Palestine.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 306 (May 1997): 75–88.