Crucible of Command

by William C. Davis

Library of Virginia, Richmond. Charles City County Deed Book 10, 1846–1856; Charles City County, List of Free Negroes and Mulattoes over Twelve Years of Age for the Year 1859; Charles City County Register of Free Negroes, 1835–1864; Charles Carter Lee Collection, Major Henry Lee Papers 1813–1841; Virginia State Executive Papers

  Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, Leyburn Library. Robert E. Lee Collection; Robert E. Lee Papers; Lee Family Papers; Lee Family Papers Digital Library; Lee-Jackson Collection; Washington and Lee Archives

  Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. William N. Palmer Collection

  AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, DIARIES, LETTERS, AND MEMOIRS

  Adams, Francis Raymond, Jr., ed. An Annotated Edition of the Personal Letters of Robert E. Lee, April 1855–April 1861. Doctoral thesis: University of Maryland, 1955.

  Agassiz, George R., ed. Meade’s Headquarters 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922.

  Anderson, Charles. Texas, Before and on the Eve of the Rebellion. Cincinnati: Peter G. Thompson, 1884.

  Andrews, Marietta Minnegerode, comp. Scraps of Paper. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1929.

  Baldwin, Joseph Glover. Party Leaders: Sketches of Thomas Jefferson, Alex’r Hamilton, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Randolph of Roanoke, including Notices of Many Other Distinguished American Statesmen. New York: D. Appleton, 1854.

  Bowery, Charles R., and Brian D. Hankinson, eds. The Daily Correspondence of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee Superintendent, United States Military Academy September 1, 1852 to March 24, 1855. West Point, NY: United States Military Academy Library Occasional Papers #5, 2003.

  Burr, Rushton Dachwood, ed. Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church, in Uxbridge, Mass., in 1864, . . . by Harry Chapin. Worcester, MA: Press of Charles Hamilton, 1881.

  Carter, Gari. Troubled State: Civil War Journals of Franklin Archibald Dick. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008.

  Carter, W. H. From Yorktown to Santiago with the 6th U.S. Cavalry. Baltimore: Lord Baltimore Press, 1900.

  Cary, Matthew, Jr., comp. The Democratic Speaker’s Hand-book: Containing Every Thing Necessary for the Defense of the National Democracy in the Upcoming Presidential Campaign, and for the Assault of the Radical Enemies of the Country and Its Constitution. Cincinnati: Miami Print and Publishing, 1868.

  Chamberlayne, Churchill Gibson, ed. Ham Chamberlayne—Virginian: Letters and Papers of an Artillery Officer in the War for Southern Independence 1861–1865. Richmond: Dietz Press, 1932.

  Chetlain, Augustus L. Recollections of Seventy Years. Galena, IL: Galena Gazette, 1899.

  Colton, J. H. A Guide Book to West Point and Vicinity. New York: J. H. Colton, 1844.

  Crabtree, Beth Gilbert, and James W. Patton, eds. “Journal of a Secesh Lady”: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereaux Edmondston, 1860–1866. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1979.

  Craven, Avery O., ed. “To Markie”: The Letters of Robert E. Lee to Martha Custis Williams. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.

  Crist, Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: Volume 8. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.

  ———. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: Volume 10, October 1863–August 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.

  Croffutt, W. A., ed. Fifty Years in Camp and Field: Diary of Major-General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, U.SA. New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1909.

  Custis, George Washington Parke. Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by His Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with A Memoir of the Author, by His Daughter. New York: Derby and Jackson, 1860.

  Cutrer, Thomas W., ed. Longstreet’s Aide: The Civil War Letters of Major Thomas J. Goree. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.

  Dana, Charles A. Recollections of the Civil War. New York: D. Appleton, 1913.

  Davis, Jefferson. Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. New York: D. Appleton, 1881. 2 vols.

  deButts, Mary Custis Lee. Growing Up in the 1850s: The Journal of Agnes Lee. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.

  Dowdey, Clifford, and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961.

  Eaton, John. Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War. New York: Longmans, Green, 1907.

  Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

  Goode, John. Recollections of a Lifetime. New York: Neale, 1906.

  Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.

