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Krick, Robert E. L. “The ‘Great Tycoon’ Forges a Staff System.” Peter S. Carmichael, ed., Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. 82–106.
Krick, Robert K. “‘Lee to the Rear,’ the Texans Cried.” Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Wilderness Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 160–200.
———. “‘Snarl and Sneer and Quarrel’: General Joseph E. Johnston and an Obsession with Rank.” Gary W. Gallagher and Joseph T. Glatthaar, eds, Leaders of the Lost Cause: New Perspectives on the Confederate High Command. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2004. 165–204.
Pickett, Thomas E. “W. W. Richeson, The Kentuckian That ‘Taught’ Grant.” Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society 9 (September 1911): 13–25.
Robert, Joseph C. “Lee the Farmer.” Journal of Southern History 4 (November 1937): 422–40.
Simon, John Y. “Ulysses S. Grant and the Jews: An Unsolved Mystery.” The Record 21 (1995): 24–33.
Smith, David G. “Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African-Americans during the Gettysburg Campaign.” Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, eds., Virginia’s Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005.137–51.
Wert, Jeffry D. “The Tycoon: Lee and His Staff.” Civil War Times Illustrated 11 (July 1972): 11–19.
WEBSITES
“Confederate History—Disspelling the Myths.” http://www.rulen.com/myths/.
“Did Julia Grant Own Slaves?” Yesterday and Today, April 2, 2011. http://www.yandtblog.com/?p=298.
Lee Family Digital Archive, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. http://leearchive.wlu.edu/.
Morton, Charles S., to his mother, July 4, 1861. www.vmb-collection.com/AandDPages/AandDP47.html.
Ryan, Joe. “The Lee Family Slaves.” http://americancivilwar.com/authors/Joseph_Ryan/Articles/General-Lee-Slaves/General-Lee-Family-Slaves.html.
Schwartz, Philip J., “General Lee and Visibility.” http://www.stratalum.org/leecommunion.htm.
United States Census Bureau. Nativity of the Population for the 25 Largest Urban Places and for Selected Counties: 1850, Table 21. https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab21.html.
United States Census Bureau, Nativity of the Population for the 25 Largest Urban Places and for Selected Counties: 1860, Table 20. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab20.html.
Woodward, Colin. “Slaves at the Lee Family Home.” http://southernhistorian.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/12/.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My first debt is to the many friends who have given of their time and expertise. At the front of the line must stand Robert K. Krick of Fredericksburg, Virginia, a friend for forty years. He opened to me his incomparable archive of reference notes on Lee from around the country, and an archive of manuscript and autograph catalog listings of Lee materials going back many years, containing partial or often full transcripts of letters in collectors’ hands that could never be found otherwise. On top of that, he carefully read the Lee portions of this book and corrected many a gaffe, while offering suggestions and insights from which I have benefited greatly. Gary W. Gallagher of the University of Virginia, another close friend of more than a quarter century, also read this work and made comments from his vantage as one of our most distinguished commentators on Lee and the Confederate experience. Frank Williams, a longtime friend and president of the Ulysses S. Grant Association, himself a distinguished Lincoln scholar, gave the book a thoughtful reading and raised valuable questions on focus and interpretation from which it has benefited greatly. Another friend for the past quarter century, Joseph T. Glatthaar of the University of North Carolina, one of the nation’s outstanding students of military history and theory, kindly commented on major portions of the work.
Numerous other friends and colleagues helped with documents or made suggestions, or otherwise gave of their expertise. National Park Service staff, as always, never failed to be generous, among them Matthew Penrod at Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial, Dennis Frye at Harpers Ferry National Memorial Park, and Robert E. L. Krick at Richmond National Battlefield Park. Old friends John E. Marsalek, James I. Robertson Jr., David G. Smith, and Richard J. Sommers all lent good counsel. The Reverend Reginald Tuck of Blacksburg United Methodist Church, a keen student of history both lay and ecclesiastical, offered excellent insights into Lee’s developing faith.
