Civil War: The History of England Volume III

by Ackroyd, Peter

  Cromwell, Richard (Oliver’s son): succeeds father, ref1, ref2; abdicates, ref3; declines army request for commanding officer, ref4; rumoured return to office, ref5; flees to exile in Europe, ref6

  customs and festivals, ref1

  Cutpurse, Moll, ref1

  Dade, William: Prognostications, ref1

  Danby, Thomas Osborne, 1st earl of (later marquess of Carmarthen and duke of Leeds), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; released from Tower, ref8; invites William of Orange to invade, ref9

  Davenant, John, bishop of Salisbury, ref1

  Davenant, Sir William, ref1; Salmacida Spolia (masque), ref2; The Tragedy of Albovine (play), ref3

  Davies, Lady Eleanor, ref1

  decimation tax, ref1, ref2

  Declaration of the Army (1646), ref1

  Declaration of Sports, ref1

  Dekker, Thomas: The Seven Deadly Sins of London, ref1

  Denmark: England proposes holy crusade against Catholic powers, ref1

  Derby, James Stanley, 7th earl of, ref1

  Dering, Sir Edward, ref1

  Desborough, John, ref1

  Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th earl (later 1st duke) of, ref1, ref2

  D’Ewes, Simonds: criticizes Commons’ behaviour, ref1; on Cotton’s decline, ref2; on Charles I’s demand for ship-money, ref3; on Strafford’s trial, ref4; on ‘Grand Remonstrance’, ref5; on 1641 election, ref6; on Charles I’s military officers, ref7; on effect of parliamentary declaration on opponents in civil war, ref8; on women’s peace demonstration, ref9

  Diggers, ref1

  Digges, Sir Dudley, ref1

  Dillingham, John, ref1

  Discourse of the Religion of England, ref1

  dissenters (nonconformists):

  proliferation, ref1; under Charles II, ref2; granted freedom of worship (1672), ref3; under James II, ref4

  Donne, John, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Dorchester, Catherine Sedley, countess of, ref1

  Dort, synod of (1618), ref1, ref2

  Doves, Samuel, ref1

  Dowdall, Lady Elizabeth, ref1

  Dowland, John, ref1, ref2

  drama see theatre

  dress and fashion: under Charles II, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Drogheda, Ireland, ref1

  Dryden, John: on battle of Lowestoft, ref1; as dramatist, ref2; Absalom and Achitophel, ref3, ref4; The Secular Masque, ref5

  Dublin: rebellion (1641), ref1

  Duckenfield, Colonel Robert, ref1

  Duke of York’s Servants (theatre company), ref1

  Dunbar, battle of (1650), ref1

  Dunkirk: sold to French, ref1, ref2; Anglo-French alliance against, ref3

  Dutch Republic: in Triple Alliance (1668), ref1; provokes near war with England (1623), ref2; defensive league with England, ref3; treaty with England (1625), ref4; alliance with France, ref5; attacks Spanish fleet (1639), ref6; as trade rival, ref7; war with England (1665–7), ref8, ref9; defensive treaty with France (1666), ref10; peace negotiations, ref11; raid into England (1667), ref12; Anglo-French secret treaty against, ref13; French and English war with (1672–4), ref14, ref15, ref16; merchant vessels elude English navy, ref17; French successes against, ref18; and marriage of Princess Mary and William, ref19; Louis XIV makes peace with, ref20

  Earle, John, ref1

  Earle, Sir Walter, ref1

  East India Company: rivalry with Dutch, ref1; trade with Russia, ref2

  eastern association, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Edgehill, battle of (1642), ref1

  Edinburgh: Charles I visits (1633), ref1; (1641), ref2; James I visits (1617), ref3; Charles I’s religious orders defied, ref4; draws up national covenant, ref5; parliament meets (1640), ref6; supposed conspiracy (’the incident’), ref7; see also Scotland

  Edward III, King, ref1

  Edwards, Thomas: Gangraena, ref1

  elections (parliamentary): (1639), ref1; (1640), ref2; (1659), ref3; (1679), ref4; (1688), ref5; see also Commons, House of; Parliament

  Eliot, Sir John: on failure of 1621 parliament, ref1; on impeachment of earl of Middlesex, ref2; on death of James I, ref3; criticizes Charles I in parliament, ref4, ref5; criticizes Buckingham, ref6; taken to Tower and released, ref7; speechmaking and oratory, ref8, ref9, ref10; on power of bishops, ref11; imprisoned, ref12, ref13, ref14; death, ref15