  Hallowell, Benjamin. Autobiography of Benjamin Hallowell. Philadelphia: Friends Book Association, 1883.

  Hickerson, Thomas Felix. Echoes of Happy Valley: Letters and Diaries, Family Life in the South, Civil War History. Chapel Hill, NC: privately published, 1962.

  Houck, Peter W., ed. Duty, Honor, Country: The Diary and Biography of General William P. Craighill, Cadet at West Point 1849–1853. Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House, 1993.

  In Memoriam: Jesse Seligman. New York: Philip Cowen, 1894.

  Jones, J. William. Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume. Richmond: Randolph and English, 1880.

  ———. Life and Letters of General Robert Edward Lee: Soldier and Man. New York: Neale, 1906.

  ———. Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee. New York: D. Appleton, 1875.

  Jones, John B. A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1866. 2 vols.

  Jones, Terry L., ed. Campbell Brown’s Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.

  Lankford, Nelson D., ed. An Irishman in Dixie: Thomas Conolly’s Diary of the Fall of the Confederacy. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.

  Lee, Fitzhugh. General Lee. New York: Appleton, 1901.

  Lee, Robert E. “Biography of the Author,” in Henry Lee, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States. New York: University Publishing Co., 1869.

  Lee, Robert E., Jr. Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee by His Son. New York: Doubleday, 1904.

  Long, A. L. Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, His Military and Personal History. New York: J. M. Stoddart, 1887.

  Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1896.

  De Lorne, Marquis. A Trip Through the Tropics and Home Through America. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1867.

  Lynch, Anna Modigliani, and Kelsey Ryan, comps. “Antebellum Reminiscences of Alexandria, Virginia, Extracted from the Memoirs of Mary Louisa Slacum Benham.” Unpublished paper, Alexandria, 2009.

  MacDonald, Rose Mortimer Ellzey. Mrs. Robert E. Lee. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1939.

  Mason, Emily V. Popular Life of General Robert Edward Lee. Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 1871.

  Meade, George, ed., Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade. New York: Scribner’s, 1913. 2 vols.

  Mosby, John S. Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby. Boston: Little, Brown, 1917.

  Porter, David D. Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War. New York: D. Appleton, 1885.

  Ripley, Roswell. The War with Mexico. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1849. 2 vols.

  Ritchie, Andrew. The Soldier, the Battle, and the Victory: Being a Brief Account of the Work of Rev. John Rankin in the Anti-Slavery Cause. Cincinnati: Western Tract and Book Society, 1870.

  Rowland, Dunbar, comp. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923. 10 vols.

  Scarborough, William K., ed. The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Volume II: The Years of Hope April, 1861–June, 1863. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.

  Scheibert, Justus. Seven Months in the Reb
el States During the North American War, 1863. Tuscaloosa, AL: Confederate Publishing Company, 1958.

  Semmes, Raphael. Service Afloat and Ashore During the Mexican War. Cincinnati: William H. Moore, 1851.

  Sidwell, Robert William. “Maintaining Order in the Midst of Chaos: Robert E. Lee’s Usage of His Personal Staff.” Master’s Thesis: Kent State University, 2009.

  Simon, John Y., ed. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967–2012. 32 vols.

  ———., ed. Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant. New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1975.

  Smith, Gustavus W. The Battle of Seven Pines. New York: C. C. Crawford, 1891.

  Thomas, Benjamin P., ed. Three Years with Grant as Recalled by War Correspondent Sylvanus Cadwallader. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955.

  Tower, R. Lockwood, ed. Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.

  Wood, Lindsay Lomax, ed. Leaves from an Old Washington Diary, 1854–1863. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1943.

  Younger, Edward, ed. Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean. New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.

  OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

  Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Richmond: Thomas Ritchie, 1816.

  Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale College Deceased from June, 1870, to June, 1880. Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Alumni, 1870–1880. New Haven, CT: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1880.

  Register of the Graduates and Alumni of St. John’s College at Annapolis, Maryland. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1908.

  Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, June 1826. New York: N.p., 1826.

  Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, June 1827. New York: N.p., 1827.

  Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., June 1828. New York: N.p., 1828.

  Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U S. Military Academy, West Point, June 1829. New York: United States Military Academy, 1829.

  Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1840. New York: J. P. Wright, 1840.

  Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1841. New York: J. P. Wright, 1841.

  Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1842. New York: J. P. Wright, 1842.

  Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1843. New York: Burroughs & Co., 1843.

  United States Congress, Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904–1905. 7 vols.

  ARTICLES

  Allan, William. “Memoranda of Conversations with General Robert E. Lee,” Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Lee the Soldier. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996: 7–24.

  Becker, Carl. “Was Grant Drinking in Mexico?” Bulletin of the Cincinnati Historical Society 24 (January 1966): 68–71

  Boyd, William K., and William H. Wannamaker, eds. “Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee, 1865–1868, by George Taylor Lee.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 26 (July 1927): 236–51.

  Burnett, Edmund C., ed. “Letters of a Confederate Surgeon: Dr. Abner Embry McGarity, 1862–1865.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 29 (December 1945): 222–53.

  Chatham, Patricia. “Letters Home.” Newsletter of the North Suburban Genealogical Society 17 (September–October 1992): 35–36.

  Childe, Blanche Lee. “Le Général Robert E. Lee.” Revue des Deux Mondes 43 (June 1873): 497–537.

  Cuthbert, Norma B., ed. “Five Early Letters from Robert E. Lee to His Wife, 1832–1835.” Huntington Library Quarterly 15 (May 1951): 257–76.

  DeButts, Robert E. L., Jr. “Lee in Love: Courtship and Correspondence in Antebellum Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 115 (October 2007): 486–575.

  Emerson, John W. “Grant’s Life in the West and His Mississippi Valley Campaigns.” The Midland Monthly 6 (October 1896): 291–303; (November 1896): 387–99; (December 1896): 488–99; 7 (January 1897): 30–41; (February 1896): 138–47; (March 1897): 218–26; (April 1897): 316–29; (May 1897): 430–38; (June 18, 1897): 497–501; 8 (July 1897): 3–9; (August 1897): 138–43; (September 1897): 206–20.

  Garland, Hamlin. “The Early Life of Ulysses Grant.” McClure’s Magazine 8 (December 1896): 125–39.

  Grant, Jesse R. “Grant as Remembered by His Father.” Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter 8 (October, 1970): 1–10.

  “James Watson Robbins.” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 100 (January 30, 1879): 169.

  Johnston, William Preston. “Memoranda of Conversations with General R. E. Lee.” Gallagher, Lee the Soldier: 29–34.

  ———. “Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee.” Belford’s Magazine 25 (June 1890): 8—91.

  Jones, J[ohn]. W[illiam]. “General Lee’s Letter to His Son.” University Monthly 2 (March 1872): 68–69.

  “Knapsack.” North & South 5 (July 2002), 8–11.

  Lee, Edmund Jennings. “The Character of General Lee.” Robert A. Brock, ed. Gen. Robert Edward Lee: Soldier, Citizen and Christian Patriot. Richmond: Johnson Publishing Co., 1897: 379–413.

  “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A. N. V.” Southern Historical Society Papers 4 (October 1877): 151–60.

  Leyburn, John. “An Interview with General Robert E. Lee.” Century Magazine 30 (May, 1885): 166–67.

  “List of Emigrants.” The African Repository and Colonial Journal 30 (January 1854): 19–24.

  McCormick, S. D. “Robert E. Lee as College President, The Recollections of a Student.” The Outlook 56 (July 17, 1897), 684—87.

  Miller, T. Michael, ed. “My Dear Louisa: Letters from Mrs. Mary Custis Lee to the Snowden Family of Alexandria, Virginia.” The Fireside Sentinel, 5 (June 1991): 69–77.

  Montague, Ludwell Lee, ed., “Memoir of Mrs. Harriotte Lee Taliaferro Concerning Events in Virginia, April 11–21, 1861.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 57 (October 1949): 416–20.

  “Negro Communed at St. Paul’s Church.” Confederate Veteran 13 (August 1905): 360.

  “Our New President.” Atlantic Monthly, 23 (March 1869): 378–83.

  “Papers of Hon. John A. Campbell, 1861–1865.” Southern Historical Society Papers 42 (September 1917): 3–81.

