Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer
Page 110
Fergusson, Erna 42, 43, 50, 67
Our South West 43, 48
Fergusson, Frances (née Keeley) 98
Fergusson, Francis:
family background 41–3
friendship with RO 40–41, 43
and Herbert Smith 43–4
at Harvard 44, 62–3
in ‘troika’ with RO and Horgan 46–8, 59, 67
and RO’s other friends at Harvard 60–61, 62
sets up club 61
receives Rhodes Scholarship for Oxford 62, 63–4
critical of RO’s literary efforts 65, 66
summers in New Mexico 70, 71
encourages Wyman to befriend RO 78–9
leaves for Oxford 77
advised by Smith to help RO 84
moves in elevated social circles 90, 91
on walking holiday with RO 89, 90
his ‘Account of the Adventures of RO in Europe’ 92–3, 94, 97, 98
nearly strangled by RO 98, 106
visits him at Cambridge 106, and at Perro Caliente 150
invited to Institute by RO 525
writes The Idea of a Theatre 525
and Eliot 526
last meeting with RO 668
RO’s letters to 56, 60 and n, 65–6, 70, 71–3, 77, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 94, 98–9, 100, 106–7, 126–7, 128
Fergusson, Harvey 42, 43, 65, 67
Fergusson, Harvey Butler 41, 42, 49–50
Fergusson Act (1898) 41
Fermi, Enrico:
works with Bloch 214, and Segré 264, 268
creates radioactive materials 215
theory of beta decay 228, 229, 230
proposes name ‘neutrino’ for Pauli’s neutron 186
entertains Bohr in New York 255
tries to warn government of dangers of chain reactions 261–2
awarded Nobel Prize (1938) 267
and work on nuclear reactor 266, 293, 304, 309
relocates to Chicago ‘Met Lab’ 309
opposed to secrecy 314
builds reactor 317 and n, 396
speaks to Teller of fusion bomb 318, 319
and Groves’ visit 324
creates first chain reaction 331
visits Los Alamos 403
as member of Scientific Advisory Panel 430
attitude to use of bomb 434–5
and ‘Trinity’ 440
in favour of May–Johnson Bill 466, 472
at Shelter Island Conference 501
and Italian scientists 502
opposes crash programme for H-bomb 545, 547, 548, 549
recommends US negotiates with USSR 551, 554, 581–2
arrives at Los Alamos 566
at RO hearing 614
and posthumous award of Fermi Prize 655
Fermi, Laura 440
Feynman, Richard 348, 496
contemptuous of security at Los Alamos 347–8
as member of board 354
on work at Los Alamos 355–6, 461
presents ‘Feynman diagram’ 501 and n, 527, 528
and Schwinger 509, 510, 513, 514
reformulates QED theory 208, 283, 501, 514, 518, 519, 527–30
and Dyson 514, 517, 518, 519, 523
and RO 520, 521
and Dirac 521
theory praised by Bethe 522
awarded Nobel prize (1965) 530
at 12th Solvay Congress 643
Finkelstein, Robert 507
‘Note on the Stimulated Decay of Negative Mesons’ (with RO and Epstein) 509
Finletter, Thomas 565, 572, 574, 575, 577, 578, 591
Fischer, Louis 667–8
fission, nuclear/fission bomb 251ff., 319, 355, 356, 395–6, 405ff.
