Hard Choices

by Hillary Rodham Clinton

  and Mandela, 296–97

  and Middle East, 332, 335, 339, 343, 370, 372, 373, 375, 392, 397–98, 400–401, 455, 461, 463–67, 472, 478, 480, 483

  oath of office, 19

  and “the Obama effect,” 206

  and Pakistan, 198

  as President-elect, 11–19

  and presidential race (2008), 3–4, 5, 6, 8, 10

  and primaries (2008), 1–2, 3–4, 8, 15, 22, 420

  reelection of, 591

  and Russia, 230, 232–34, 235, 236, 238, 242, 243–44

  and Secretary of State offer to Hillary Clinton, 12, 15–18, 19, 420

  Senate campaign of, 2

  West Point speech by, 147–49, 159, 163

  Obama, Michelle, 8, 9, 297

  Obama, Sasha and Malia, 8

  Obama Administration:

  Cabinet and team members, 22–25

  and China, 68, 432

  and drone strikes, 183–84, 185

  and Iran, 416, 419, 420, 421, 423–25, 427–29, 433–34, 436, 438–39, 442, 445–46

  and Israel/Palestine, 304–5, 306, 313, 315–17, 320, 321, 322, 326–27

  Presidential Policy Directives, 534

  and reelection, 591–92

  Oberly, Kay, 34

  O’Connor, Michael, 598

  Odinga, Raila Amolo, 278

  O’Leary, Ann, 600

  Oliver, Mary, 589

  Olmert, Ehud, 301, 305, 306

  Olsson, Kurt, 378–79, 414, 599

  Oman:

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 334, 336–37

  and Iran, 416–17, 419, 434–38, 442, 444–45

  Omar, Mullah, 130, 157, 158, 165

  O’Meara, Joy, 598

  O’Neill, Peter, 569

  One World Clean Energy, 295

  Open Skies Agreements, 516

  Operation Cast Lead, 304

  Operation Eagle Claw, 192, 193

  Operation Neptune Spear, 194

  Operation Pillar of Defense, 477

  Operation Tomodachi, 48

  Operation Unified Protector, 377

  Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 570

  Organization for Security and Cooperation, 554

  Organization of American States (OAS), 256–59, 262–64, 266, 268, 433, 542–43

  Organization of Islamic Cooperation, 140, 574

  Ortega, Daniel, 263

  Orwell, George, 103, 110

  Oslo Peace Accords, 301, 303, 305, 307

  Otero, Maria, 599

  Ottoman Empire, 214

  Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 539

  Pacific Alliance, 254

  Pacific Island Forum, 497

  Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 341, 417

  Pakistan:

  Afghanistan border with, 131–32, 146, 155–56, 171, 198, 199, 233, 237

  al Qaeda in, 138, 148, 164, 171, 183, 186–87

  bin Laden in, 164, 165, 192, 193

  counterterrorism in, 189

  drone attacks in, 183–84, 185

  economic hardship in, 176, 198

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 176–77

  and India, 59, 140, 156, 171, 178, 185, 186

  ISI, 154, 171

  soldiers killed by U.S. forces in (2011), 198–99

  sovereignty of, 171, 186, 197, 198–99

  Taliban in, 131, 151, 154, 156, 164, 171, 175, 178, 181, 186, 198, 237

  terrorism in, 59, 176, 180–81, 182–87, 188, 197, 199

  trade with Afghanistan, 155–58

  USAID in, 141, 182

  U.S. relationship with, 18, 171, 176, 178–80, 181–82, 185–87, 193, 197–99

  Palestinian Territories:

  birth rate in, 312

  and Camp David Accords, 338, 473, 484

  and cease-fire, 349

  and East Jerusalem, 317, 319, 320, 328

  and elections, 309

  and Fatah, 309, 472

  flag of, 301, 325

  and Gaza, see Gaza Strip

  and Hamas, see Hamas

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 482–83

  and Israel, 301–30

  and Palestinian Authority, 474

  and statehood, 304, 311, 312, 326, 328, 329, 482–83

  and terrorism, 304, 308, 315, 472

  and two-state solution, 305–6, 307, 311, 320, 325, 338, 487

  and West Bank, 308–11, 317–18, 322

  Palestinian Authority (PA), 308–11, 315, 472, 474, 482–83

  Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 473, 476

  Palestinian Liberation Organization, 309

  Palin, Sarah, 11, 354

  Pally, Maura, 600

  Panama, trade agreement with, 254, 515

  Pan Am Flight 103, Lockerbie, 365

  Pandith, Farah, 599

  Panetta, Leon:

  and Afghanistan/Pakistan, 167, 184, 188

  and Benghazi, 405, 407

  and bin Laden operation, 191, 192, 196

  and CIA, 187–89

  and counterterrorism measures, 187–90

  as Defense Secretary, 44, 167

  and Middle East unrest, 388, 392, 462, 476–77

  and New Zealand ships, 44

  Papua New Guinea, 568–69

  Parks, Rosa, 558, 565

  Partners in Health, 540

  Pascual, Carlos, 252, 439, 441, 598

  Pastrana, Andrés, 252

  Pataki, George E., 172

  Patel, Nirav, 598

  Patterson, Anne, 388, 485

  Paulson, Hank, 43, 72

  Peace Corps, 277, 534

  Pelosi, Nancy, 11

  PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), 291–93, 537, 578

  Peres, Shimon, 305–6

  Perl, Liz, 598

  Persian Gulf, 351–60, 361

  and Arab Spring protests, 355

  Gulf Cooperation Council, 352, 358–60, 438–39

  Gulf War (1991), 351, 438, 477

  and Iran, 421

  and Muslim Brotherhood, 475

  and oil, 440

  and Syria, 450, 452, 453, 462

  U.S. military support in, 352, 355, 438

  see also specific nations

  Peru:

  mass transit in, 255

  and Pacific Alliance, 254

  Pesaru, Shilpa, 600

  Petraeus, David, 41

  and Afghanistan/Pakistan, 133, 139–40

  and CIA, 392, 413

  and COIN, 135–36, 138

  and Iraq, 133–34, 135–36

  and Syria, 462–63

  Philip Morris, 510

  Philippines:

  elections in, 60

  and South China Sea, 74, 75, 113

  U.S. alliance with, 44, 75, 113

  Pickering, Thomas, 406–7

  Pinochet, Augusto, 261

  Pitsuwan, Surin, 52

  Podesta, John, 16, 598

  Poehler, Amy, 231

  Poland:

  shale gas extraction in, 241

  Solidarity in, 566

  Porat, Yochai, 303

  Posner, Michael, 112, 519, 598

  Powell, Colin, 31, 41, 135, 425, 477

  Powell, Nancy, 599

  Power, Samantha, 370

  Prague Spring, 566

  Pray the Devil Back to Hell (documentary), 275

  presidential elections:

  (2008), 3, 8–11, 16

  (2012), 591

  (2016), 595–96

  Préval, René, 529, 531–32, 536, 542–43, 544

  Prikhodko, Sergei, 425

  Prosser, Julia, 598

  Putin, Vladimir, 212, 228–30

  and Central Asia, 237, 238–39

  and Crimea, 227, 236, 241–42

  and Eurasian Union, 239

  Hillary Clinton’s meetings with, 229–30, 242–44

  and KGB, 231

  and LGBT, 577

  return to power, 235–36, 238–39

  and Russian expansionism, 236, 239, 244–45, 503

  and
Syria, 455, 466–67

  and term limits, 230

  and Ukraine, 241, 451

  Qaboos, Sultan of Iran, 416

  Qaddafi, Muammar, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363–75, 379, 460, 555

