Civil War: The History of England Volume III

by Ackroyd, Peter

  Providence Island Company, ref1

  Prynne, William: puritanism, ref1; charged, sentenced and ears cut off, ref2; satirizes Eucharistic rites, ref3; prosecuted and punished with Bastwick, ref4; released and returns to London, ref5, ref6; Histriomastix, ref7

  purge: as word, ref1

  puritans: present millenary petition to James I, ref1, ref2; religious beliefs and practices, ref3; ordered to conform to Book of Common Prayer, ref4, ref5; under Charles I, ref6; anti-Laudian reaction, ref7, ref8; women and, ref9; clergy removed from livings (1662), ref10

  Putney: Fairfax sets up HQ at, ref1; debates (1647), ref2

  Pye, Sir Robert, ref1

  Pym, John: speaks against Catholic threat, ref1; on parliamentary authority in religion, ref2, ref3; supports Scots against Charles, ref4; supports Providence Island Company, ref5; petitions Charles to make peace with Scots, ref6; leads ‘Protestant Cause’, ref7; speaks in parliament, ref8; Strafford threatens, ref9; accusations against Strafford, ref10, ref11; passes ‘root and branch’ petition, ref12; reforms, ref13; as chancellor of exchequer, ref14; speeches published, ref15; ten propositions, ref16; alarmed at Charles’ proposed visit to Scotland, ref17; as ‘King Pym’ and mastery in parliament, ref18; pledges to suppress Irish rebellion, ref19; and ‘Grand Remonstrance’, ref20; blames Charles for Irish rebellion, ref21; prepares for war at home, ref22; supports mob against bishops, ref23; character and appearance, ref24; impeachment charges against, ref25; locks doors of Commons chamber, ref26; fear of traitor’s death, ref27; raises money in civil war, ref28; rejects Essex’s proposed truce offer to Charles I, ref29; death, ref30

  Quakers, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Radcliffe, Sir George, ref1

  Rainsborough, Thomas, ref1

  Raleigh, Lady, ref1

  Raleigh, Sir Walter: suspected of conspiracy, ref1; forfeits Sherborne, ref2; Prince Henry admires, ref3; sails for Guiana, ref4; executed, ref5

  Ranke, Leopold von, ref1, ref2

  Ranters (religious), ref1

  religion: divisions and controversies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Westminster Assembly proposes reform, ref5; enthusiasts and radicals, ref6; under Cromwell and commonwealth, ref7, ref8, ref9; under Charles II, ref10; Charles II’s declaration of indulgence on, ref11; proliferation of sects under Charles II, ref12; see also Catholics; Protestantism

  Reresby, Sir John, ref1, ref2

  Reynolds, John, ref1

  Rhé (island, France), ref1

  Rich, Frances (née Cromwell; Oliver’s daughter), ref1

  Rich, Sir Nathaniel, ref1

  Rich, Robert, ref1

  Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean Duplessis, duc de, ref1, ref2

  Ripon, ref1

  Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd earl of, ref1, ref2

  Roe, Sir Thomas, ref1

  Rogers, Thorold, ref1

  ‘root and branch’ party, ref1

  Rossingham, Edward, ref1, ref2, ref3

  roundheads: as term, ref1; army strength, ref2; desecrate churches, ref3; weapons and equipment, ref4

  Roundway Down, battle of (1643), ref1

  Rous, Francis, ref1

  Rous, John, ref1

  Royal Africa Company, ref1

  Royal Charles (ship), ref1

  royal forests: limited, ref1

  Royal Society: Bacon’s influence on, ref1; formed, ref2; Newton and, ref3; and economic improvements, ref4

  royalists: pamphlets, ref1; forces muster (1642), ref2; supporters, ref3; wartime strategy, ref4; final defeats, ref5; protest at Charles I’s execution, ref6; conspiracies in London, ref7, ref8; in Cavalier Parliament (1661), ref9; see also cavaliers

  Rubens, Peter Paul, ref1, ref2

  ‘Rump Parliament’, see under Parliament

  Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of the Rhine: commands cavalry in civil war, ref1; plunder in war, ref2; in Oxford, ref3; moves to Bristol, ref4, ref5; defeated at Marston Moor, ref6; at Naseby, ref7; surrenders Bristol, ref8; Charles I dismisses, ref9; cavalry raids from Oxford, ref10; commands fleet under Charles II, ref11

  Rushworth, John, ref1

  Russell, William, Lord, ref1

  Rye House Plot (1683), ref1

  Sagredo, Giovanni, ref1

  St John, Elizabeth, ref1

  St John, Oliver, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  St Kitts: French occupy, ref1