  Eliot, T. S., ref1, ref2

  Elizabeth, Princess (Charles I’s daughter), ref1

  Elizabeth, Princess (later queen of Bohemia), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Elizabeth I, Queen: death and succession, ref1

  Ellesmere, Sir Thomas Egerton, baron, ref1

  England: economic problems, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; prosperity and trade, ref5; population increases, ref6; social divisions, ref7; Dutch trade rivalry, ref8; troops conscripted for European service, ref9, ref10, ref11; war with Spain (1625), ref12, ref13; peace with France (1629), ref14; harvest failure (1630) and food riots, ref15; secret treaty with Spain (1634), ref16; and beginnings of war against Scots, ref17; labourers and craftsmen pressed into Charles I’s military service, ref18; harvest failures (1646–51), ref19, ref20; commonwealth proclaimed, ref21; post-civil-war condition, ref22; foreign relations under commonwealth, ref23; Cromwell divides into eleven districts, ref24; Spain declares war on (1655), ref25, ref26; power and administration under Charles II, ref27; war with Dutch (1665–7), ref28, ref29; war with France (1666–7), ref30, ref31; proliferation of Christian sects, ref32; war with Dutch (1672), ref33; peace with Dutch (1674), ref34; economic and social improvements following second Dutch war, ref35; industrial development, ref36; standing army under James II, ref37

  Essex, Arthur Capel, 1st earl of, ref1

  Essex, Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of: marriage to and divorce from Frances Howard, ref1; dismissed by Charles I, ref2; as member of committee for petitions, ref3; as privy councillor, ref4; as lord chamberlain, ref5; commands parliamentary army, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9; proposes truce offer to Charles I and deciding battle, ref10; relieves Gloucester, ref11; advances on Oxford, ref12; in committee of both kingdoms, ref13; favours accommodation with Charles I, ref14; criticized, ref15; laments Laud’s death, ref16; removed from military command, ref17

  ‘etcetera oath, the’, ref1, ref2

  Etherege, Sir George: She Wou’d if She Cou’d, ref1

  Eure, Margaret, ref1, ref2

  Evelyn, John: on Charles I’s return from negotiations with Scots, ref1; on apparition, ref2; attends Anglican service, ref3; on women’s behaviour, ref4; on Cromwell’s funeral, ref5; on Richard Cromwell’s dissolving parliament, ref6; witnesses return of Charles II, ref7; on changes under Charles II, ref8; on Charles II’s gambling, ref9; on Great Fire of London, ref10; disparages Charles II’s entourage, ref11; on battle of Sole Bay, ref12; on duke of York’s Catholicism, ref13, ref14; on Rye House plot, ref15; on dissoluteness of Charles II’s court, ref16; on James II’s summary acts, ref17; on impending invasion by William of Orange, ref18

  Everard, William, ref1

  excise (tax): introduced, ref1

  Exclusion Bills (1679), ref1, ref2; (1681), ref3

  Fairfax, Sir Ferdinando, ref1

  Fairfax, Sir Thomas: commands New Model Army, ref1; besieges and captures Bristol, ref2; greets Charles I, ref3; petition of complaint from army, ref4; in army’s march on London, ref5; in second civil war, ref6; besieges Colchester, ref7; and trial of Charles I, ref8, ref9; opposes Lilburne, ref10; refuses to invade Scotland, ref11

  Fanshawe, Anne, Lady (née Harrison), ref1

  Fanshawe, Sir Richard, ref1

  Farmer, Anthony, ref1

  farming see agriculture

  Farnham Castle, ref1

  Fauconberg, Mary, countess (née Cromwell; Oliver’s daughter), ref1, ref2

  Fauconberg, Thomas, earl, ref1, ref2

  Fawkes, Guy, ref1

  Feake, Christopher, ref1

  Felton, John, ref1, ref2

  fens: drained, ref1

  Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (
earlier archduke), ref1, ref2, ref3, 876

  Fifth Monarchy men, ref1

  Finch, Heneage, ref1

  Finch, Sir John, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  five knights case, ref1, ref2

  fleet (English): failed attack on Cadiz, ref1, ref2; sails against France (1627), ref3; rebuilt and sails (1635), ref4; supports parliament, ref5; dominance, ref6; strengthened under Charles II, ref7, ref8; parliament money to (1675), ref9; Pepys develops for James II, ref10