  capture and death of, 388

  fall from power, 381, 383, 450

  Qaddafi, Saif al-Islam, 364

  Qatar, 351

  and Al Jazeera, 318

  Forum for the Future conference in, 331, 337

  and Gaza, 474–76, 479

  geography of, 475

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 334

  influence of, 475

  and Libya, 371, 376

  and Syria, 453, 463

  Taliban in, 164–65, 166, 168

  U.S. relationship with, 475

  Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, 551

  Quam, Lois, 599

  Quartet, 323

  Qureshi, Shah Mahmood, 180–81, 199

  Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 154

  Rabin, Leah, 303

  Rabin, Yitzhak, 303, 305, 323, 324, 330

  Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 443

  Ramesh, Jairam, 495

  Randolph, Lawrence, 599

  Rapp, Stephen, 599

  Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 212, 376, 500

  Reagan, Nancy, 10

  Reagan, Ronald, 207, 234, 365

  Redelfs, Arthur, 250

  Reid, Harry, 17, 144, 234

  Reidy, Carolyn, 598

  Reines, Philippe, 12–13, 232, 592, 597

  Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 500

  religious freedom, 574–75

  Reynoso, Julissa, 599

  Rezaei, Mohsen, 443

  Rhodes, Ben, 114, 468, 480, 598

  Rhorer, Richard, 598

  Rice, Condoleezza, 31, 35, 231, 262, 332, 366, 593

  Rice, Susan, 598

  and Iran, 428, 432–33

  and Libya, 370, 371, 372, 412–13

  and North Korea, 54

  as UN Ambassador, 23–24, 54, 412, 427

  Richard, Anne, 599

  Ride, Sally, 309

  Riedel, Bruce, 132

  Riedel review, 141, 151, 153, 157

  Robinson, John, 599

  Robinson, Peter, 225

  Rodham, Dorothy, 6, 67, 81, 586–89

  Rodham, Hugh (brother), 252, 588

  Rodham, Hugh (father), 525, 587

  Rodham, Tony (brother), 588

  Rodriguez, Miguel, 599

  Romney, Mitt, 94, 307

  Rooney, Megan, 331–32, 580, 581, 582, 598

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 111, 179, 564, 567, 573

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 81, 562, 564

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 2

  Rosenthal, Hannah, 599

  Ross, Alec, 546, 549, 598

  Ross, Dennis, 314, 436, 598

  Rothberg, Adam, 598

  Rouhani, Hassan, 443–45

  Rousseff, Dilma, 260–61, 555

  Roy, Stapleton, 46

  Rudd, Kevin, 43–44, 553–54

  Ruggiero, Frank, 157–58, 162, 164–65, 598

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 205

  Russia, 227–45

  anti-gay laws in, 577

  and Arctic Council, 502, 503

  attacks on the press in, 229, 230

  Boeing Design Center, Moscow, 516

  and Central Asia, 237, 238–39

  and China, 243, 245

  and Crimea, 212, 227, 230, 236, 239–42, 363

  demographic crisis in, 550

  economy of, 229

  elections in, 235–36

  as energy source, 219, 229, 239–41, 242, 521

  expansionism in, 211, 229, 236, 239, 244–45, 503

  and Georgia, 229, 231, 236, 239, 451

  Hillary Clinton’s radio interview in, 229–30

  and Iran, 233, 243, 424–25, 427–29, 431, 433

  and Libya, 370, 371–72, 450–51

  and Mongolia, 61–62

  and Northern Distribution Network, 237–39

  and North Korea, 55

  nuclear treaty with, 233, 234, 243

  and the Quartet, 323

  reset with, 231–38, 243–44

  re-Sovietization of, 239, 241–42, 245

  and Syria, 236, 243, 449, 450, 452, 454–57, 458, 459–61, 466–69

  and technology, 557

  and Turkey, 219

  and Ukraine, 227, 239–42, 451, 521

  U.S. relationship with, 230–32, 237–38, 243–45

  Russo, Robert, 600

  Russo, Seth, 598

  Rwanda, genocide in, 369

  Saberi, Roxana, 422

  Sadat, Anwar, 323, 338

  Said al Said, Sultan Qaboos bin, 336

  Salazar, Ken, 503

  Salcido Ceniceros, Jorge Alberto, 250

  Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 335, 355

  Salisbury, Lord, 208

  Sall, Macky, 273

  Samuelson, Heather, 598

  Sand, Maria, 599

  Santos, Juan Manuel, 253

  Santos, Marina, 600

  Sarkozy, Nicolas, 208, 209, 364, 368, 372–75, 425, 500

  Saturday Night Live, 231

  Saudi Arabia:

  and Bahrain, 357–59

  child marriage in, 352

  as Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, 315

  and energy resources, 521

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 353–55

  Iran assassination plot against, 437

  Khobar Towers bombing (1996), 418, 419

  and Qatar, 476

  and September 11 attacks, 351

  social welfare programs in, 355

  and Syria, 450, 453, 463

  U.S. consulate attacked in, 384

  U.S. relationship with, 351, 354

  women restricted in, 352–53, 354–55

  Savage, Dan, 578

  Schell, Orville, 46–47

  Schumer, Chuck, 17, 172–73

  Schwartz, Eric, 599

  Schwarzkopf, Norman, 335

  Schwerin, Dan, 331–32, 597

  SCIF (Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility), 35

  Scott (DS agent in Benghazi), 390–91

  SEALs:

  and bin Laden, 164, 170–71, 174, 193–97

  intelligence work of, 199

  Secretary of State:

  air travel of, 39–41; see also specific nations

  avoiding domestic politics, 591

  confirmation hearing, 30, 34–35

  economic statecraft of, 509

  and employee security, 384–85, 393–94, 406–10, 411

  and foreign policy architecture, 33

  former Secretaries, 31–32

  Hillary Clinton’s last day as, 593–94

  job offer of, 12–18, 19

  office suite of, 35

  passing the baton of, 593–94

  and public opinion, 179

  roles of, 21–22, 33–34, 508–9, 515–16, 566, 591

  as senior Cabinet post, 15, 68

  and smart power, 33–34, 45, 153, 290, 551, 552

  transition team for, 30–31

  working with the President, 18–19

  see also State Department, U.S.