Flanigan, Al 374–5, 378
Flexner, Abraham 197–9
Foldy, Leslie 507
Folkoff, Isaac 237, 281, 301, 302, 310
Foreign Affairs 593
Fortune magazine 592, 593
‘The Hidden Struggle for the H-bomb’ (Murphy) 590–91
Forum magazine: ‘Race Prejudice at Summer Resorts’ 15–16
Fowler, Ralph 102, 103, 105, 106, 132, 139, 148, 151
report on RO 205–6
Fowler, Willie 257–8, 260, 287, 564, 658
RO’s letters to 257, 270, 281, 303
France-observateur 629
Franck, James 95, 103, 126, 133, 214, 324, 325, 433, 433, 436
Franck Report 433–4
Franco, General Francisco 232, 273
Franfurter, Felix 399, 400, 401
Frankel, Stanley 312, 316, 319, 320
Friedman, Cecilia (née Eger) 18, 19, 22, 26, 29
Friedman, Louis 18, 19
Friedman, Max (Ken Manfred) 312, 358, 366, 378, 379, 383, 532
Friendly, Fred 633, 634
Frisch, Otto 253
works with Meitner on fission 253–5, 318, 391, 457, 461
collaborates with Peierls on memorandum on Super-bomb 291–3, 316, 352, 395, 409
Frost, Robert 651
Fry, Roger 90
Transformations 154
Fuchs, Klaus 342, 390–92, 406, 421–2, 423–4, 443, 556–7, 597
Furry, Wendell 204, 211, 214–15, 221, 222, 422
‘On the Theory of the Electron and the Positive’ (with RO) 208–9
fusion/fusion bombs 246, 317, 318–19, 320, 322, 543, 544, 545–6, 559, 560–61, 566–8, 585, 594
G-2 341, 342, 345, 362
see also Pash, Lt-Colonel Boris
GAC see General Advisory Committee
Gad-Fly, The (Harvard journal) 58
gamma radiation 180, 184, 205, 352, 420
Gamow, George 187, 188, 253, 255
Garrison, Lloyd 603, 605–6, 608, 609, 610, 613, 614, 619, 621, 623, 628, 634, 663
Gavin, General James M. 563
Gell-Mann, Murray 632
General Advisory Committee (to AEC) (GAC) 495, 498, 508, 542–5
1949 meeting 546–9
reports and recommendations 549–51, 552–3, 554, 555–6, 570
and Strauss 552–4
visits Los Alamos 566
backs Ulam–Teller design 568–9
and idea of second laboratory 571, 572, 574
and campaign to oust RO from 574, 575, 577–8, see security hearing under Oppenheimer, Robert
General Strike (1926) 112
Gercke, Achim 123
Gerjuoy, Edward x, 284, 288, 290
Giauque, William 167
Gibbs, Josiah Willard: ‘On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances’ 75, 76
Gibney, Bob 650
Gibney, Nancy 650
Gide, André 90
Goethe, Johann von: ‘Den Vereinigten Staaten’ 5–6
Gogh, Vincent van 22
Gold, Harry 391–2, 421–2, 424, 556
Goldblatt, Lou 239, 240
Goldman Sachs 40
Goldmans, the 9, 15, 41
Göppert, Maria 128
Gottheil, Gustav 15
Göttingen University 117, 121, 122–5, 151–2, 167, 198
Goudsmit, Samuel 113, 141, 149, 158, 381, 388, 402, 497
Graham, Captain Frank 449
Graham, Loren R.: Moscow Stories 221
Grant, General Ulysses 10–11, 12, 531
Gray, Gordon 608, 610, 617, 618–19, 620, 626
Green, Harold 606–8
Greene, Priscilla 471
Greenglass, David 421–2, 424, 556
Greenglass, Ruth 421, 422
‘Greenhouse’ tests 566–8
Griffiths, Gordon 240, 241, 242, 270
Griffiths, Mary 240
Griggs, David 572, 573–4, 575–6, 577, 578, 579, 580–81, 588, 590, 591, 606, 616, 626
Groves, Colonel Leslie 322–3
appointed to run Manhattan Project 322, 323, 341
visits major sites 323–4
unimpressed by Lawrence 324
won over by RO 324–6
and choice of Los Alamos 326, 327, 328, 332
appoints RO as director 328–9, 333–4
chooses Lansdale to run security force 341
and RO’s security clearance 342–3, 344–5
derided by the scientists 349
orders ‘compartmentalisation’ security policy 349, 350, 357
and Condon’s resignation 349–50
and Parsons’ appointment 354
and Pash and Lansdale’s views on RO 360, 362
orders RO’s clearance 363, 364
advises Truman that Rad Lab should be closed 366
and RO’s refusal to name contact 376, 377, 378
believes in RO’s loyalty 379
gets Pash off RO’s case 380, 381
RO names Chevalier to 382–3, 384
promises not to reveal Frank Oppenheimer’s name to FBI 383–4