  Fleetwood, Major-General Charles, ref1, ref2, ref3

  food and drink: under Charles II, ref1

  Fox, George, ref1

  Foxe, John: Acts and Monuments, ref1

  France: demands liberties for English Catholics, ref1, ref2; as prospective ally against Spain, ref3, ref4; Protestants under threat, ref5, ref6, ref7; expedition against (1627), ref8; peace with England (1629), ref9; alliance with Dutch, ref10; rumoured potential invasion by, ref11; payments to Charles II, ref12, ref13; Cromwell makes treaty with (1655), ref14; relations with England under Charles II, ref15; Dunkirk sold to, ref16; occupies St Kitts, ref17; war with England (1666–7), ref18, ref19; Triple Alliance against, ref20; Charles II forms anti-Dutch alliance with, ref21; war on Dutch (1672), ref22; fleet inactive at battle of the Texel, ref23; successes against United Provinces, ref24; see also Louis XIV, king of France

  Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate (later king of Bohemia), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Fuller, Thomas, ref1

  furniture, ref1

  Galileo Galilei, ref1, ref2

  Gataker, Thomas, ref1

  gentry: rise under James I, ref1; authority, ref2

  Gerard, Father John, SJ, ref1

  Glanville, John, ref1

  Glorious Revolution (1688), ref1

  Gloucester: in civil war, ref1

  Goaden v. Hales (lawsuit), ref1

  Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, ref1

  Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Goodwin, Thomas, ref1

  Gramont, comte de, ref1

  ‘Grand Remonstrance’, ref1, ref2

  Great Britain: as title, ref1; see also England

  Green Ribbon Club, ref1, ref2

  Grenville, Sir John, ref1

  Gresham College, London, ref1

  Grimstone, Harbottle, ref1, ref2

  Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, ref1, ref2

  Gunpowder Plot (1605), ref1, ref2

  Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, ref1

  Gwyn, Nell, ref1, ref2

  Habeas Corpus Act (1679), ref1; James II wishes to repeal, ref2

  Habsburg family: and Bohemia, ref1, ref2

  hackney carriages, ref1

  Halifax, George Savile, 1st marquess of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Hall, Joseph: Characters of Virtues and Vices, ref1

  Hallam, Henry, ref1

  Halley, Edmund, ref1

  Hamilton, James, 1st duke of, ref1

  Hamilton, James, 2nd marquess of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Hammond, Colonel Robert, ref1, ref2

  Hampden, John: imprisoned, ref1; tried before court of exchequer, ref2; supports Scots against Charles I, ref3; supports Providence Island Company, ref4; Strafford threatens, ref5; impeachment charges against, ref6; and Cromwell’s low estimate of parliamentary army, ref7, ref8; dies of wounds, ref9

  Hampton Court: conference (1604), ref1, ref2; Charles I at, ref3, ref4

  Harington, Sir John: on Hampton Court debate, ref1; on court behaviour, ref2; Suffolk advises on gaining favour at court, ref3; appointed tutor to Prince Henry, ref4

  Harley, Lady Brilliana, ref1

  Harrington, James: Oceana, ref1

  Harrison, Sir John, ref1

  Haselrig, Sir Arthur, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Hastings, Henry, ref1

  Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, ref1

  Heads of the Proposals, ref1

  hearth tax (1662), ref1

  Henri IV, king of France: assassinated, ref1

  Henrietta Anne, Princess, duchess of Orléans, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I: betrothal, ref1; marriage, ref2; Catholicism, ref3; marriage relations, ref4, ref5, ref6; declines to attend coronation, ref7; French attendants sent home, ref8; poverty, ref9; birth of son Charles, ref10; in masques and theatrical pieces, ref11, ref12; offended by Prynne, ref13; on Scottish service book, ref14; supports husband, ref15, ref16; defies parliamentary control of court and council, ref17; threatened with impeachment, ref18; leaves for Holland (1642), ref19; sends arms from Holland, ref20; returns from exile in war, ref21; exile abroad, ref22; mediates between Charles II and Louis XIV, ref23

  Henry, Philip, ref1

  Henry, Prince (Charles I’s son), ref1

  Henry, prince of Wales: tutored by Harington, ref1; character, ref2; betrothal to Maria Anna, ref3; death, ref4

  Herbert, Sir Edward, ref1

  Heylyn, Peter, ref1, ref2

  Heyman, Sir Peter, ref1

  Hobbes, Thomas: on death of Laud, ref1; career, ref2; and political theory, ref3, ref4; Leviathan, ref5