  St Martin (citadel, France), ref1

  St Paul’s Cathedral (old): as meeting centre, ref1; crowd destroys altar, ref2

  St Winifred: shrine, ref1

  Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st earl of (earlier viscount Cranborne): and accession of James I, ref1; office under James I, ref2; informed of Gunpowder Plot, ref3; and taxation measures, ref4; and ‘great contract’, ref5, ref6; on national financial difficulties, ref7; death, ref8

  Sancroft, William, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Sandwich, Edward Mountague, 1st earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Sandys, Sir Edwin, ref1

  Saye, William Fiennes, 1st viscount, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  science: and Royal Society, ref1

  Scotland: James I visits (1617), ref1; Charles I’s relations with, ref2; opposes Charles I’s religious orders, ref3, ref4; national covenant, ref5; prepares for war against Charles I (1639), ref6, ref7, ref8; preparations for second war and advance into England (1640), ref9, ref10; negotiates with Charles I, ref11; English parliament votes £300,000 to, ref12; Charles I visits (1641), ref13; solemn league and covenant with England, ref14, ref15, ref16; volunteers support parliamentary cause in England, ref17; readiness to negotiate with Charles I, ref18; Charles I surrenders to, ref19; returns Charles I to parliament for cash, ref20; and Charles I in Isle of Wight, ref21; ‘Engagement’ with Charles, ref22; in second civil war, ref23; proclaims Charles II king, ref24; invites Charles II to visit, ref25; Cromwell’s campaign in (1650), ref26; Monck in, ref27; ordinance incorporating into commonwealth, ref28; see also Edinburgh

  Scottish Church see Church of Scotland

  Scroggs, William, ref1

  Scrope, Philadelphia, Lady (née Carey), ref1

  Sealed Knot (royalist conspiratorial group), ref1, ref2

  Sedgemoor, battle of (1685), ref1

  Sedley, Sir Charles, ref1

  self-denying ordinance, ref1

  Seller, Abednego: The History of Passive Obedience, ref1

  sermons, ref1; published, ref2

  seven bishops: consigned to Tower and acquitted, ref1

  Sexby, Edward, ref1

  Seymour, Sir Francis, ref1

  Seymour, William, ref1

  Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of: Charles II attacks, ref1; as senior councillor, ref2; as controversial figure, ref3; supports royal prerogative, ref4; on duke of York’s undependability, ref5; dismissed by Charles II, ref6; opposes Danby, ref7; urges dissolution of Cavalier Parliament, ref8; followers, ref9; objects to long suspension of parliament, ref10; sent to Tower, ref11; as champion of Protestantism, ref12, ref13; proposes dismissal of duke of York from king’s council, ref14; on election of ‘courtiers’ to parliament, ref15; appointed lord president, ref16; on Charles II’s proroguing parliament (1679), ref17; opposes James II’s accession, ref18, ref19, 4435; presents Charles II with petition for sitting of parliament, ref20; attempts prosecution of duke of York and Duchess of Portsmouth, ref21; takes refuge and dies in Holland, ref22; ‘Letter from a Person of Quality’, ref23

  Shakespeare, William, ref1; The Tempest, ref2, ref3; The Winter’s Tale, ref4

  Sharp, James, archbishop of St Andrews, ref1

  Sheffield: poverty, ref1

  Sheldon, Gilbert, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1

  Shelley, Percy Bysshe, ref1

  Sherland, Anthony, ref1

  ship-money (tax), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Shirley, James, ref1

  ‘Short Parliament’, see under Parliament

  Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th earl (later duke) of, ref1

  Shrewsbu
ry, Gilbert Talbot, 7th earl of, ref1

  Sidney, Algernon, ref1

  silver: minted in England for Antwerp, ref1

  Sindercombe, Miles, ref1

  slaves: in Pepys’s London, ref1

  Slingsby, Sir Henry, ref1, ref2, ref3

  soap: manufacturing monopoly, ref1

  Sole Bay, battle of (1672), ref1

  solemn league and covenant, ref1, ref2; burned, ref3

  Somerset, Frances Howard, countess of (earlier countess of Essex), ref1, ref2

  Somerset, Robert Carr, 1st earl of (earlier viscount Rochester): as James I’s favourite, ref1, ref2; Prince Henry disparages, ref3; infatuation with and marriage to Frances Howard, ref4; and Overbury murder, ref5, ref6; breach with James I, ref7; as lord chamberlain, ref8; draws up self-pardon, ref9; trial, ref10

  Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, 4th earl of, ref1

  Spain: peace with England, ref1; marriage arrangements for Charles I, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Raleigh attacks on Orinoco, ref7; and Bohemian crisis, ref8, ref9; popular hostility to, ref10; Prince Charles visits with Buckingham, ref11; prospective war with, ref12; war with England (1625), ref13, ref14; secret treaty with England (1634), ref15; fleet in English Channel (1639), ref16; Cromwell considers alliance with, ref17; declares war on England (1655), ref18, ref19; defeated at battle of the dunes (1658), ref20

  sports: controlled under James I, ref1

  Spottiswoode, John, archbishop of St Andrews, ref1

  Sprat, Thomas, ref1, ref2

  stagecoaches, ref1

  Stamford, Henry Grey, 1st earl of, ref1

  Star Chamber, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; abolished, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Stewart, Frances, ref1

  ‘stillborn parliament’, see under Parliament

  ‘stop, the’, ref1

  Stourbridge Fair, ref1

  Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of: opposes illegal imprisonment, ref1; titles, ref2, ref3; as lord president of north and lord deputy of Ireland, ref4; and ‘Thorough’ (regime), ref5; letters from Laud, ref6, ref7; and Scottish defiance, ref8; returns from Ireland to advise Charles I, ref9, ref10; unpopularity, ref11, ref12; and invading Scots army (1640), ref13; Commons issue grievances against, ref14; joins Charles in London, ref15; threatens Pym and Hampden, ref16; accused of high treason, ref17, ref18; trial, ref19; Bill of Attainder against, ref20, ref21; demands for death, ref22; executed, ref23, ref24, ref25

  Strode, William, ref1

  Stuart, Lady Arabella, ref1, ref2

  Stuart dynasty: ends (1688), ref1

  Stukeley, William, ref1

  Suckling, Sir John, ref1

  Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Sweden: England proposes holy crusade against Catholic powers, ref1; under Gustavus Adolphus, ref2; in Triple Alliance (1668), ref3

  syphilis: spread from Naples, ref1

  Tate, Zouch, ref1

  taxation: under James I, ref1, ref2; under Charles I, ref3, ref4; after Charles I’s death, ref5; under Cromwell, ref6; under Charles II, ref7; see also excise; ship-money; tonnage and poundage

  tea, ref1

  Temple, Sir William, ref1, ref2; Memoirs, ref3

  ‘ten propositions’, ref1

  Tenby Castle, ref1

  Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1

  Test Acts: (1673), ref1, ref2; (1678), ref3; James II seeks to repeal, ref4, ref5

  Texel, battle of the (1673), ref1

  Tey, John, ref1

  Teynham, Sir John Roper, baron, ref1

  Thames, river: ‘water-pillar’ (1626), ref1

  theatre: in James I’s reign, ref1, ref2; in Restoration, ref3

  Thirty Years War (1618–48): beginnings, ref1; Catholic advances, ref2, ref3; Gustavus Adolphus enters, ref4

  Thirty-Nine Articles (Church of England), ref1, ref2

  Thoresby, Ralph, ref1

  ‘Thorough’ (principles), ref1

  Thurloe, John, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  ‘Tom-Tell-Truth’ (writer), ref1

  Tomkins, Thomas, ref1

  tonnage and poundage (tax), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Tory: as term, ref1

  trained bands: raised (1642), ref1

  Tresham, Francis, ref1

  Trevor, Sir John, ref1

  Triennial Act (1640), ref1, ref2

  Triple Alliance (England–Dutch Republic–Sweden, 1668), ref1, ref2

  Tuke, Sir Samuel, ref1

  Turner, Anne (née Norton), ref1, ref2

  Turnham Green, ref1

  Twysden, Sir Roger, ref1, ref2

  United Provinces see Dutch Republic

  Uxbridge: peace negotiations (1645), ref1

  Van Dyck, Sir Anthony: portrays Charles I, ref1; portrays Wentworth (Strafford), ref2; portrait of Laud, ref3, ref4

  Vane, Sir Henry, ref1

  Venables, General Robert, ref1, ref2

  Venn, John, ref1

  Verney, Sir Edmund, ref1, ref2

  Verney, Sir Ralph, ref1

  Villiers, George see Buckingham, 1st duke of; Buckingham, 2nd duke of

  Viner, Sir Robert, ref1

  Wakeman, Sir George, ref1

  Wales: revival of civil war, ref1

  Waller, Edmund, ref1

  Waller, Sir William, ref1, ref2

  Wallington, Nehemiah, ref1

  Walpole, Horace, ref1

  Walters, Lucy, ref1, ref2

  Walton, Valentine, ref1

  Warton, Philip, 4th baron, ref1

  Warwick, Sir Philip, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Memoirs of the Reign of Charles I, ref5