  Seeds of Peace, 304

  SelectUSA, 516

  Selleck, Michael, 598

  Senegal:

  constitutional crisis in, 272–74

  Hillary Clinton’s speech in, 272

  Senussi, Abdullah al-, 364

  Seow, Jackie, 598

  September 11 attacks:

  and al Qaeda, 132, 148, 163, 171, 172–74, 175, 183, 197

  anniversaries of, 386–87, 390, 400

  and bin Laden, 171, 174, 351

  and Bush Administration, 131, 178, 419

  and emergency relief, 173, 532

  and European support, 205

  and failed states, 286

  and Ground Zero, 172, 174

  and Iran, 419

  9/11 Commission, 174

  and Saudi Arabia, 351

  and Victims Compensation Fund, 174


  and War on Terror, 174–75, 189, 197, 228

  Serbia, 221–23

  Seward, William Henry, 13–14

  Shafik, Ahmed, 347

  Shah, Rajiv, 527, 538–39, 598

  Shaheen, Jeanne, 279

  Shailor, Barbara, 599

  Shalit, Gilad, 315

  Shannon, Tom, 262–63, 265, 267–68, 598

  Shapiro, Andrew, 438, 598

  Shapiro, Dan, 477

  Sharon, Ariel, 312

  Sheikh Ahmed, Sharif, 287–88, 289

  Sherman, Wendy, 444–45, 599

  Shields, Colin, 598

  Shillady, Rev. William, 81, 588

  Shinseki, Eric, 148

  Shourd, Sarah, 435, 436

  Shultz, George, 31, 35

  Shwe Mann, 117, 122

  Sikorski, Rados_aw, 240, 241

  Sinai Peninsula, 473–74, 476

  Singapore, and South China Sea, 113

  Singh, Manmohan, 59, 492, 499

  Sinn Féin, 224

  Sisi, Abdul-Fattah el-, 349–50

  Six Day War, 301, 473

  Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 550, 598

  Smith, Chris, 95

  Smith, Dan, 599

  Smith, Fred, 512

  Smith, Jeannemarie, 599

  Smith, Sean, 382, 389, 390–91, 395, 398, 399, 401, 405, 410, 415

  Smith, Stephen, 43–44

  Snowden, Edward, 244, 555–56

  Solidarity Center, 517

  Somalia, 286–91

  Al Shabaab in, 175, 199, 278, 286–89, 290, 467

  “Black Hawk Down” incident in, 286

  as classic failed state, 286

  elections in, 287, 289

  Mogadishu in, 195, 286

  pirates based in, 286, 288

  and terrorism, 286–87, 288, 289, 290–91

  transitional government in, 289

  Somaly Mam, 517

  Somare, Sir Michael, 568–69

  Sonenshine, Tara, 599

  South Africa:

  apartheid in, 295

  and climate change, 495, 499

  economic growth in, 495

  HIV/AIDS in, 291–93, 295

  and Mandela, 119, 293–98

  Robben Island in, 294

  South China Sea, 74–76, 78–79, 113–14, 521

  Southern Corridor pipeline, 240

  South Korea:

  Cheonan incident, 56

  and climate change, 494

  democracy in, 60

  and DMZ, 57

  Hillary Clinton’s travel to, 50–51, 53–58

  and Iran, 440

  trade agreement with, 515

  U.S. alliance with, 44, 46

  South Sudan, 283–86

  independence of, 283

  oil in, 283–84, 285, 440, 520, 521

  Soviet Union:

  collapse of, 227, 228, 407, 567

  withdrawal from Afghanistan (1989), 21, 131, 147, 178, 186, 233, 461, 537

  see also Russia

  Stark, Tyler, 375–76

  State Department, U.S.:

  academic exchanges supported by, 221, 336, 354

  Accountability Review Board, 406–10

  aviation diplomacy, 516

  Bureau of Energy Resources, 439

  Cabinet post, 15, 68; see also Secretary of State

  career professionals in, 26–30, 135, 414