  Holborne, Sir Robert, ref1

  Holland, Henry Rich, 1st earl of, ref1

  Holland: Henrietta Maria travels to, ref1; see also Dutch Republic

  Hollar, Wenceslaus, ref1

  Holles, Denzil, ref1, ref2; impeachment charges against, ref3

  Holmby House, Northamptonshire, ref1

  Holt, Wiltshire, ref1

  Holy Roman Empire: in Thirty Years War, ref1

  honours: sale under James I, ref1, ref2

  Hooke, Robert, ref1, ref2

  Hopkins, Sir William, ref1

  Hopton, Sir Ralph, ref1

  Hotham, Sir John, as governor of Hull, ref1, ref2

  Hough, John, bishop of Worcester, ref1

  Houghton, John: Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, ref1

  Hounslow Heath, ref1

  Howard family: oppose Buckingham, ref1

  Howe, John Grubham, ref1

  Hudlestone, John, ref1

  Huguenots, ref1, ref2, ref3; see also Protestantism

  Hull: military arsenal, ref1, ref2; Charles I denied entry, ref3

  Hunt, Leigh, ref1

  Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, 5th earl of, ref1

  Hurst Castle, Hampshire, ref1

  Hutchinson, George, ref1

  Hutchinson, Colonel John, ref1

  Hutchinson, Lucy (née Apsley), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ref5

  hygiene: Pepys and, ref1

  ‘incident, the’, ref1

  Independents (sect), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  ‘Instrument of Government’ (Lambert’s), ref1, ref2

  intelligencers (busy-bodies), ref1

  Ireland: Strafford (Wentworth) in, ref1; rebellion (1641), ref2, ref3, ref4; social structure and land ownership, ref5; English forces sent to, ref6; New Model Army destined for, ref7; Charles I seeks to raise army in, ref8; Cromwell deputed to subdue, ref9; Cromwell travels to and suppresses, ref10; Act of Settlement (1652), ref11; ordinance incorporating into commonwealth, ref12

  Ireton, Sir Henry, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Ironsides, ref1

  Jaffray, Alexander, ref1

  Jamaica, ref1, ref2

  James, Henry, ref1

  James I, king of England ( James VI of Scotland): accession to English throne, ref1, ref2; journey from Edinburgh to London, ref3, ref4; appearance and manner, ref5, ref6; creates new knights, ref7; coronation, ref8; plot against, ref9; personal retinue and court, ref10; clerical and religious discussions, ref11; learning, ref12; relations with Parliament, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19; honoured and praised, ref20; hunting, ref21, ref22, ref23; informed of Gunpowder Plot, ref24; court laxity and excesses, ref25, ref26; behaviour, ref27; favourites, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34; extravagance and debts, ref35,
ref36; view of law, ref37, ref38, ref39; financial situation, ref40, ref41, ref42, ref43, ref44; and royal power, ref45; joins Protestant Union, ref46; sells honours and titles, ref47, ref48; progress to Newark (1612), ref49; and Somerset’s self-pardon, ref50; health declines, ref51, ref52, ref53, ref54, ref55; rebukes judges, ref56; progress to Edinburgh (1617), ref57; and Bohemian crisis, ref58, ref59, ref60, ref61; progress (1620), ref62; and parliament’s petitions against Catholics and Spain, ref63, ref64; Mytens portrait, ref65; loses popular support, ref66; fears treason, ref67; thrown from horse and falls through ice, ref68; and son Charles’s visit to Spain with Buckingham, ref69, ref70; near-war with Dutch (1623), ref71; and prospective war with Spain, ref72; final letter to Buckingham, ref73; death, ref74; called ‘the wisest fool in Christendom’, ref75; attends and finances masques, ref76; religious views, ref77; distributes land in Ireland, ref78; Basilikon Doron, ref79; Declaration of Sports, ref80, ref81

  James II, king (earlier James, duke of York): marriage to Anne Hyde, ref1; Catholicism, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; sea victory over Dutch, ref8; assists in Great Fire of London, ref9; retires from public life, ref10; marriage to Mary of Modena, ref11; Charles II tells of French subsidies, ref12; and rumoured plot against Charles II, ref13; Shaftesbury opposes as successor to Charles II, ref14, ref15, ref16; refuses to return to Anglicanism and takes exile in Spanish Netherlands, ref17; in exclusion crisis, ref18, ref19; Charles II’s low opinion of, ref20; contends for throne, ref21; regains powers, ref22; character and qualities, ref23; succeeds to throne, ref24; maintains standing army, ref25; appoints Catholic officers to army and navy, ref26; relations with Louis XIV, ref27; tensions with parliament, ref28; declaration of indulgence order, ref29; and William of Orange’s invasion, ref30; opposes William of Orange, ref31; flees, apprehended and returned to London, ref32; allowed to escape abroad, ref33; exile in France, ref34