and Bohr 397, 398, 406
shocks Rotblat 403
appalled by Segré’s results 410
and implosion programme 412, 413–14, 415, 416, 418, 560
and Special Engineering Detachment 421
and ‘Trinity’ 426–7, 438–9, 440, 441–2
and bombing of Japan 429–30, 431–2, 440, 443, 444, 448, 449–50, 452, 453–4, 455
and reports of radiation sickness 462
and May–Johnson Bill 465
presents RO with Army-Navy Award 467
on Acheson’s committee 479–80
and ‘Acheson–Lilienthal Plan’ 481, 482, 484–5
vouches for RO’s loyalty 500, 533
sceptical about Russian bomb 589
testifies at RO’s hearing 608, 613
Guggenheim, Benjamin 29
Guggenheim, William 29
Guggenheims, the 9, 15, 29
Gurney, Ronald 187
Hahn, Otto 252–4, 450, 451–2
Hale, George Ellery 145–6
Hales, Peter Bacon: Atomic Spaces 332
Hall, Elmer 166, 168
RO to 148
Hall, Harvey 175, 176, 179, 204
Hall, Mary 175
Hall, Theodore (‘Ted’) 422–3, 424
Hampshire, Stuart 656
Hanford, Washington 328n, 331–2, 341, 349, 353, 408, 495, 537
Harmon, Colonel J. M. 333
Harper’s Magazine 630, 643
Harrison, George 441, 458, 459–50, 464
Harrison, Richard 276, 278, 279
Harrison, Wallace K. 656
Harvard University 40, 44, 52, 61–3, 77, 132–3, 137, 143–4, 148, 205, 215, 221, 229, 505
Fogg Art Museum 40
Jews 52–6
Hound & Horn 144
Standish Hall 57
Liberal Club 57, 58
Harvard Crimson 642
Harvey, William 384
Hawking, Stephen 193
Hawkins, David 56, 359, 360, 405, 418, 419, 535, 658
Hearst, William Randolph 243, 244
heavy water 396
Heilbron, J. L. and Seidel, R. W.: Lawrence and His Laboratory 265–6
Heisenberg, Werner 103, 104
and formulation of quantum mechanics 104–6, 115, 116, 171
and Schrödinger’s theory 107, 108
describes ‘uncertainty principle’ 131
visits Berkeley (1920s) 167
at Leipzig 136, 156, 160, 262
at Como conference (1927) 138
at Solvay Congress (1927) 139–40
works with Pauli on QED 156, 157, 158, 161
on US lecture tour 158, 159
and rise of Nazi Party 198
at Bohr’s institute 206
sceptical about Lawrence’s results at Solvay Congress (1933) 207
RO campaigns against his theory 227, 228, 229, 230
marriage 229
allowed to travel to Britain and US 230
has shouting match with RO 230
stays in Nazi Germany 230, 292, 381, 392
visits Bohr (1941) 393–4, 395, 396
and Nazi bomb project 395–6, 397
and news of Hiroshima 450, 451–2
articles:
‘The Limits of Applicability of the Present Quantum Theory’ 230
‘On Quantum Mechanics II’ 106
‘On the Intuitive Content of Quantum-theoretical Kinematics and mechanics’ 131
‘On the Quantum Dynamics of Wave Fields’ (with Pauli) 158
‘Quantum Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations’ 105
Heitler, Walter 491
Herken, Gregg: Brotherhood of the Bomb 239, 312, 328
Hersey, John: article on Hiroshima 446, 447
Hershberg, James G.: James B. Conant 545n
Hertz, Gustav 95
Hertz, Heinrich 157
Hickenlooper, Senator Bourke B. 538, 539, 552, 598
Higinbotham, William 463, 466, 476
Hilbert, David 122
Hill, Albert G. 579, 580
Hill, Archibald Vivian 91
Hilton, Judge Henry 12, 16
Hirohito, Emperor 456
Hiroshima, bombing of 292, 319–20, 409–10, 431n, 443, 444–52, 457, 463, 663
Hiss, Alger 524, 532
Hitler, Adolf 8, 198, 271, 273, 274, 276, 282, 429
Hobson, Verna 644
Holloway, Marshall 570, 585
Hooper, Admiral Stanford C. 261–2
Hoover, Herbert, President 219, 493
Hoover, J. Edgar:
and Schneiderman 280
and surveillance on RO 301, 310
and Jean Tatlock 373
keeps subordinates in the dark 384
views on RO 482
receives information from phone-tapping 482–3, 486, 488
fails to have RO and Weinberg prosecuted 494
sends dossier to AEC 499
and Fuchs 556
and Teller’s interviews 575
puts McCarthy off investigating RO 592
and Strauss 592
receives Borden’s summary of evidence 597–8