Archivists are simply indispensable to a historian. Without them the raw materials vital to a work such as this would stay locked away, unknown; and without their knowledge of their institutions’ holdings, uncataloged treasures would remain unused, as good as lost. Douglas Mayo, associate librarian at Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library in Williamsburg, lent valuable assistance with the Hill Carter Papers. Deanne Blanton at the National Archives in Washington, DC, bids fair to be a national treasure herself. Her assistance to myriad scholars working in nineteenth-century military documents cannot be overpraised; she certainly unlocked many unknown doors in the research for this volume. The Museum of the Confederacy’s John Coski has been a friend and colleague for many years; no one knows its fine collections as well as he. Those collections will soon be housed at the Virginia Historical Society. Paul Reber, executive director of Stratford Hall, Stratford, Virginia, and Judy Hynson, librarian at Stratford’s Jesse Ball duPont Memorial Library, were very helpful with materials illuminating Lee’s youth, including putting me in touch with Gary L. Sisson of Montross, Virginia, owner of the letter containing Lee’s only directly contemporaneous comments on his time at West Point. Suzanne Cristoff, associate director of the United States Military Academy Library at West Point, and archives curator Alicia Mauldin-Ware, were very helpful with records of Grant’s and Lee’s tenures there as cadets. Graham Dozier of the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond has been especially generous in assistance with the extensive Lee family holdings in that exemplary institution. And special thanks are due to Vonnie Zullo of Fairfax, Virginia, an outstanding freelance researcher who made many a trip to archives in Washington to catch something I overlooked.
My agent Jim Donovan of Jim Donovan Literary in Dallas, Texas, has definitely made me a convert when it comes to the value of working with an agent. He proved invaluable both in finding and working with my publisher, and as an extra set of eyes on the manuscript. Robert Pigeon, executive editor at Da Capo Press, has been unfailingly supportive and patient from the outset, and a keen judge of balance and content in the writing of this book
My thanks are due to all, and most especially to yet another reader, Sandra C. Davis, whose patience with the writing of books seems boundless, and whose love and support are greater still.
INDEX
21st Illinois Infantry, 130–131
2d United States Cavalry, 77, 111, 412
4th United States Infantry, 42, 53, 54, 85ff
A
Adams, John Quincy, 9
Alexander, E. Porter, 388
Alexandria Academy, 6
Alexandria Boarding School, 11
Allan, William, 468
Allen, George, 54
American Colonization Society, 80
Ammen, Daniel, 14, 15, 19, 33, 206, 379
Ammen, Jacob, 14, 206
Anderson, Richard H., 322, 400, 401
Antietam, MD, Campaign, 239–246
Appomattox Campaign, 449–454
Arlington House plantation, 26, 38, 39, 43, 44, 60, 80ff, 151, 166, 347, 349, 490
B
Babcock, Orville, 389, 390
Bailey, George P., 14, 176
Baldwin, Briscoe G., 316
Baldwin, Joseph Glover, 81
Banks, Nathaniel P., 296, 299, 305, 345, 362, 364, 365, 386, 389, 390, 392, 437
Barret, John R., 94, 110
Battles. See individual battles by name
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 141, 143, 189, 207, 209, 314, 325, 380, 381, 3
86, 403, 405, 412, 414, 444, 461, 479
Beecher, Henry Ward, 469
Bell, John, 109
Belmont, MO, Battle of, 134, 154–157, 158, 173, 174
Benjamin, Judah P., 161, 162, 169, 170, 171, 189, 413
Bickham, William D., 252–253
Big Bethel, VA, Battle of, 142
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr., 94, 110, 129