  Warwick, Robert Rich, 2nd earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Waterford, Ireland, ref1

  Watkins, Daniel, ref1

  Webster, John: The Duchess of Malfi, ref1, ref2

  Weldon, Sir Anthony, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Wentworth, Thomas, ref1

  West Indies: Cromwell’s venture in, ref1; parts conceded to France (1667), ref2

  Westminster Assembly, ref1

  Weston, Richard see Portland, 1st earl of

  Wexford, Ireland, ref1

  Wharton, Philip, ref1

  Wharton, Thomas, ref1

  Whigs: as term, ref1; oppose James II’s rights to succession, ref2, ref3, ref4; support Shaftesbury, ref5; and Rye House Plot, ref6

  White Mountain, battle of (1620), ref1

  Whitehall, Palace of, ref1; Banqueting House, ref2, ref3; Charles II occupies, ref4

  Whitelocke, Bulstrode: on beginnings of civil war, ref1; on Cromwell, ref2, ref3; on starvation in Cumberland, ref4; advises Cromwell against becoming king, ref5

  Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1, ref2

  Wight, Isle of: Charles I in, ref1, ref2

  Wightman, Edward, ref1

  William, Prince of Orange (later King William III): marriage to Princess Mary, ref1, ref2; and Charles II’s proroguing of parliament (1680), ref3; Calvinism, ref4; observes situation in England during James II’s reign, ref5; invited to invade England, ref6; lands in England and advances on London, ref7, ref8; guards take up London posts, ref9

  Williams, John, bishop of Lincoln, ref1

  Willis, Dr Thomas, ref1

  Wilson, Arthur, ref1

  Wilson, Jackie (singer), ref1

  Windebank, Sir Francis, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Windsor Castle: Charles I in, ref1

  Winter (or Wintour), Thomas, ref1

  witch trials, ref1

  women: delegation demands peace in civil war, ref1; role in civil war, ref2; maltreated at Naseby, ref3; use of cosmetics under commonwealth, ref4

  Wood, Anthony, ref1

  Woodford, Robert, ref1

  Worcester: battle of (1642), ref1; Charles I escapes to from Oxford, ref2

  Wren, Sir Christopher: on Prynne, ref1; in Royal Society, ref2

  Wren, Matthew, bishop of Ely, ref1

  Wycherley, William: The Country Wife, ref1

  York: Charles I raises forces
at (1639), ref1; great council of peers meet at (1640), ref2; Charles I travels to (1642), ref3, ref4; support for Charles I, ref5; royalists capture, ref6; besieged and surrenders (1644), ref7

  York, Anne, duchess of (née Hyde), ref1, ref2

  York, James, duke of see James II, king

  1. James I of England and James VI of Scotland, in the characteristically regal pose of hand on hip.

  2. Anne of Denmark, James’s spouse, who became a key artistic patron in the ‘Jacobean’ age.

  3. James in front of his lords, temporal and spiritual.

  4. The title page of the King James Bible, one of the lasting memorials of his reign.

  5. The title page of John Milton’s Areopagitica, an eloquent plea against censorship.

  6. George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, loved by two sovereigns and hated by the people.

  7. Henry, prince of Wales, the supposed saviour of Protestant Europe, who did not live long enough to fulfil his destiny.

  8. Charles, the future Charles I, as the prince of Wales in armour.

  9. Elizabeth, daughter of James I, who was briefly queen of Bohemia, otherwise known as the Winter Queen.

  10. A double portrait of the unhappy Charles I and his wife, Henrietta Maria.

  11. Three out of seven of Charles I’s children, painted by Anthony Van Dyck.

  12. A disapproving illustration of the Rump Parliament, after the purge of the Long Parliament in December 1648.

  13. What the Cavaliers are supposed to have done with the Puritans.

  14. Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of Strafford, the dour supporter of absolute monarchy.

  15. A plan of the Battle of Naseby, the outcome of which wrecked the king’s chances in the summer of 1645.

  16. Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Charles I’s senior commander, brave, but also foolhardy.

  17. The trial of Charles I in Westminster Hall.

  18. The result of the trial: a death warrant.