and ‘Caesar’s wife’ concept 607
Hopkins, F. Gowland 91
Horgan, Paul 46–8, 59–60, 61, 67, 68–9, 72–3, 77, 85, 427
Horgan, Rosemary 49
House of Representatives’ Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) 237, 524, 532–5, 536–7, 598
Houston, William 146, 478
HUAC see House of Representatives’ Committee on Un-American Activities
Huning, Franz 41–2, 69
Trader on the Santa Fe Trail 41
Huxley, Aldous: Crome Yellow 62, 90
hydrogen bomb (‘Super’) 320, 321–2, 353, 411, 416, 417, 418, 543–55
‘classical Super’ 560, 565–6, 567, 568, 569
IEB see International Education Board implosion 352–3, 355, 410–21, 424, 426–7, 459, 560
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 197–8, 217, 218, 347, 412
RO offered directorship 495, 506
Pais and 496, 497–8
under RO 507–9, 523, 525–7, 631
Dyson’s fellowship 518–19, 520, 526
and Strauss 537, 631
and Yang and Lee 632–3
RO’s lunches 642
pettiness and squabbling 654–5
Kennan joins 656n
and RO’s retirement 663, 667
International Education Board (IEB) 148, 149, 150, 155, 156, 159, 162, 347
isotopes 183n
artificial 225
radioactive 537–8
Isserman, Maurice 243, 274
Ivanov, Peter 335, 336, 486
Jackson, C. D. 592
Jastrow, Robert 566
Jeans, James
The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism 73–4
The Mysterious Universe 74, 422
Physics and Philosophy 74
The Universe Around Us 74
Jensen, J. Hans D. 395, 396, 397
Jewett, Frank: RO to 505
Jews 3–10, 14–15, 18, 28, 31
see al
so anti-Semitism
Johnson, Lt Lyall 341, 367, 368–9, 370, 375, 382, 611
Johnson, Senator Edwin 465, 557
Johnson, Louis 553, 554
Johnson, Lyndon B., President 657
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy 538, 544, 552, 557, 584, 597, 598
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric 184, 215, 262, 263, 266, 402
Joliot-Curie, Irène (née Curie) 184, 207, 252
Jordan, Pascual 105–6, 116n, 131
‘On Quantum Mechanics II’ 106
Judaism, Reform 5, 10, 13
Jungk, Robert: Brighter than a Thousand Suns 393
Kamen, Martin 303
Kant, Immanuel 23
Kapitza, Peter 100, 101
Kaun, Alexander 310
Keitel, Wilhelm 276
Kellogg Radiation Laboratory 213
Kemble, Edwin C. 74–5, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 87, 88, 133, 135, 205, 423
RO’s letters to 127, 146, 148
Kennan, George 547, 549, 614, 654, 656, 668, 669
Kennard, Earle 131
Kennedy, John F., President 649–50, 651, 655, 657
Kennedy, Joseph 330
Keynes, John Maynard 90
Kheifetz, Gregory 308, 310
Killian, James R. 585
King, Admiral Ernest 354
Kipphardt, Heinar: In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer 660–62
Kistiakowsky, George 414, 420, 424, 426, 438, 456–7, 656
Klein, Abraham 604
Klein, Martin: Paul Ehrenfest 151
Klock, Augustus 38–9, 44
Koenig, Fred 35–6, 37
Koenig, Dr Otto 35
Kohn, Robert D. 20
Konopinski, Emil 319
Korean War 560, 563, 564, 584, 586
Kramer, Victor 54
Kramers, Hendrik 154, 159, 211, 497, 501, 502, 504
krypton 254, 318
Ku Klux Klan 219, 220
Kurnakov, Sergei 423
Kusaka, Shuichi 259, 264, 289
Ladd, D. M. 592
Lamb, Willis E. 212, 217, 255, 258–9, 501
‘Lamb shift’ 504, 509–10
Lambert, Rudy 302
Lamy, Archbishop Jean-Baptiste 68, 69
Landau, Lev 244, 248
Langevin, Paul 103
Lansdale, John:
checks security at Berkeley 310–11, 315
and Pash 342
heads Manhattan Project security force 341
his views on RO as security risk 344–5, 346, 347, 360–61, 362–3, 373
on Kitty Oppenheimer 361–2
on Lawrence and Lomanitz 364
hopes to use RO’s vulnerability 365
meeting with RO (1943) 365–8
second interview with him 375–7
summarises RO’s train conversation with Groves 377–8
insists on RO’s continued loyalty 379
and Pash’s memo on RO’s unidentified contact 381, 382
reports to FBI RO’s naming of Chevalier 382, 383