Blair, Francis Preston, Sr., 118–119, 444
Boggs, Harry, 93, 95, 102
Bonham, Milledge L., 140, 141
Booth, Jack, 108
Bowers, Theodore, 341, 389
Bragg, Braxton, 239, 241, 242, 246, 266, 292, 354–356, 366, 368–370, 372, 380
Brand, Robert, 124
Brandy Station, VA, Battle of, 324
Breckinridge, John C., 41, 109, 110, 112, 403, 405, 408, 420, 444, 445–447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 457, 470, 471
Brett, Richard W., 89
Bristoe Station, VA, Battle of, 355–356
Brown, John, 14, 95–96
Brown, Joseph E., 161, 162, 168, 170, 172
Brown, Owen, 14
Buchanan, James, 79, 95, 110, 113
Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 32, 186, 188, 193, 489, 490
Buell, Don Carlos, 178, 179, 193, 195, 196, 198–199, 228, 229, 251
at Shiloh 202–207, 222
Buford, Napoleon B., 225
Bull Run, VA, First Battle of, 132, 141, 143
Bull Run, VA, Second Battle of, 232–237
Burke, Melancthon, 31
Burke, William, 80
Burnside, Ambrose E., 263, 264, 268–269, 280, 287–288, 366, 368, 369, 370, 375, 391, 398, 429, 406
Butler, Benjamin F., 390, 392, 400, 403, 405, 408, 409
C
Calderwood, John C., 108
Calhoun, John C., 10, 11, 45
Camp, Elijah, 87, 88
Campaigns. See individual campaigns
Campbell, John A., 444, 446, 447, 450–452, 457
Camp Salubrity, LA, 41
Canby, E. R. S., 434, 437
Carter, Ann Hill. See Lee, Ann Hill Carter
Carter, Charles (REL grandfather), 1
Carter, Hill (REL cousin), 48, 61, 485
Carter, Williams (REL uncle), 48, 351, 440
Cass, Lewis, 94
Catlin, George, 32
Catty or Cassy (REL slave), 48
Cerro Gordo, Battle of, 64
Cervantes, Miguel, 35
Chancellorsville, VA, Battle of, 293–294, 308–313
Chandler, Zachariah, 85, 526 n97
Chattanooga, GA, Campaign, 366–372
Cheat Mountain, VA, Campaign, 146–149
Chickamauga, GA, Battle of, 355, 365
Chilton, Robert H., 316, 319
Christ Episcopal Church, Alexandria, VA, 2, 7, 121
Churchill, Winston, 409
Churubusco, Battle of, 67
Clarke, George (slave), 278
Clay, Henry, 15, 20, 45, 46, 94
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 489, 490
Cobb, Thomas R. R., 284
Cocke, Elizabeth Randolph, 460
Cocke, Philip St. George, 136, 140
Cold Harbor, VA, Battle of, 406–408, 438
College of Ripley, OH, 21–22
Collins, E. A., 105
Columbus, KY, 134, 152, 154, 156
Comstock, Cyrus, 377, 379, 389
Cook, John, 153
Cooke, Giles B., 457
Cooper, James Fenimore, 31
Cooper, Samuel, 146
Corinth, MS, Battle of, 247–251
Corinth Campaign, Grant’s, 229, 238
Corrick’s Ford, VA, Battle of, 144
Cowell, D. T., 293
Crittenden Compromise, 473
Crittenden, John J., 116
Curtis, Samuel, 254, 255, 258, 260
Custis, George Washington Parke (REL father-in-law), 8, 9, 35, 37, 48, 60–61, 270, 271, 278
death, 79
estate, 79–82, 113
will, 524 n69
Custis, Mary Anna Randolph. See Lee, Mary Custis
CSA (Confederate States of America). See Grant, as general and various Lee entries
D
Dana, Charles, 363, 449
Davis, Jefferson, xx, 101, 136, 172, 189, 210, 211, 218, 225, 233, 236, 239, 264, 288, 291, 320–323, 346, 347, 353, 354, 380, 384, 397, 445–447, 449, 452, 456, 458, 462
makes REL advisor, 142, 150
relations with REL, 380–381, 387, 411–415, 431, 441
Dent, Emma (USG sister-in-law), 85, 95
Dent, Frederick, Jr. (USG brother-in-law), 32, 70, 85, 389, 390, 481
Dent, Frederick, Sr. (USG father-in-law), 40, 41, 95, 104, 111, 129, 224
Dent, Julia. See Grant, Julia Dent
Dent, Lewis (USG brother-in-law), 92
Dominguez, 67, 122
Douglas, Stephen A., 109, 110, 112
Drayton, Thomas, 265
E
Early, Jubal A., 40, 357, 407, 420, 480
Eastern View plantation, 26, 46
Echols, John, 459, 479
Everett, Edward, 116
Ewell, Richard S., 230, 322–330, 354, 357, 381, 398, 401, 406, 407, 444, 471
F
Fishback, John, 107
Fitzhugh, Anna (REL aunt), 121
Fitzhugh, Mary (REL aunt), 10, 49
Fitzhugh, William Henry (REL uncle), 1, 7, 8, 10, 35
Floyd, John B., 111, 144–150, 186, 188, 195