  Porter, Horace. “The Surrender at Appomattox Court House.” Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. New York: The Century Company, 1888. 4: 729–46.

  “Scraps,” Historical Magazine 2d Series, 2 (September 1867): 176–80.

  Shields, Clara McGeorge. “General Grant at Fort Humboldt in the Early Days.” Eureka, CA, Humboldt Times, November 10, 1912, in Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter 8 (April 1971): 23–28.

  Sibley, Marilyn McAdams, ed. “Robert E. Lee to Albert Sydney Johnston, 1857.” Journal of Southern History 29 (February 1963): 102–107.

  Speer, Michael, ed., “Autobiography of Adam Lowry Rankin.” Ohio History 79 (Winter 1970): 18–55.

  Watson, Walter A. “Notes on Southside Virginia: Extracts from Diaries, 1914.” Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, 15 (September 1925): pp. 244–58.

  [Wolseley, Garnet]. “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters.” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 93 (January 1863): 1–29.

  NEWSPAPERS

  Aberdeen, SD, Daily News, 1890.

  Albany, NY, Daily Argus, 1868.

  Albany, NY, Evening Journal, 1863.

  Alexandria, Daily Advertiser, 1807, 1808.

  Alexandria, Daily Gazette, Commercial and Political, 1808–1817.

  Alexandria, Gazette, 1817, 1819, 1822, 1851, 1859, 1861–1864, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1876.

  Alex
andria, Gazette & Advertiser, 1822–1824.

  Alexandria, Gazette & Daily Advertiser, 1818–1823.

  Alexandria, Herald, 1811–1812, 1814–1818, 1820, 1822–1823.

  Alexandria, Phenix Gazette, 1825–1829, 1831.

  Arlington, Gazette, 1858.

  Atlanta, Era, 1867.

  Atlanta, Southern Confederacy, 1862.

  Augusta, GA, Chronicle, 1862–1863, 1866, 1879–1880, 1903, 2000.

  Augusta, GA, Daily Chronicle & Sentinel, 1874.

  Augusta, GA, Daily Constitutionalist, 1861–1863, 1868, 1867.

  Baltimore, Sun, 1858, 1863, 1865, 1869.

  Bangor, ME, Weekly Register, 1830.

  Boston, American Traveller, 1857, 1862, 1864–1865, 1867.

  Boston, Daily Advertiser, 18631866.

  Boston, Evening Transcript, 1861–1862.

  Boston, Herald, 1863.

  Boston, Journal, 1867, 1869.

  Boston, Liberator, 1863–1864.

  Boston, Post, 1869.

  Boston, Saturday Evening Gazette, 1863.

  Camden, NJ, Democrat, 1868.

  Canton, Ohio, Repository, 1837, 1895.

  Charleston, Courier, 1861, 1869.

  Charleston, Daily News, 1869.

  Charleston, Mercury, 1862, 1863, 1865.

  Charleston, State Gazette of South Carolina, 1786.

  Chattanooga, Daily Rebel, 1863.

  Chicago, Daily Inter Ocean, 1887.

  Chicago, Herald, 1891.

  Cincinnati, Commercial, 1863–1864, 1879.

  Cincinnati, Commercial Tribune, 1869–1870, 1885.

  Cincinnati, Daily Enquirer, 1864, 1868, 1872, 1874.

  Cincinnati, Daily Gazette, 1837, 1868.

  Cleveland, Leader, 1861–1862, 1865, 1868, 1875.

  Cleveland, Plain Dealer, 1862–1863, 1865, 1868–1869, 1872, 1884.

  Columbus, GA, Daily Enquirer, 1868.

  Columbus, OH, Crisis, 1861, 1863.

  Columbus, Daily Ohio Statesman, 1865.

  Columbus, Ohio State Journal, 1832, 1843.

  Columbus, Ohio Monitor, 1833.

  Dallas, Morning News, 1928.

  Dallas, Weekly Herald, 1866.

  Easton, MD, Gazette, 1861, 1863.

  Fayetteville, NC, Carolina Observer, 1861, 1863.

  Frankfort, KY, Argus, 1832.

  Galveston, Flake’s Bulletin, 1867.