Foote, Andrew H., 135, 178, 179, 180, 181–187
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 279, 294
Fort Carroll, MD, 75
Fort Donelson, TN, 171–188
Fort Hamilton, NY, 49
Fort Henry, TN, 171–188
Fort Henry–Fort Donelson Campaign, 179–188, 193–194
Fort Monroe, VA, 37, 39, 43, 47
Fort Pickens, FL, 118
Fort Pulaski, GA, 34
Fort Sumter, SC, 118, 124
Foster, John G., 375, 376, 379
Franklin, William B., 32
Frayser’s Farm, VA, Battle of, 218–219
Fredericksburg, VA, Battle of, 267–269, 280
Freeman, Douglas Southall, xi
Freligh, J. S., 92, 95, 277
Frémont, John C., 95, 132–135, 152, 153, 158, 175, 389
Frost, Daniel M., 123, 129
G
Gaines’s Mill, VA, Battle of, 216
Gardner (REL slave), 48, 61
Garland, John, 54, 56, 63, 66
Garnett, Robert S., 144
Gettysburg, PA, Battle of, 347, 349, 353
Gettysburg, PA, Campaign, 320–330, 346
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 35
Goldsmith, Solomon, 275
Gorman, Willis, 343
Grant, Ellen (USG daughter), 92
Grant, Frederick (USG son), 92, 378
Grant, Hannah Simpson (USG mother), 13–16
as mother, 15, 24
Grant, Jesse (USG son), 92
Grant, Jesse Root (USG father), 158, 174, 430
boastfulness, 17–18, 40, 53
business, 14
employs USG, 104, 110, 224
as father, 14–15, 23
naming USG, 14, 17
pushes USG, 42, 58, 91
and slavery, 15
USG on, 195
as Whig 15
Grant, Julia Dent (USG wife), 40, 51–54, 57, 70, 84–88, 123, 223, 224, 298, 305, 335, 364, 369, 376, 464, 489, 490
Grant, Mary (USG Sister), 132, 182
Grant, Orville (USG brother), 104–107, 110, 343, 378
Grant, Simpson (USG brother), 104, 105, 153
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), Civil War career
21st Illinois Infantry, training, 130–131
army, organization of, 257
Appomattox Campaign, 449–54
Battle of Cold Harbor, VA, 406–408, 438
Battle of Corinth, MS, 247–51
Battle of Iuka, MS, 238, 246ff
Battle of Shiloh, TN, 202–208
Belmont, strategy post-attack, 158
Chattanooga Campaign, 366–372
command in Missouri, 131–134
Corinth Campaign, 229, 238
Holly Springs, reaction to attack, 279, 294
Illinois volunteers, organizing, 125–129
James, crossing of, 409
Lee, April 10 meeting with, 455–456, 585 n3
Lee surrender, 452–454
Mobile Campaign plan, 362–63, 364, 365, 373, 437
North Anna, VA, operations, 405–406
Paducah, occupation of, 134
promotion to brigadier general, 133
promotion to colonel of 21st IL, 130
promotion to general, 477
promotion to lieutenant general, 379–380
promotion to major general, 195
and Sherman–Johnston agreement, 463–464
Shiloh Campaign, 200ff
Siege of Petersburg, 420–449 passim
Spotsylvania Campaign, 400
Vicksburg Campaign, 255, 258–260, 295–308, 330–338, 343–345
Wilderness Campaign, 392–393, 397–400
See also individual attacks, battles, campaigns, and sieges
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), as general,
1865 peace feelers, 445–446
army, reforms in, 174
black soldiers, 360–361, 420, 432–434
celebrity, 430–431
characteristics, 130, 134, 157, 158, 174, 177–179, 193, 194, 200, 203, 208, 225, 226, 229, 250, 255, 257, 294, 338, 343, 390, 398, 402, 403, 405, 407, 408, 421, 439
Constitution, respect for, 359, 363
contrabands, 176, 224–225, 256–257, 360
corruption, combat of, 272–273
CSA (Confederate States of America) citizens, treatment of, 132, 135, 176, 256, 294–295
delegation, 153, 178, 184–185
description of, 173, 358, 379, 396
deserters, 416–419
discipline of soldiers, 130–131, 256, 416–419
economy, 361–362
emancipation, 360
enemy, respect for, 344
enlistments, 361–362
general-in-chief, 434–437
“Jew Order” (Order No. 11), 272–277, 279, 488, 558 n116, 559 n117, 561 n118, n119
judgment of character, 343
Lee, compared with, 393–395
management style, 153–154, 157–158, 178, 184–185, 225–226, 250, 338, 389, 363–364
morale, 416–419
Navy, cooperation with, 158